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Geography
• The word geography is derived from the Greek word Geo (Earth) and Graphos/Graphy (study)
• Hecatarus is known as the father of Geography. He has wrote a famous book yes Geo periods.
• Eratosthenes was the first who tried to calculate the length of the equator and to calculate the circumference of
the earth.
• Eratosthenes wrote a famous book Geography.
• Aryabhatta told that the Earth is spherical body and calculate its circumference as 24835 miles which is very
close to present calculation 24901 miles.
• The word “Bhugol" is used by Aryabhatta in his book “Surya Siddhartha" for the first time.
• Varah Mihir was the Geographic who wrote a famous book “Panchasidhantika".
• Brahmagupta wrote Brahma Siddhanta and Khand Kavya.
• Bhaskarachanya wrote Siddhanta Shiromani and karanakutuhal. He also wrote Leelavati and Bijaganit famous
book on Mathematics.

Sequence of Study Geography

i) Universe
ii) Milky Way Galaxy
iii) Solar system
iv) Earth
v) world
vi) Indian
vii) Assam

Universe
The science of studying heavenly bodies in the Universe is called Astronomy and the Scientists who practice
astronomy are called Astronomers.
Theories about Universe
i) Geocentric Theory by Ptolemy in 140AD (Earth is centre of Universe)
ii) Heliocentric Theory by Copernicus in 1543 AD (sun is the centre of the Universe)
iii) Big bang Theory by Georges Lemaitre in 1930.
Age of the Universe 13.7 Billion years. Our solar system is 4.5 billion years old.
Galaxy
A large group of stars is called galaxy. Galaxy are of two types-
i) Normal galaxy &
ii) Radio galaxy.

 There are 170 billion galaxies in the observable universe.

 Name of our galaxy is “Milky way” galaxy it has 100 billion stars.
 Milky way galaxy is also known as “Akash Ganga”
 Recently a super massive black hole known as Sagittarius found in the core of the Milky Way.
 White Dwarf this is very small, hot star, the last stage in the life cycle of a star like the sun.
 White Dwarf have a mass similar to that the sun, but 1% of the sun’s diameter.
 Supernova this is the explosive death of star.

Neutron Stars- These stars are composed mainly of neutrons and are produced when a supernova explodes,
forcing the protons and electrons to combine to produce a neutron star.
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Black holes- These are believed to from massive stars at the end of their lifetimes. The density of matter in
the black hole cannot be measured.
Discovery of Gravitational Waves
First proposed in 1916 by Albert Einstein, gravitational waves a ripples in space and time that are produced
when whole black hole collide and star explode.
The SOLAR System
 The solar system is dominated by the sun, which account for almost 99.9% of the matter of the whole
system. It is the source of light and heat to us. Scientists believe that the sun has been formed from a
moving cloud of gases, which in called nebula.
 Till 2006 there were nine planets in the solar system. Pluto was the farthest planet from the sun. In 2006 the
international Astronomical union (IAU) adopted a new definition of a planet. Pluto and other celestial
bodies like cares, 2003 UB does not fit this definition. It is no longer considered as a planet of the Solar
System.
 The size solar system has been estimated to at about 105 A.U.

Members of the solar system

The Sun

 The sun is at centre of the solar system.

 It is the nearest star to the Earth.
 It is an ultimate source of energy for life on Earth.
 Its diameter is 14 lakh km
 It is composed of 71% Hydrogen, 26.5% Helium and 2.5% other elements.
 Hydrogen and Helium are the main gases present in the Sun.
 Within the Sun, hydrogen is converted to Helium due to nuclear fusion releasing a tremendous amount
of heat and light.
 It has a surface temperature of 5778k or 5504.85 degree C.
 The temperature at the centre is around 1.571*10*7K OR 15000000 degree C.
 Photosphere appears like a disc, radiates energy and acts as a source of energy.

 The radius of the sun is almost 100 times of the radius of the Earth and its mass is about a million times
the mass of the Earth.
 The sun is essentially a shere of hot gases. The disc is also called the Photosphere.
 The sun is about 150 million km away from the Earth. Light revels at a speed of 300000 km/s. So, the
light of the sun takes about 8.3 light minutes to reach us.
 In August, 2018 NASA has launched first planned robotic spacecraft to study outer corona of sun.

The Planets
 Planets are actually revolving around the sun. They have their own elliptical path of movement
known as the orbits. Movement around its own axis is called rotation and around the sun is
revolution.
 Planets according to decreasing order- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars and
Mercury
Inner and outer Planets
The first four planets namely Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are much near to the Sun than the
other four planets. They are called the inner planets. (Surface are solid)
The planets outside the orbit of mass namely Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are much
farther off than the inner planets. They are called the outer planets. (Surface are Gaseous)
Mercury

 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

 Mercury has no atmosphere
 Mercury planet has no protective layer to save from harmful radiations

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Venus

 Venus is the second planet in distance from the Sun.

