Target: Understanding Domain Name and IP Address in Three Hours

Understanding Domain Name Target
and IP Address in Three

Hours
ー IP Address
n Anybody who are interested in how the

Internet works and how a data is
ＹｏｓｈｉｋｏＯｋａｚａｋｉＣｈｏｎｇ
Japan Network Information Center
delivered.
yoshiko@nic.ad.jp
2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 2

Yoshiko Okazaki Chong
IP Address Internet and IP Address
n Why is an IP address required?

n What is DNS?
n TCP/IP IP Address IP Address
n Communication method in the Internet
n Routing
n Format (IPv4)
n Problem of address IP Address
n How to resolve it IP Address
2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 3 2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 4
Yoshiko Okazaki Chong Yoshiko Okazaki Chong
Why is an IP address
DNS
required? Mail address
yoshiko@nic.ad.jp
Besides a domain name, is an IP address also Domain name
necessary?
When we send e-mail, we specify a domain nic.ad.jp
name (mail address) only and why ･･･
•The IP address allows to delivery a packet.

•Domain name is like nickname for convenience.
•When a domain name is entered, the domain
DNS
name is converted into the IP address by DNS.
1
DNS IP Address
Mail address
yoshiko@nic.ad.jp n IP address is expressed in 32 bits of “0” and “ 1”.
Domain name n IP address is separated into four segments by
dots and a range of each segment is between 0
nic.ad.jp and 255
n IP address is assigned to a device (computer,
etc.) like a phone number and identifies every
device.
DNS n IP address is unique number in the world and
controlled by address registry.
2002/8/5 202.12.30.4
Japan Network Information Center 7 2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 8
IP Address TCP/IP
n Abbreviation for Transmission Control
１１００１０１０００００１１０００００１１１１０００１００１１０ Protocol/Internet Protocol
n Rule for data communication in the Internet
202 . 12 . 30 . 38 n A data is sent as several packets and the
entire data is not sent at a time
n 32-Bit number (4 octets) n One of protocols prescribed by IETF (Internet
Note: 1 Octet is 8 bits Engineering Task Force)
n 8 Bits of binary number is expressed in a n IP address is required in order to judge a
decimal notation and every octet is separated party using this TCP/IP
by dots
n This complies with TCP/IP
Mechanism of Internet Mechanism of Internet

Ｍａｉ
ｌ
Communication Communication
Ｍａｉ
ｌ
How are you, Ms. X?
Bye-bye How are you, Ms. X?
Yoshiko Ｘ Bye-bye Ｘ
Yoshiko
ＲＲ
ＲＲ
Ｘ yoshiko How １Ｘ yoshiko How １
ＲＲＲＲ
Ｘ yoshiko are you, ２ＲＲＸ yoshiko are you, ２ＲＲ
Ｘ yoshiko Ms. X? ３Ｘ yoshiko Ms. X？３
Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４
Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko

2
Mechanism of Internet Mechanism of Internet
Communication Communication
ＭａｉｌＸ yoshiko How １ＭａｉｌＸ yoshiko How １
How are you, Ms. X? How are you, Ms. X?
Bye-bye Ｘ Bye-bye Ｘ
Yoshiko Yoshiko
ＲＲ
ＲＲ
Ｘ yoshiko How １Ｘ yoshiko How １
ＲＲＲＲ
Ｘ yoshiko are you, ２ＲＲＸ yoshiko are you, ２ＲＲ
Ｘ yoshiko Ms. X , ３Ｘ yoshiko Ms. X ３
Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４
Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko

Mechanism of Internet
Communication Router
ＭａｉｌＸ yoshiko How １
How are you, Ms. X? ２ n Router knows where to send the
Ｘ yoshiko are you, Ｘ
Bye-bye packets outward.
Yoshiko
Ｒ n Router knows which host computer
Ｒ
Ｘ yoshiko How １ in its own network the received
ＲＲ
Ｘ yoshiko are you, ２ＲＲ packets should be sent to.
Ｘ yoshiko Ms. X ３
Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４
Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko

