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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. Introduction 1996 is a significant year for Filipinos all over the world. It marks the centennial of the Philippine Revolution, which started in 1896 and officially ended in 1902. The amount of literature generated during and after the Revolution, coupled with the continuing fascination on this period by historians and alike which have produced an infinite number of scholarly works, have validated the widespread perception that this was the most glorious page in the history of the Filipino people. The Philippine Revolution ended more than three centuries of Spanish colonial rule which began when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi founded the settlement of Cebu, the oldest Philippine city, in 1565. The Revolution is also heralded as the first anti-colonial independence movement in Asia. The Filipino proclamation of their independence two years after the outbreak of the Revolution was a momentous event for Filipinos of all persuasion. The Revolution began with the masses through the Katipunan, a secret, revolutionary, mass-based organization, and was later embraced by the middle class. Indeed, the Revolution was one of the few times where there was a convergence in the nationalist movements of the masses and the elite. The Katipunan (meaning "Association") planned and initiated the Philippine Revolution. It was founded in Tondo, Manila, by Andres Bonifacio and a few other fellow urban workers on July 7, 1892. Its full Tagalog name is Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang manga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Venerated Association of the Sons and Daughters of the Land). From its

inception, Katipunan was forged by blood, with all its members enacting the traditional blood compact and signing their names with their own blood. II. a. Objective
The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring the countrys independence. The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism.. The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed.

b. Conflict
Aside from ethnicity and gender, class conflict was central to the Revolution. In the aftermath of the outbreak of the revolution, most of the ilutstrados or the nineteenth century middle class denounced the Katipunan and renewed their loyalty to Spain. Many ilustrados immediately condemned the revolution as an irrational action of uneducated masses. Some, like Rizal, believed that it was an ill-timed and ill-prepared struggle. But many did so out of allegiance to Spain. Later when the Katipunan was winning battles, some ilustrados gradually turned around and embraced the revolution. These ilustrados, though driven by nationalism like the masses, fought to preserve their social status and economic wealth. Their interests and agenda vastly differed from the objectives of the Katipuneros. Other ilustrados preferred to remain fence-sitters until the tide of the Revolution was clear. In a study of the municipal and provincial elite of Luzon during the Revolution, Milagros C. Guerrero concluded that well-to-do Filipinos as well as municipal and provincial officials refused to join the Revolution during 1897 and early 1898. There was even hesitancy even after they did join. Many history books assert that class conflict was symbolized by the leadership struggle between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. In contrast to the working class background of Bonifacio, Aguinaldo was an ilustrado and a former gobernadorcillo or town executive in his home province of Cavite. Aguinaldos ascendance to prominence as a result of his strategic victories in battles naturally brought him into conflict with Bonifacio over the leadership of the Revolution. In a sense, their bitter struggle reflected the falling out of the masses and the ilustrados during the Revolution. It started as a result of the intramural between the two factions of the Katipunan in Cavite the Magdiwang and Magdalo. Their conflict had deteriorated such that each one refused to assist the other in battles. Moreover, in one of the battles in Manila, the Caviteno forces even failed to provide assistance to the revolutionaries of Manila. Bonifacio as Supremo of the Katipunan was invited to Cavite to resolve the factional differences and thus ensure a united front against the Spaniards in the province. Once in Cavite, the ilustrados maneuvered to ease Bonifacio from the leadership. In the Tejeros Convention of March 22, 1897, they voted to supersede the Katipunan with a revolutionary government and an election of the officers of the new government was conducted. Aguinaldo was elected as President while Bonifacio lost in several elections for key posts before he finally won as Director of the Interior. But a Caviteno, Daniel Tirona, immediately questioned his lack of education and qualification for the post, and insisted that he be replaced instead by a Caviteno ilustrado lawyer, Jose del Rosario. Insulted and humiliated, Bonifacio as Supremo of the Revolution declared the election and the formation of the new government void. What followed was a black mark in the history of the Revolution. Aguinaldo, upon the prodding of his fellow, ilustrados, ordered the arrest and trial of Bonifacio on the grounds of treason. A bogus trial found Bonifacio and his brother, Procopio, guilty, and they were sentenced to death. Aguinaldo gave his approval and the Bonifacio brothers were shot on May 10, 1897, at Mt. Tala, Cavite. In rationalizing the fate of Bonifacio, Aguinaldo and his men claimed Bonifacio was establishing his own government which would have subverted

the revolutionary cause. His elimination was necessary to maintain unity under Aguinaldos leadership. Ironically, Bonifacio, the father of the Revolution, became a victim to the ambition and self-serving interests the ilustrados as personified by Aguinaldo.