 Venus is also known as the Evening Star and also known as Morning Stars
 Venus is the hottest planet.
 It is also called Earth’s twin

Earth

 Earth is the largest of the inner planets

 Earth is 23.50 tilled on its axis and thus makes 66.50 Angle.
 It takes 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.091 seconds to rotate on its axis.
 It takes 365 days 5 hours and 48 minutes to revolve around the Sun.
 Earth is known as ‘Watery Plant’ or Blue “Planet”


The Moon
 The Moon is the only satellite of the Earth.
 It has a diameter of 3475km and its circumference is 10864km while its orbit is elliptical.
 The maximum distance of the moon from the earth is 406000km the minimum distance is
364000km and approximate average distance is 38400km.
 It takes 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes to rotate on its axis and approximately the same period of
time it takes to revolve around the earth. The moon period of revolution with reference to the
sun is about 29.53 days. This period is called a synodic month.
 Only 59% of the total surface of the moon is visible from the earth.
 MASS- ( Compared to that of the Earth – 1:81:30)
 DENSITY ( Relative to that of the Water) – 3.34
 DENSITY ( Relative to that of the Earth)- 0.6058
 Hidden part of Moon’s surface- 0.41(41%)
 Highest point on the Moon- Mt. Leibnitz (35000ft) situated on the South Pole of the Moon.
 The bright part of the moon is full of mountains whereas the dark patches are low lying plains.
 Sea of tranquillity made of the plain of dust particles is on the rear side of the moon which
always remains dark.
 The moon has no atmosphere no twilight and no sound.
 The temperature during daytime is about 100degree C and during night it drops down to about -
180 degree C.
 The light from the moon takes 1.3 seconds to reach the earth.
 The size of the moon is one fourth the size of the earth.
 Gravitation pull of moon is one sixth that of the earth.
 Mainly silicon, iron, magnesium etc. elements are found on the moon’s surface.
 The study of the Moon is called Selenology.
 Moon is also known as the fossil Planet.
Blue Moon
If in a calendar month there are two full moons then the second full moon is referred as Blue Moon.

Blood Moon
A ‘Blood Moon’ is the name given for a view of the Moon during a total lunar eclipse.

Chandrayaan-1
On 22nd October 2008 Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has successfully established
CHANDRAYAAN-1 in the moon’s orbit from Satish Dhawan space centre in Sriharikota of Andhra
Pradesh by polar satellite launch vehicle PSLV-C-1.

Chandrayaan-2
GSLV-10/ Chandrayaan-2 Mission is planned for the second half of 2018.
Mars
 Iron- rich soil and pink sky of Mars give it the name Red Planet
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 Phoebes and Demos are two satellites of Mars
Jupiter
 Jupiter is the largest planet of the solar system.
 Jupiter is also known as winter planet as its average temperature is very low (-148oC).
 Ganymede satellite of Jupiter is the largest satellite in the solar system.

Saturn
 Saturn is the second largest Planet in the solar system.
 Saturn has bright concentric rings which are made up of ice- covered dust particles which revolve
around it.
 Titan is the largest satellite of Saturn.
Uranus
 Uranus is about four times the size of the earth. This planet appears greenish in colour because
of methane gas present in its atmosphere.
 Uranus was discovered in 1781 by Sir William hersiel.
 Uranus is the 7th planet from the sun.
 Uranus is the first planet to have been discovered by the use of a telescope. Uranus is third
biggest planet of the solar system.
 Uranus rotates from east to west on its axis, which is opposite to other planets Venus.
Neptune
 Neptune is the 8th planet of the solar system.
 The temperature on the surface of Neptune remains low.
 Neptune is very similar to Uranus and can be considered as its twin.
 Neptune is surrounded by methane rings of sub-zero temperature.

Planets No. of Moons Name Time Taken to On Axis

complete Year
Mercury Nil 88 days 59 Days
Venus Nil 255 days 243
Earth 1 Moon 365 days 1
Mars 2 Phobos & Deimos 687 days 1
Jupiter 53-Named Ganymede (Biggest 11 y 11 m 9h 56m
79- Total in the Solar System)
Saturn 53- Confirmed Titan-Biggest of 29 y 5 m 10h 40m
82- Total Saturn
Uranus 27 84 years 17h 14m
Neptune 14 164 years 16h 7m

