African American History Notes III.

The People of Africa include over 886 different ethnic groups There are six identifiable regional cultural groups in Africa 1. Afro-Asiatic 2. West and Central Africa 3. Nilotic 4. Bantu 5. Khosian 6. Malagasy I. Afro Asiatic A. Amhara B. Arabs C. Beja D. Berbers E. Galla F. Gausa G. Somali H. Tuareg II. West and Central Africa A. Akan B. Azande C. Banda D. Fulani

E. Fur F. Igbo G. Kanuri H. Malinke I. Mende J. Mossi K. Nuba L. Wolof M. Yoruba III. Nilotic A. Dinka B. Luo C. Massai D. Nuer IV. Bantu A. Bemba B. Cokwe C. Herero D. Fang E. Ganda F. Kikuyu G. Kongo H. Lozi

I. Luba J. Lunda K. Mbundu L. Nyamwezi M. Shona N. Sotho O. Swahili P. Tswana Q. Yao R. Xhosa S. Zulu V. Khosian A. Khosian VI. Malagasy-Mongoloids A. Merina B. Sakalava African Kingdoms and Empires 900 A.D. to 1880 A.D. I. Major South and East African Kingdoms 900-1800 A.D. A. Egypt ( also considered part of North Africa) 1. Old Egypt 3200 B.C. to 2660 B. C. 2. New Egypt B. Nubia C. Ethiopia

D. Somalia E. Tanganyika F. Katanga G. Great Zimbabwe H. Khosian I. The Kingdom of the Congo J. Madagascar II. North and West African Kingdoms 900-1800 A.D. A. Egypt- (also considered part of East Africa) B. Algiers C. Tunisia D. Morocco E. Ghana 700 A. D. to 1100 A.D. F. Mali-1100 A.D. to 1450 A.D. G. Songhai-1450 A.D. to 1800 A.D. H. Kanem-Bornu I. Senegambia J. Asante K. Dahomey L. Wolof M. Lagos N. Benin III. African Kingdoms general governmental structure and make up

A. Family state-smallest form of govt -Two types of families in Africa 1. Matriarchal- women at head of family 2. Patriarchal men at head of family a. Elderly valued b. Slaves considered part of the family c. Religion very important believed in spirits B. Clan State-more complex system involving family states C. Village states-even more complex-made up of many clan states D. Kingdoms-Most complex and powerful-made up of Village states-two major types: a. Federation b. Empires IV. African Class System contained three basic levels A. First level- King and Nobility a. Ruling Family-King chosen from this family b. Electing Family- decided who from the ruling family would become king c. Enthroning Family Actually crowned the king B. Second Level Workers a. Farmers b. Ranchers

C. Third Level- Slaves lowest level Africa, Europe and Asia: The African Slave Trade before 1700 IV. The African Trading before and during the arrival of the Europeans 700-1880 There were three major African Slave Trades from 700 A. D. to 1880 A. East African Trade 1000 A. D. to 1880 A. D. between East Africa, and the Middle East and Asia B. Trans- Saharan Trade- 700 A. D. to 1600 A.D. between West Africa, North Africa and Southern Europe C. Trans-Atlantic Trade- 1500 A. D. to 1880 A. D. between West Africa , the Americas and the Caribbean I. Africa and World Trade before and after 1492 A. East Africa traded with Asia and the Middle East (Turkey, Greece, Persia, India, and China) Traded gold and slaves for silks, spices. B. North Africa traded with Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Persia, turkey, and Greece) traded gold, dates, and slaves for salt C. West Africa traded with Portugal, Span, and the Americas (the Caribbean, and North and South America) Traded gold and slaves for salt and after 1492 guns, rum, and other manufactured goods.

Africans in the Atlantic World Before and after 1492 A. The Olmecs Arrived between 1200 B.C. and 500 B.C.