Routing Example of Usage of IP Address

AA Ｒ１
AA Ｒ２ AA Ｒ４
BB Ｒ１
BB Ｒ３ BB Ｒ４ Logging in from a remote Logging in the machine
CC Ｒ１ “202.13.30.4”
CC Ｒ３ CC Ｒ７ machine
DD Ｒ１
DD Ｒ２ BB DD Ｒ４
% telnet 202.13.30.4
CC
Ｒ４
Ｒ１Ｒ３Ｒ７ Transferring a file to
Ｒ５ File transferring from the machine
yoshiko “202.13.30.4”
Ｒ２
Ｒ６Ｒ８ X Y Z
S1
S2 % ftp 202.13.30.4
AA Ｒ６ S3
BB Ｒ６ X S１
AA Y S２
CC Ｒ６ DD
2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center Z17 S３ 2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 18
Yoshiko
DD ー
Okazaki Chong Yoshiko Okazaki Chong
3
Format (IPv4) Format (IPv4)
○ Class A Address (1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255)
○ Class C Address (192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255)
Network
0 Host (24)
(7) Host
110 Network (21)
(8)
○ Class B Address (128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255)

○ Class D Address (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255)
10 Network Host (16) 1110 Group (28)

(14)
Network Address and Host Class A, B, C

Address
n Network Address n Class A (Large-scale network)
– The number of hosts: A maximum of 16,777,216
– “Network” part of the IP address
– The number of subnets: A maximum of 128
– Used to decide a route
n Class B (Medium-scale network)
n Host Address – The number of hosts: A maximum of 65,536
– “Network” part + “ Host” part – The number of subnets: A maximum of 16,384
– Used in all the connected devices n Class C (Small-scale network)
» Workstation, PC, router, printer, etc. – The number of hosts: A maximum of 256
– The number of subnets: A maximum of 2,097,152
– Given per interface.
Class D, E Problem in IP Address

n 32-Bit addresses are not unlimited.
n Class D – 4,300 Million addresses are insufficient to cover
all over the world
– Address used for multicasting – When IPv4 was established, nobody thought
that the Internet became widespread
n Class E
n Inefficient assignment due to restrictions by
– Address reserved by IANA and not used at
Class
present. – Considerable difference between classes
– Many organizations use Class A although they
cannot use Class A fully
Those addresses are not assigned to
general organizations Countermeasures

Development of CIDR and IPv6
4
Numbers of Items in Global
IP Address Space Routing Table
– Growth of Global Routing Table
» Unaggregated Internet would exceed 200,000 routes!
Class D Others
6% 6%
Class C
13%
Class A
50%
Class B
25%
2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 25 2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center
http://www.employees.org/~tbates/cidr.hist.plot.html 26
Prefix Notation
Announced Route Length
– Large number of long prefixes announced
n bits pref classf mask addrs bits
bits pref classf mask addrs
n 0 /32 255.255.255.255 1 16 /16 1 B 255.255.0.0 64 K » mostly /24 prefixes (former class C networks)
n 1 /31 255.255.255.254 2 17 /15 2 B 255.254.0.0 128 K
n 2 /30 255.255.255.252 4 18 /14 4 B 255.252.0.0 256 K
n 3 /29 255.255.255.248 8 19 /13 8 B 255.248.0.0 512 K
n 4 /28 255.255.255.240 16 20 /12 16 B 255.240.0.0 1M
n 5 /27 255.255.255.224 32 21 /11 32 B 255.224.0.0 2M Date 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
n 6 /26 255.255.255.192 64 22 /10 64 B 255.192.0.0 4M 990213 2771 1515 1919 2721 3634 23638 12 23 3 12 5 7 0 4
n 7 /25 255.255.255.128 128 23 /9 128 B 255.128.0.0 8M
n 8 /24 1 C 255.255.255.0 256 24 /8 1 A 255.0.0.0 16 M 990212 2767 1516 1912 2717 3628 23586 12 22 3 12 5 7 0 4
n 9 /23 2 C 255.255.254.0 512 25 /7 2 A 254.0.0.0 32 M 990211 2769 1514 1929 2723 3632 23236 12 24 3 11 5 7 0 4
n 10 /22 4 C 255.255.252.0 1K 26 /6 4 A 252.0.0.0 64 M 990210 2758 1508 1918 2711 3633 23639 12 19 2 9 5 5 0 5
n 11 /21 8 C 255.255.248.0 2K 27 /5 8 A 248.0.0.0 128 M 990209 2741 1482 1875 2651 3541 23514 13 20 3 11 2 5 0 5
n 12 /20 16 C 255.255.240.0 4K 28 /4 16 A 240.0.0.0 256 M
n 13 /19 32 C 255.255.224.0 8K 29 /3 32 A 224.0.0.0 512 M http://www.merit.edu/ipma/routing_table/mae-east/prefixlen.990213.html
n 14 /18 64 C 255.255.192.0 16 K 30 /2 64 A 192.0.0.0 1024 M
n 15 /17 1 28 C 255.255.128 32 K
n * February 1999 figures
How to Solve Problem Problem in IPv4 Address