Continents of the world

There are seven continents. Asia is Largest among Them.
Facts about Asia
Highest and lowest points: - Mt. Everest (8850m) & Dead Sea (306m)
Straits: Strait of Malacca (Indian Ocean), Bering Strait (Alaska and Raisa).
Lakes: Kurile, Sakhalin, Honshu, Java, Celebes, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri lanka, Bahrain, Cyprus.
Mountains: Pamir knot, Himalayas, Karakoram, Kunlun, Tien Shan, Altai, Hindu Kush, Elbrus, Pontic, Urals,
Zagros.
Peninsulas: Kamchatka Peninsulas, Peninsulas of Korea, Peninsulas of indo- china, Malaya Peninsulas, Indian
Peninsulas, Arabian Peninsulas.
Rivers: Euphrates, Tigris, Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Hwang-ho, Yang-tse- si-kiang, lena, yenisei ob,
irrawady, Salween, Mekong.

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Indian Ocean
 The Indian Ocean is the only ocean named after a country. Its average depth is 3960 metres.
 The Indian Ocean is deeper than the Atlantic Ocean.
 It contains numerous continental islands, Madagascar and SriLanka are being the largest ones.
 Some of the islands of volcanic origin are those of Mauritius, Andaman and Nicobar, Seychelles, Maldives
and Lakshadweep are of coral origin.
Biosphere
 The part of the earth where life exists is called the Biosphere.
 The earth is the only planet of the solar system that supports life. Life is possible because of its unique
lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Lithosphere
 The uppermost layer of the earth curst which is capable of supporting life is called lithosphere.
 The Lithosphere covers two-sevenths or 29.22% of the total surface area of the earth.
Hydrosphere
 Hydrosphere covers five-sevenths or more accurately 70.78% of the total surface are of the earth.
 Water is freely available in the gaseous, liquid and solid state.
 It is necessary for carrying out chemical reactions within the bodies of the living organisms.
 Water also dissolves and transports nutrients from the soil to the plants.
 It is used by plants for making food.
Latitude and Longitude
Any location on earth is described by two numbers – its latitude and its longitude.
Latitude
On a globe of the earth lines of latitude are circles of different size. The longest is the equator whose latitude is
zero while at the poles at latitudes 900 north and 900 south the circles shrink to a point.
Longitude
On the globe lines of constant longitude extend from pole to pole.
The date line and universal time (UT)
The Greenwich Mean Time the astronomical time at Greenwich is generally used here. It is sometimes called
universal time.
Indian stander time (IST)
82 1/20 E longitude, passing through Naini , near Allahabad is the standard meridian of Indian called the Indian
standard time.

Summer solstice

On June 21 the earth is so located in its orbit that the sun is overhead on the tropic of cancer 231/20 N.

On the date the northern hemisphere is tipped towards the sun having the longest day, while the southern
hemisphere is tipped away from the sun having the shortest day.


Winter solstice

On December 22 the earth is in an equivalent position on the opposite points in its orbit, so the southern
hemisphere is tipped towards the sun and the northern hemisphere away from it.


The sun is overhead on the tropic of Capricorn (23½0) resulting in the shortest day in the northern
hemisphere.
Equinoxes
 Two days in a year when day and night are equal through the world are equinoxes.

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 The vernal equinox occurs on March 21 and it is also called the spring equinox in the northern
hemisphere.
 The autumnal equinox occurs on September 23.
Atmosphere

Name of gases Chemical Symbol Volume Percentage

Nitrogen N2 78.08
Oxygen O2 20.94
Argon Ar 0.93
Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.036
Other Gases 0.014

The atmosphere is a thick gaseous layer of Air, it maintains an average 150C temperature on the Earth Surface.
The envelope of air that completely surrounds the earth is known as atmosphere.
Layers of the Atmosphere
There are five distinct layers of the atmosphere-
a. Troposphere
b. Stratosphere
c. Mesosphere
d. Thermosphere
e. Exosphere
Troposphere
 This is the first layer of the atmosphere. According to encyclopaedia Britannica, it extends to height of
18 km at the equator and 18 km at the poles.
 In this layer temperature decrease with height. This is due to the fact that the density of air decreases
with height and so that heat absorbed is less. It contains more than 90% of gases in the atmosphere.
 Since most of the water vapour from clouds in this layer all weather changes occur in the troposphere.

Stratosphere
 This the second layer of the atmosphere. It extends from the tropopause to about 50km.
 Temperature increase due to the absorption of the ultraviolet radiation of the sun by ozone present in
this layer. The temperature slowly increases to 40 c.
 This layer is free from clouds and associated weather phenomena. Hence, it provides ideal flying
conditions for large jet planes.
Mesosphere
 Above the stratosphere lies the mesosphere.
 The mesosphere extends to a height of 80km.
Thermosphere
 This layer according to NASA extends to a height of about 513km.
 The thermosphere also protects us from meteors and obsolete satellites.
Exosphere
 This is the outermost layer of our atmosphere which lies above the thermosphere.
 The exosphere extends beyond the thermosphere up to 960km.