B. Malians Arrived between 1306 A. D. and 1312 A.D.

C. Spanish and Portuguese Arrived with Africans as sailors, explorers, and soldiers as early as 1492 A. D.

Africans and The Atlantic World: Africans, and their role in the Exploration, Conquest and Colonization of the New World 1492 to 1600 D. Spanish Unification, Exploration and Colonization of the Americas 1. Treaty of Alcacovas- 1479 Spanish allow the Portuguese. To import slaves into Spain 2. Kingdom of Spain 1490 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Castile and Aragon are married, creating the Spanish nation-state 3. Grenada- 1492 Muslims are defeated and driven out uniting all of Spain 4. Muslims, Jews and all non- Christians are expelled from Spain 1492 5. Queen Isabella of Spain funds Christopher Columbus voyage to America, where he lands on San Salvador ( in the Bahamas) on October 12, 1492 Indians A. The Northeastern Woodland Nations 1. Mohawk 2. Oneida 3. Onondaga 4. Cayuga 5. Tuscarora

6. Seneca and their allies the Delaware and Shawnee B. The Southeastern Woodland Nations 1. Southeastern Confederation (or Five Civilized Tribes) 2. Cherokee 3. Creek 4. Chickasaw 5. Choctaw 6. Yamasee 7. Catawba II. Spain and Portugal in Conflict and Competing for World Domination A. Portugal- dominated the Asian trade but wanted to expand into the Americas. B. Spain held control of all the Americas C. To prevent open warfare between Spain and Portugal in 1493 Pope Alexander VI established the Line of Demarcation giving half the world to Portugal ( including Africa Europe and Asia ) and all of the Americas to Spain D. In 1494 in the Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal agreed to this arrangement only after line was moved to give it control of Brazil as well as Africa Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch Slaving in the New World 1492 to 1500 Sugar and the Growth

Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade (Where they all went) 1. Brazil (Portuguese) 34% 2. British Caribbean 22% 3. French Caribbean 20% 4. Spanish America and Caribbean 12% 5. Dutch Caribbean 7% 6. British North America (U.S.) 5% European Slavery in the Caribbean 1502 to 1880 A. Spanish controlled and practiced slavery in all of the Caribbean Islands the Greater and Lesser Antilles: Greater and Lesser Antilles 1502 to 1625 Colonies developed around slavery and the production of sugar, molasses, rum and seasoned slaves Region made up of many different Islands but eventually controlled by four specific European Nations B. Sugar and Seasoning Islands developed in the Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles (the Caribbean) from 1625 to 1880 by the; 1. Spanish 2. Dutch 3. English 4. French 1. Spanish practiced Slavery in the Greater Antilles until 1880:

A. Cuba B. Puerto Rico C. Hispaniola ( latter became French and Spanish Haiti and The Dominican Republic) In the Lesser Antilles until 1880: A. Virgin Islands ( Now belongs to the U. S) B. Dominica C. St. Vincent D. Grenada E. Trinidad and Tobago (taken by the English 2. Dutch practiced slavery in the Lesser Antilles until 1858: 3. A. st Eustatius 4. Tabago 5. St. Thomas In the Dutch Antiells A. Atuba 3. English Slavery in the Greater at41838 A. Jamica B. Cayman IsaT= C. The Bahamas D. Bermuda ( not really a spar ) in the Lesser Antiles practiced until 1838 A. Vigin Islands B. St. Kits & Nevis

C. Antigua D. Barbados E. Trinidad and Tobago 4. French Slavery in the Greater Antilles practiced until 1848 A. Haiti until 1791 In the Lesser Antilles practiced until 1848: A. Guadeloupe B. Marinique C. St. Lucia D. Grenada The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Middle Passage 1500-1800 West African and European Slave Trading Nations 1440 to 1880

II. Need for Cheap Labor Reason for Colonial Slavery A. Indentured Servants (4-7 years ) 1. White- from Europe 2. Black from Africa 3. Native Americans enslaved from Americas B. African and Native Slaves 1. Sugar Plantations of Caribbean, North and South America 2. Tobacco Plantations of Caribbean, North and South America 3. Rice and Indigo Plantations of Caribbean and North America

