18 Narcotic analgesics 8 3 5
19 Central stimulants 2 2
20 Antipyretic analgesic 3 3
and antiinflammatory
drugs
1
treatment of
hyperlipoproteinemias
27 Anti-hypertensive 4 4
drugs
28 Diuretics 9 4 5
29 Drugs used in 9 4 5
thromboembolic
disorders and anaemias
32 Histimine and 2 2
Histamine Antagonists
36 Posterior Pituitary 1 1
Hormones
37 Introduction 3 3
38 Synthetic 3 3
Antimicrobial Drugs
39 β-Lactam Antibiotics 3 3
40 Macrolides and 7 2 5
Clindamycin
41 Aminoglycosides 2 2
42 Tetracyclines and 7 2 5
Chloramphenicol
43 Anti-tuberculosis drugs 2 2
44 Anti-fungal Agents 2 2
Introduction to pharmacology
Pharmacology can be defined as the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical
processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.
Medical pharmacology is often defined as the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.
Pharmacology is also one of the main curriculums of elementary medical science, and it is the transitive subject
used for the communication of elementary medical science and clinical medicine. Students should master the
interaction and action regulation between medicine and body. Meanwhile, they should also master the
pharmacological action, mechanism, clinical application and adverse action of the drugs used commonly for
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clinical application, which may provide elementary theory and knowledge for clinical diagnosis and preventing
disease. Furthermore, pharmacology is also a practical subject, students should master not only the basic
operational skills and theory by the experimental teaching, but also the designing thinking and procedure. Only so
can students establish a satisfactory foundation for engaging in science researching in future.
Chapter 2 Pharmacodynamics 5
1. Master the therapeutical effect and adverse reaction of drugs;
2. Master the relationship between drug dosage and effect;
3. Master the concepts: potency, ED50, LD50 and therapeutic index, agonist and antagonist;
4. Understand the effects and actions of drugs;
5. Understand the mechanisms of drugs action and structure-activity relationships;
6. Understand the interaction between drug and receptor;
7. Familiar with transmembrane signaling and infra-cell message.
Emphasis
The therapeutical effect and adverse reaction of drugs; the relationship between drug dosage and effect; the
mechanism of drug action.
Difficulty
The relationship between drug dosage and effect.
Content
1. Pharmacological action and effect;
2. Therapeutical effect and adverse reaction;
3. Concentration-effect relationship;
4. Structure-activity relationship;
5. The mechanism of action of drugs.
1. To know about the dose-effect relationship of drugs and the methods of determination;
2. To learn how to draw the dose-effect curve.
Content
1. Catching of toad and preparation of straight muscle of abdomen;
2. Record the contraction range of straight muscle of abdomen after using Ach in different concentration;
3. Draw the dose-effect curve according the data collected by BL-420E data acquisition and analysis system.
Chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 5
1. Master the in vivo procedure of drugs -ADME system;
2. Master the concepts including first-pass elimination, hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system,
bioavailability, clearance, apparent volume of distribution, compartment model and half-life;
3. Master the precluding traits of the first-order kinetics and zero-order kinetics;
4. Understand the traits of active transport and passive transport;
5. Understand the concentration-time relationship and concentration-time curve;
6. Understand concentration-time curve of continuous administration and homeostasis blood-drug concentration.
Emphasis
3
The main pharmacokinetic parametes; the precluding traits of the first-order kinetics and zero-order kinetics.
Difficulty
The traits of active transport and passive transport.
Content
1. the main pharmacokinetic parametes and significance ;
2. the precluding traits of the first-order kinetics and zero-order kinetics;
3. the traits of active transport and passive transport.
To know about the methods of the LD50 measuration and calculation of drugs.
Content
1. To understand the principle of the method;
2. To calculate the LD50 of drug.
1. Master the classification of nervous fibers; the transmitters and receptors of nervous system; the functions of
autonomic nervous system;
2. Understand the classification of nervous system drugs.
Emphasis
The transmitters, receptors and functions of autonomic nervous system; the basic actions of nervous system drugs.
Difficulty
The synthesis, release, transshipment and storage, conversion of the transmitters.
Content
1. The classification of nervous system according to anatomy and the transmitters;
2. The transmitters and receptors of nervous system;
3. The functions of autonomic nervous system;
4. The basic mechanisms and classification of autonomic nervous system drugs.
Chapter 6 Cholinomimetics 2
1. Master the pharmacological actions and clinical uses of pilocarpine;
2. Understand the classification of Cholinoceptor agonists; the pharmacological actions of Acetylcholine.
Emphasis
The actions of Ach; the pharmacological actions and clinical uses of pilocarpine.
