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Cell Membrane

A sandwiched double layer of phospholipids, called a plasma membrane or phospholipid bilayer

Separates the cell from its surroundings.

Controls cellular traffic acts as the gatekeeper, regulating what can come in and go out, so as to maintain homeostasis

Also integrates many different kinds of proteins and signaling molecules

Found in BOTH plants and animals

Cell Wall
Provides support and protection Surrounds the cell membrane Allows some things to pass through Made of cellulose

Found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. NOT FOUND in animal cells!

MITOCHONDRIA
(singular: mitochondrion)
Cellular powerhouse Changes chemical energy from food into another form of energy, called ATP, which can be used by the body. This process is called cellular respiration. Has two membranes

Has some of its own DNA (different from nuclear DNA)

Found in BOTH plants and animals

CHLOROPLASTS
Cellular powerhouses for plants Converts sunlight and CO2 into food for the plant (sugars), through the process of photosythesis Has three membranes

Made of components called stroma and granum. Stroma: spaces inside the chloroplasts that contain a protein-containing fluid Granum: stacked disks that contain chlorophyll, the substance that gives plants their green color

Found in ONLY plants and green algae

RIBOSOME
NOT an organelle, but rather a large conglomeration of RNA and protein Where protein is made (through a process called protein synthesis) Composed of RNA and proteins Made in the nucleolus

Some are attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and others are floating freely around the cell

Found in BOTH plants and animals

LYSOSOMES
Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes Responsible for breaking down the cellular junk Like clean-up crews or the Pac Man of the cell

Found in BOTH plants and animals

GOLGI
APPARATUS
Look like stacks of pancakes They modify, sort, and package proteins Particularly important for proteins that are going to be secreted from the cell

Found in BOTH plants and animals

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Materials are transported from the nucleus by a system of channels or canals called the endoplasmic reticulum Many materials also receive significant modification and/or preparation for their final purpose Smooth ER has no ribosomes attached Rough ER has ribosomes attached

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Found in BOTH plants and animals

VACUOLE
Membrane-bound sacs that contain a variety of different materials such as: Food Water Waste Plants have larger vacuoles than animals do They provide storage, support, and homeostasis

Found in BOTH plants and animals

CYTOSKELETON
Provides shape and support for the cell Like the scaffolding that holds up a tent Made of microtubules and microfilaments Things move along the cytoskeleton within the cell

Found in BOTH plants and animals

NUCLEUS

Its the large, dark, circular body in cells

The nucleus is the control center of the cell Presence or absence of a nucleus divides organisms into two primary categories: 1. PROKARYOTES- dont have a nucleus, or any membrane-bound organelles for that matter! THEY DO HAVE DNA THOUGH!!! 2. EUKARYOTES- have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Found in BOTH plants and animals

Parts of the nucleus: 1. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: Two membranes surrounding the nucleus 2. NUCLEAR PORES: passageways in and out of the nucleus formed by protein(s) 3. CHROMOSOMES: DNA attached to special proteins, large structures. 4. NUCLEOLUS: see separate slide

PEROXISOME
Contain chemicals and enzymes that are important in metabolic pathways Particularly important in breaking down long fatty acid chains, either to extract energy, or to create intermediate length fatty acid chains for use elsewhere in the cell Some have a crystallized core due to the density of enzymes present

Found in BOTH plants and animals