II. European Nations Enriched by the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440 to 1880 A. Portugal 1440 to 1853 (1870) B. Spain 1479 to 1835 C. Dutch 1625 to 1795 (1803) D. Denmark 1697 to 1792 E. Sweden 1647 to 1825 F. France 1642 to 1833 (1860) G. England 1562 to 1807 III. African Nations Enriched by the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440 to 1880 A. Wolof 1450 to 1800 B. Senegambia 1450 to 1800 C. Benin 1000 to 1700 D. Asnate 1670 to 1896 E. Dahomey 1700 to 1892 II. Major West Africa Ports exporting slaves to the Americas Duriong the Atlantic Slave Trade 1502 to 1880 A. Portuguese African Slave Factory Ports 1440 1585 a. Lagos b. Gwata c. Elmina d. Axim e. Shama

f. Sierra Leone B. Dutch African Slave Factory Ports 1550- 1685 a. Accra C. French African Slave Factory Ports 1620 to 1713 a. Assinie b. Grande Lahu D. English African Slave Factory Ports 1713- 1838 Took over Portuguese Ports after 1713 a. Lagos b. Gwata c. Elmina d. Axim e. Shama f. Sierra Leone E. Three Major English Slave Trading Companies 1713- 1848 1. The Dutch West Indian Company founded in 1621 2. British East Indian Company founded in 1650 3. Royal African Company (British) Founded in 1672 II. The process of capturing slaves in West Africa A. Europeans establish a slave trading post or factory on the coast of West Africa B. Slave ships land with European manufactured goods and guns to trade for slaves C. Permission gained from local chief to make an exchange D. Chief appoints caboceers to capture slaves

E. Trader inspects and purchases healthy slaves F. Trader recompiles ship before sailing for the Caribbean G. Slaves are seasoned in Caribbean (3-4 years) before being taken to mainland (North or South America) III. The Process of Transporting Slaves to the Americas: The Middle Passage A. Ships were extremely overcrowded B. Slaves chained together by twos C. Disease killed many 1. Smallpox 2. Dysentery D. Less than 60 % of slaves who survived the trip were able to work E. 9 -12 million brought in trade F. 4-5 million died in passage G. Passage lasted between 2 weeks and 5 months II. The typical Colonial Slave Society in the Americas A. Two major slave classes 1. Creoles African Slaves born in America 2. Bozales African slaves born in Africa B. Two major type of Slave Communities 1. Estates communities created by different slaves living on isolated plantations 2. Nations Africans from the same tribe or language group living on isolated plantations

C. Maroon Communities 1. Runaway Slave settlements in the Americas The First Africans in English North America 1584 1660 The English, Moors, Turks, Jews, Caribbean Indians, West Africans, and Native Americans Tobacco: The English and the Expansion of African and Indian Slavery in Virginia 1619 to 1711 II. The Abandoning of Indentured Servitude for African Slavery A. White Indentured Servants 1. Did not like agricultural work 2. Ran away and blended with other white settler 3. Sued for Illegal detention ( had legal rights ) B. Black Indentured Servants 1. Could be easily captured if they ran away because of skin color 2. Were considered non Christian 3. Were familiar with agricultural work 4. Were cheaper 5. Nearly inexhaustible supply II. The Growth of English North American Slavery 1619 to 1723 A. 1619 First Africans arrive as indentured servants in Jamestown, VA B. 1640 Distinctions made between African and White indentured servants C. 1640- Masters are required to arm everyone in their households except Africans

D. 1643 All adult Men and African Women are taxable, on the assumption that they were working in the fields E. 1660- Africans were routinely enslaved for life in colonies F. 1662 The children followed the condition of their mother who were enslaved for life G. 1662 Double fine charged for any Christian who commits fornication with an African III. The Growth of English North American Slavery 1664 to 1670 A. 1664 All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery is defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland) B. 1664- Interractial marriage banned; any free woman who marries a slave will serve that slaves master until her husband dies, and their children will be enslaved (Maryland) C. 1667- Slaves could be baptized without being set free D. 1669- NO punishment is given if punished slave dies E. 1670- Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed to purchase Christian indentured servants. F. 1670- Indians captured elsewhere and sold as slaves to Virginia are to serve for life; those captured in Virginia, until the age of 30, if children, or for 12 years, if grown