4
Difficulty
The actions of pilocarpine on eye.
Content
1. M ,N -R agonists: acetylcholine(Ach).
2. M-R agonists: pilocarpine; N-R agonists: nicotine.
To observe the effects of Ach and atropine on intestine smooth muscle in vivo.
Content
1. The preparation of intestine smooth muscle in vivo;
2. Analyze the different effects on intestine smooth muscle in vivo caused by the two drugs.
5
1. Master the pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications and adverse effects of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine,
Dopamine and Isoprenaline;
2. Understand the characteristics of metaraminol, phenylephrine, ephedrine and dobutamine.
Emphasis
The pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications and adverse effects of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine,
Dopamine and Isoprenaline.
Difficulty
The effect on blood pressure of Epinephrine.
Content
1. The classification of Adrenoceptor agonists;
2. α-R agonists: the pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications, adverse effects and contraindications of
norepinephrine, metaraminol, phenylephrine;
3. α,β-R agonists: the pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications, adverse effects and contraindications of
epinephrine, Dopamine and ephedrine;
4. β-R agonists: the pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications and adverse effects of isoprenaline; the
characteristics of dobutamine.
Emphasis
To master the character of surface anesthesia effect induced by procaine, tetracaine and lidocaine.
Content
1. To observe the effect on eyes of rabbits induced by the three drugs;
2. To know the difference among these three drugs.
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2. Classify the general anaesthetic agents ;
3. Describe the salient features of each anaesthetic agent;
4. Name the basal, spinal and neuroleptanalgesia commonly in use.
The pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications and adverse effects of Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates.
Difficulty
The mechanism of Benzodiazepines.
Content
1. The pharmacologic actions, mechamism, therapeutic indications and adverse effects of Benzodiazepines;
2. The pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications and adverse effects of Barbiturates;
3. The other sedative-hypnotics.
Difficulty
The pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications and adverse effects of drugs acting on Parkinson's disease.
Content
1. Master the pharmacological actions and clinical uses of the following drugs : levodopa, carbidopa and
trihexyphenidyl;
2. Understand the traits of other drugs acting on Parkinson's disease;
3. Familiar with the classification of the drugs acting on Parkinson's disease.
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3. Antidepressant drugs.
Emphasis
1. To learn the experimental method of exasperated reaction;
2. To observe the antipsychotic effect of chlorpromazine.
Content
1. To cause the exasperated reaction by electrical stimulus;
2. Analyze the antipsychotic effect of chlorpromazine through the difference of exasperated reaction.
Emphasis
1. To observe the effect of dolantin and rotundine;
2. To learn the method of bending test.
Content
1. The method of take mice and intraperitoneal injection;
2. Analysize the effect of dolantin and rotundine to mice.
Difficulty
The pharmacological effects and clinical uses of Caffeine, Nikethamide and Lobeline.
Content
1. The classification of Central Stimulants;
2. The pharmacological effects and clinical uses of Caffeine, Nikethamide and Lobeline.
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Content
1. Salicylates;
2. Anilines;
3. Indole derivatives and analog;
4. Propionic acid derivatives;
5. The selective cox-2 inhibitor;
6. The other anti-inflammatory drugs.
Difficulty
The pharmacologic actions, therapeutic indications and adverse effects of calcium channel blockers.
Content
1. The ion channels of cardiovascular system;
2. The drugs acting on the ion channels of cardiovascular system.
Emphasis
1. To observe the antiarrhythmia effects of lidocaine to the experimental arrhythmia of toad induced by electrical
stimulus;
2. To study how to induce arrhythmia with electrical stimulus;
3. To master the tracing method of contractile process of toad's heart in vivo.
Content
1. The method of take toads and preparations of toad's heart in vivo and intravenous injection;
2. Analyze the effect of lidocaine to the heart in vivo;
3. How to use BL-420E data acquisition and analysis system;
4. The tracing method of contractile process of toad's heart in vivo.
9
Emphasis
The pharmacological effects, clinical uses of ACEI and Angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers; the traits of these drugs.
Difficulty
The mechanism of these drugs.
Content
1. The Renin-Angiotensin system;
2. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI);
3. Angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers.
Difficulty
The actions and clinical uses of drugs used in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.
Content
1.The drugs used for adjusting blood fat;
2.The other drugs used in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.