c. Exposition
By 1896, the growing membership and recruitment activities of the Katipunan had made it vulnerable to detection. Even before the raid of the printing press of Diario de Manila where Katipunan paraphernalia and a list of membership were discovered, the government already had reports on the societys existence. Although the friars never admitted it, the confessional had been a source of information, prompting the Katipunan leaders to prohibit its womenfolk from going to confessions. There was also this guardia civil officer, Lt. Manuel Sityar, Jr (hijo), who was among the first to report to the Governor General, the existence of the yet unknown organization which was actively recruiting men in Mandaluyong and San Juan and signing their oaths in blood. (Sityar, whose mother was a Filipina later joined the revolutionary forces, and served as delegate to the Malolos Congress.) Santiago Alvarez recalled in his memoirs that he and Emilio Aguinaldo attended a general meeting called by Supremo Bonifacio on May 3, 1896, at the house of Valentin Cruz behind the Pasig Catholic Church. The Supremo apprised the members of the precarious situation of the Katipunan because three katipunero wives, two from Tondo, and one from Santa Ana made confessions to their priests. The authorities already knew of the existence of the secret society and had tightened their surveillance. Fearing that reprisals were forthcoming, Bonifacio wanted to take action but wisely asked the other leaders, if it was time to revolt. Magdalo delegates Emilio Aguinaldo and Benigno Santi expressed their views regarding their poor state of preparedness in terms of manpower, planning, firearms and war equipment. Santiago Alvarez of the Magdiwang council added that Dr Jose Rizal was still in exile in Dapitan and warned of the consequences of a failed revolt. The meeting lasted till five oclock the following morning. By majority opinion, it was decided to consult Jose Rizal in Dapitan, before a final decision was to be made. Dr Pio Valenzuela was designated as emissary who was to travel to Dapitan under the pretext of having a blind patient treated by Dr Rizal. Before the end of May 1896, Dr Pio Valenzuela, with eye patient Raymundo Mata, went to Dapitan to seek an audience with the exiled Dr Jose Rizal. The meeting between Valenzuela and Rizal was held privately and not even Mata heard what transpired. The report of Valenzuela to the Supremo was not openly discussed, according to Alvarez, leaving the Katipuneros to conclude that Rizal did not approve of the revolt.

d. Presentation
The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrs Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer Jos Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan.

Initially, the Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. The word "katipunan", literally meaning 'association', comes from the root word "tipon", a Tagalog word, meaning "society" or "gather together".[2] Its official revolutionary name is [1][3] (English: Highest and Most Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation, Spanish: Suprema y Venerable Asociacin de los Hijos del Pueblo). The Katipunan is also known by its acronym, K.K.K.. Being a secret organization, its members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to abide with the rules established by the society.[2] Aspirant applicants were given standard initiation rites to become members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male Filipinos; later, women were accepted in the society. The Katipunan had its own publication, Kalayaan (Liberty) that had its first and last print on March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Philippine literature were expanded by some of its prominent members. In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in exchange for a promise of rescuing Rizal from his detainment. On May 1896, a delegation was sent to the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and military arms. The Katipunan's existence was revealed to the Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro Patio confessed the Katipunan's illegal activities to his sister, and finally to the mother portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage. Seven days after the Spanish authorities learned of the existence of the secret society, on August 26, 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore their cedlas during the infamous Cry of Balintawak that started the Philippine Revolution.

III. Conclusion
The Katipunan performed a crucial part in our Filipinos shoud remember the heroes and heroines of their society. Katipunan had what the true Filipino are. It had contributed to our values and to our traditions. I have thought what if that event had not happened? Maybe we had been conquered by the Spaniards, and our culture, traditions, and values would be changed and maybe our Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and our country were controlled by Spaniards. We owe our independence from the remarkable and courageous acts of the Katipuneros

IV. Recommendation V. Bibliography Achutegui, Pedro S. de, S.J. and Bernad, Miguel, S. J. Aguinaldo and the Revolution of 1896: A Documentary History. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1972.