and How to Solve
n Means for solving the problems with a classless
Not unlimited
method
– Flexible actions to treat the size by specifying a prefix
– Usage of several small blocks allows to reduce the
number of items in the global routing table Solution 1: Space saving CIDR
n Development of IPv6 as countermeasures against
shortage of address
Solution 2: Increase in IPv6
– Large-scale 128-bit address system capacity
– New policy that assignment will be made strictly Solution 3: No use Private
Address
5
Classless Address Why is CIDR used?
n CIDR (Classless Inter-

Inter-Domain Routing)
n Necessary IP addresses can be
n Address independent of Class A, B and C assigned to necessary organizations
n Described using “/”, e.g., 202.12.30/24 n The number of bits in the network
n Effective at reducing the items in the global segment can be written in one line by
routing table expressing it with a prefix

– By class
» 202.12.30.0 と 202.12.31.0
– CIDR
» 202.12.30.0/23
How Many IP Addresses Address Described with

Are Required? Slash “/” Notation
/30 32 Bits
Organization X Organization Y
００
０１
・・・
・・ 30 Bits ２１
ビッ０
ト
/29 １１
１２３１２・・・・・１００００
０００
3 addresses 10,000 addresses ００１
29 Bits ０
３ビ１０
ット
Class A 65,000∼16,000,000 ０１１
１００
Class B 257∼65,000 １０１
Class C 1∼255 All 0 Base address (oneself) １１０
All 1 Broadcast address １１１
Subnet Subnet Mask

Ｒ Internet
n Why is subnet required?
– Communication efficiency is improved Ｒ３Ｆ
・・・
・・ Subnet mask
– Security policy or management rule Development
Dept.
can be changed per department １・・・
・・６３００
Ｒ２Ｆ
・・・
・・０１
Accounts
Dept.
６４・・・
・・１９１１０
Ｒ１Ｆ１１
・・・
・・
Yoshiko Okazaki Chong １９２・・・
・・２５４ Sales
Yoshiko Dept.Chong
Okazaki
6
Subnet Mask Global Address and Private Address
32 Bits
/24
n While the global address is a unique

24 Bits 8 Bits address in the world, the private
Subnet Mask address is reserved for the use in a
００ closed network
０１ n The private address is mainly used
for communication in the closed
１０
network according to TCP/IP
１１
Private Address Control of IP Address
n Defined in RFC 1918

n Ｉ
ＡＮＡ（Internet Assigned Number Authority)
– 10.0.0.0 ∼10.255.255.255
– Being reorganized as ICANN now
– 172.16.0.0 ∼ 172.31.255.255
Organization with the highest authority to
– 192.168.0.0 ∼ 192.168.255.255 control all the Internet resources
n The private address can be used in the network n Regional Internet Registry
guarded by Firewall as well as in the closed
network – Three registries in the world
n In this case, connection to the Internet can be – Under the regional registry called APNIC
made through NAT, IP Masquerade, etc. (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) in
Japan
IP Address Control IP Address Control

n National Internet Registry
– Organization which controls the IP address n IP address is assigned according to the
per country under the Regional Internet hierarchical structure that IANA is positioned
Registry at the top
n IANA assigns the blocks to the Regional
Internet Registry and the Regional Internet
n Local Internet Registry Registry assigns the blocks to National
– In principle, Internet Service Provider Internet Registry or Local Internet Registry
which is a member of the Regional Internet n National Internet Registry makes assignment
Registry or National Internet Registry to the Local Internet Registry and the Local
Internet Registry makes assignment to the
customers (end users)
7
Territory of Regional
Internet Registry System
Internet Registry
ICANN
RIPE NCC
IANA ASO
Marina del Rey, CA, US ARIN
APNIC ARIN RIPE-NCC