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2.Master the anti-hypertensive actions, mechanism, and adverse reactions ofβ-adrenergic antagonists;
3.Master the anti-hypertensive actions of the drugs: calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors, sympathetic inhibitors, AngII receptor antagonists, such as losartan and hemangiectasia drugs;
4.Understand the classification of anti-hypertensive drugs;
5.Understand the anti-hypertensive drugs in combination.
Emphasis
The classification of anti-hypertensive drugs; the traits of these drugs.
Difficulty
The mechanism of theses drugs.
Content
1.The classification of anti-hypertensive drugs;
2.The anti-hypertensive drugs used commomly;
3.The other anti-hypertensive drugs;
4.The reasonable uses of anti-hypertensive drugs.
1. Master the physiological basis of diuretics; the mechanism of actions, indications and adverse reactions of
Furosemide, Thiazide, Spironolactone and Triamterene;
2. Understand the classification of diuretics and list the commomnly used osmotic diuretic and indications for its
use.
Emphasis
The physiological basis of diuretics; the mechanism of actions, indications and adverse reactions of Furosemide,
Thiazide, Spironolactone and Triamterene.
Difficulty
The mechanism of action in Diuretics.
Content
1. Renal tubule transport mechanisms;
2. The classification of diuretics and the drugs in every group;
3. Tthe mechanism of actions, indications and adverse reactions of high, moderate and lou efficacy diuretics.
Emphasis
To observe the influence of furosemide on urine quantity in rabbits.
Content
1. Fixation of rabbit and preparation of ureter;
2. Analyze the change of urine quantity after giving furosemide by iv in rabbit.
11
The mechanism of action in haparin; the influence of Vitamin B12 and Folic acid on body metabolism.
Content
1. Anticoagulants: the pharmacologic effects, clinical uses and adverse effects of Heparin, the characteristics of
the actions and indications in Coumarin derivatives;
2. Anti-platelet Drugs: Aspirin;
3. Fibrinolytic drugs: Streptokinase;
4. Drugs used in bleeding disorders: the pharmacologic effects, clinical uses and adverse effects of Vitamin K;
5. Drugs Used in Anemia: Iron, Vitamin B12, Folic acid;
6. Hematopoietic Growth Factors.
Emphasis
To observe the antagonism of protamine sulfate to heparin.
Content
1. Determine the cruor time in the method of capillary;
2. Analyze the reason about the experiment result.
12
Difficulty
The pharmacological effects, clinical uses and adverse reactions of H1 receptor antagonists.
Content
1. The pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Histimine;
2. H1 receptor antagonists;
3. H2 receptor antagonists.
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3. Corticotropin and corticosteroids inhibitors;
4. Mineralocorticoid.
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Chapter 40 Macrolides and Clindamycin 2
1. Master the antibacterial actions and uses of Macrolides;
2. Master the traits of actions of erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin;
3. Master the antibacterial actions and clinical uses of the vancomycin and lincomycin.
Emphasis
The actions, mechanism, uses of Macrolides; the traits of vancomycin and lincomycin.
Difficulty
The mechanism of Macrolides.
Content
1. Macrolides;
2. Clindamycin.
Emphasis
To observe the toxic reaction of guinea pig induced by streptomycin, and the rescue of CaCl2.
Content
1. To observe the reaction of guinea pig after giving streptomycin by ip;
2. Analyze that why CaCl2 can release the toxic reaction caused by streptomycin.
Chapter 41 Aminoglycosides 2
1. Master the actions, mechanism, clinical uses and adverse reactions of aminoglycosides;
2. Master the clinical uses of aminoglycosides in common ues such as gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin.
Emphasis
The actions, mechanism and adverse reactions of Aminoglycosides; the traits of gentamicin, tobramycin and
amikacin.
Difficulty
The mechanism of Aminoglycosides.
Content
1.The common traits, antibacterial spectrum, mechanism and adverse reactions of Aminoglycosides;
2.The traits and uses of each drugs.
Emphasis
1. To learn the methods of nutation in rabbit;
2. To acquaint the difference between depolarizing muscular relaxants and nondepolarizing muscular relaxants.
Content
1. To observe the nutation behave induced by drugs;
2. To know the difference between the two drugs.
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3. Understand the reasonable uses of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Emphasis
The actions, clinical uses and adverse reactions of the first-selected anti-tuberculosis drugs .
Difficulty
The mechanism of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Content
1. Antituberculous drugs;
2. The reasonable uses of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Antifungus.
Reference books
1. Clinical Pharmacology. Edited by R. Gird Wood.
2. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Edited by Goodman and Gilman’s.
3. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Edited by Bertram G. Katzung.
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