A chronologically-arranged compilation of documents covering the first two years of the Philippine Revolution. English translations accompany the original text, and each document contains a brief introduction about the source and its historical setting. Agoncillo, Teodoro. The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1955. Employing a class struggle analysis, this is the most extensive and cited work on the biography of Andres Bonifacio and the history of the Katipunan. It covers events in the first phase of the Philippine Revolution, from the founding of the Katipunan to the execution of Bonifacio in the hands of the ilustrados or middle class. ______. The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio. Manila: Bonifacio Centennial Commission, 1963. Contains the literary writings of Andres Bonifacio. It also includes the proceedings and documents on the farcical trial of Andres Bonifacio for sedition and treason. ______. Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic. (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1960. Covering the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, Agoncillo concludes that the ascendancy of the ilustrados, or middle class, sealed the fate of the Revolution. They betrayed the masses and the revolution. Aguinaldo, Emilio. My Memoirs. Translated by Luz ColendrinoBucu. Manila, 1967. Written in the twilight of his years, Emilio Aguinaldo reminisces on his leadership during the Revolution. Expectedly, he washes his hands of the tragic death of Andres Bonifacio. Milagros C. Guerrero, "The Provincial and Municipal Elites of Luzon During the Revolution, 1898-1902," Alfred McCoy and Ed de Jesus (editors), Philippine Social History: Global Trade and Local Transformations. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1982, pp. 155-190.

In this essay, Guerrero contends that the actions of the local elites of Luzon during the Revolution was based primarily on their class and personal interests. Ileto, Reynaldo. Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1979. In this widely praised, ground-breaking work, Ileto utilizes the Pasyon, the story of the life and death of Jesus Christ, to probe the psyche of the Filipinos and to explain the persistence of social movements in Philippines history. Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People. Vol 5: "The Reform and Revolution." Manila: Asia Publishing Co.: Pleasantville, N.Y.: Readers Digest, 1998. Kasaysayan is a ten volume account of the history of the Philippines by leading Filipino historians and scholars. Volume 5 is a comprehensive and analytical account of the ilustrado-led Reform Movement and the Katipunan-initiated Philippine Revolution. Majul, Cesar. The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Revolution. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1957. In this book, Majul asserts that the Philippine Revolution was not a purposeless upheaval; rather, its philosophy can be traced to the ideas of the French Enlightenment and, in fact, it drew inspiration from the revolutions in Europe and the Americas. May, Glenn. Inventing a Hero: The Posthumous Re-creation of Andres Bonifacio. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1997. In this highly controversial work, May concludes that the popularly accepted interpretations of Andres Bonifacio are mere creations of nationalist historians. Rizal, Jose. Noli Me Tangere. Translated by Soledad Lacson-Locsin. Quezon City: Bookmark, 1996; Hawaii: University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1997. This is the most recent and faithful English translation of Jose Rizals Noli Me Tangere. It is the story of the reformist Crisostomo Ibarra who, upon his return to the Philippines from his studies in

Europe, was faced with the oppressive and decadent Spanish institutions. _________. El Filibusterismo. Translated by Soledad Lacson-Locsin. Quezon City: Bookmark, 1996; Hawaii: University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1997. Locsin continues her translation of Jose Rizals magnum opus in this sequel to Noli Me Tangere. The story of El Filibusterismo revolves around the efforts of Simoun, the returning and disguised Crisostomo of Noli Me Tangere, to exact revenge against the Spaniards by initiating a revolution. Schumacher, John H., S.J., The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1895: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, The Making of the Revolution. Revised edition. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1997. This is the definitive work on the writings and activities of the leading ilustrados (middle class) who founded the Propaganda Movement in Europe and campaigned for Spanish reforms in the Philippines. Soriano, Rafaelita Hilario (editor). Women in the Philippine Revolution. Quezon City: Printon Press, 1995. This slim work fills an important gap in the account of the Philippine Revolution. It presents the invaluable and diverse contributions of Filipino women during the Revolution by looking at the heroics of prominent women. john B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. College of Business Iloilo, City

Title

A Term Paper Presented to Mrs. Marybec Guillergan Faculty Member, College Of Business John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc.
Iloilo City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in History

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BSCA 2-A October 2011