Brisbane, Australia Reston, VA, US Amsterdam, The Netherlands
APNIC*
LIR NIR LIR ISP ISP ISP LIR LIR LIR
LIR LIR ISP ISP
How to Obtain an Address

Related Documents
If you are a general user n RFC2050: Internet Registry Allocation Guidelines
Internet Service Provider – http://www.
http://www.apnic
apnic.net/
.net/rfc
rfc//rfc
rfc2000/
2000/rfc
rfc2050.txt
2050.txt
n Policies for Address Space Management in the Asia
Pacific Region
If you are an ISP (JPNIC member) – http://www.
http://www.apnic
apnic.net/policies.html
.net/policies.html
ＪＰＮＩＣ n Policies for Address Assignment in JPNIC
– http://www.
http://www.nic
nic.ad.
.ad.jp
jp//jp
jp/registry/
/registry/xxx
xxx
If you are JPNIC

ＡＰＮＩＣ
Allocation and
From IPv4 to IPv6
Assignment
n Allocation n IPv4 address was designed with no thought
– IP address space which the Internet given to worldwide growth of the Internet and
Registry has for reassignment initial allocation and assignment does not
take efficiency into consideration.
n Assignment n IPv6 was planned to solve those problems
– IP address space used for a network since such problems came up and improved
managed actually. by many researches. This year, allocation for
service started
– Usually, used for customer or infrastructure
of ISP
8
IPv6 Address IPv6 Address
n Defined in RFC 2460 n At present, the Regional Internet Registry

n While v4 expresses the IP address in 32 bits, only performs IP6v address space allocation.
v6 expresses the IP address in 128 bits. So, n APNIC is in charge of this operation in the
we don’t need to worry about the capacity Asia Pacific area. Also, JPNIC will start
n However, it is not necessarily easy to shift receiving an application in near future.
from IPv4 to IPv6 n sTLA, a basic block, is not necessarily
– Japan is promoting IPv6 most aggressively allocated to all the people. The applicant is
limited to a large-scale IPS, in principle.
IPv6 Related Documents Question
n RIR’’s IPv6 Policy Draft

RIR
– http://www.
http://www.apnic
apnic.net/policies.html
.net/policies.html
n RIR’s IPv6 Policy Draft, Japanese

Edition
– http://www.
http://www.nic
nic.ad.
.ad.jp
jp//
Reference Documents
n Japan Network Information Center

Yasuhiro Morishita “ Mechanism of Internet”
n Hiroshima University
Reiji Aihara “IP Address and Domain (for
beginners)”
n APNIC
Anne Lord
Lord ” Introduction to APNIC”
APNIC”
2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 53

Yoshiko Okazaki Chong

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Understanding Domain Name Target

and IP Address in Three

n Anybody who are interested in how the

2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 2

IP Address Internet and IP Address

n Why is an IP address required?

•The IP address allows to delivery a packet.

Mechanism of Internet Mechanism of Internet

Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４ Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４

Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko

Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko

Ｘ yoshiko Yoshiko ５ yoshiko

Routing Example of Usage of IP Address

○ Class B Address (128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255)

10 Network Host (16) 1110 Group (28)

Network Address and Host Class A, B, C

Class D, E Problem in IP Address

How to Solve Problem Problem in IPv4 Address

n CIDR (Classless Inter-

How Many IP Addresses Address Described with

Subnet Subnet Mask

n While the global address is a unique

Private Address Control of IP Address

n Defined in RFC 1918

IP Address Control IP Address Control

APNIC ARIN RIPE-NCC

LIR LIR ISP ISP

How to Obtain an Address

If you are JPNIC

n Defined in RFC 2460 n At present, the Regional Internet Registry

IPv6 Related Documents Question

n RIR’’s IPv6 Policy Draft

n RIR’s IPv6 Policy Draft, Japanese

n Japan Network Information Center

2002/8/5 Japan Network Information Center 53

Anda mungkin juga menyukai

Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４Ｘ yoshiko Bye-bye ４