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India Physical Aspects

Geographic Profile
 Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere the mainland extends between 804 N and 3706 latitudes and 680 7
E and 370 6 N latitudes and 6807 E and 97025 E longitudes and measures about 3214 km between North and
South between east and west extreme longitudes.
 Countries having a common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan to the North-West, China,
Bhutan and Nepal to the north, Myanmar to the far East and Bangladesh to the East of west Bengal. Sri
Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Manner.
 The country can be divided into six zones, mainly north, south, east, west.
 Indian standard time is calculated on the basis of 82.50E longitude. It passes near Allahabad. It is 5hours 30
minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
 Percentage of Earth’s surface covered by India- 2.4%
 India’s extreme southern tip is located in the Great Nicobar Island and is known as ‘Indira Point’ formally
known as ‘Pygmalion Point’ or ‘Parsons Point’.
 Highest Peak- Kanchenjunga ( 8586 m)
o Nanda Devi (7816 m)
o Kamet ( 7756 m )
 Longest River- Godavari River (1465 km)
 Longest West following River- Narmada (1312 km)
 Largest Plateau – Deccan Plateau
 average annual rainfall-119 cm ( Highest- Mawsynram /1187cm) (Lowest- Jaisalmer/12cm)
 Total area Covered by forest- 712249 sq. km (71.22 Million Hectares)
 21.67% of total Geographical area
 Highest forest reserve state- Madhya Pradesh ( 33% area ) followed by Arunachal Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Odisha
 Total Population- 1210.2 million
 Population density-382 per sq. km

Important Rivers of India and Origin

River Name Origin State

Ganga Gangotri Glacier Uttarakhand

Yamuna Yumunotri Glacier Uttarakhand

Narmada Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh

Indus Kailash Tibet

Brahmaputra Chemayoungdung Glacier China

Gadavari Trimbakeshwar Maharashtra

Cavery Talakaveri Karnataka

Subarnarekha Ranchi Plateau Jharkhand

Alakananda Satopanth Glacier Uttarakhand

Saraswati Adi Badri Haryana

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International Border

Country Length of Border Name of Border Number Of States

Bangladesh 4096 km West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya,

Tripura, Assam

China 3488 km McMahon Line, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,

LAC Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh

Pakistan 3323 km LOC & Radcliff J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat

Line
Nepal 1751 km Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim,
West Bengal

Myanmar 1643 km Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur,

Mizoram

Bhutan 699 km West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh

& Assam

Afghanistan 106 km Durand Line Jammu & Kashmir

INDIAN TRIBE AND THEIR HABITAT

Name of the tribe Found in
Abors Assam, Arunachal
Angami Nagaland, Assam
Ao Nagaland, Assam
Apatamis Arunachal Pradesh
Badagas Tamil Nadu
Baiga Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
Bhils Madhya Pradesh ,Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra
Bhotias Uttarakhand
Birhor Jharkhand
Chenchus Telangana, Orissa
Garos Meghalaya
Gonds Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh
Khasis/ Khas U.P, Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand, W.B, Sikkim,
Bhutan, Assam , Meghalaya
Khonds Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
Kolam Andhra Pradesh
Kuki Manipur
Lahora Nagaland, Assam
Lepchas Sikkim
Mina Rajasthan
Mikiris Assam
Monapa Arunachal Pradesh
Munda Jharkhand
Oraon/ Kurukh Jharkhand, Orissa
Santhals W.B, Jharkhand, Orissa, Bihar
Sema Nagaland, Assam
Sentinelese Andaman , Nicobar
Tangkhul Nagaland, Assam
Todas Tamil Nadu
Urails Kerala
Warlis Maharashtra

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LAKES
 Tectonic Lakes: Old Pleistocene Lake of Kashmir and Kumaon Himalayas
 Crater Lakes: They are due to volcanicity
 Glacial Lakes: They are in big mountains
 Alluvial Lakes: Oxbow lakes in the Ganga plains
 Aeolian Lakes: Caused due to small depressions of hollows
IMPORTAN LAKES OF INDIA
 Lakes of Kashmir- Dal, Wular, Shes Nag, Verinag, Manasbal, Nagin etc.
 Lake of Kumaon- Nainital, Bhimtal,Khurpatal, Sattal, Punatal etc
 Lake of Rajasthan- Udaisagar, Fatehsagar, Jai samand, Pichol, Sambhar salt lake.
 Other importan lakes- Lake of lonar in Maharashtra, chilka in Orissa, lake kolleru, Nakkital( Mount
abu)
o In terms of largest forest cover, Madhya Pradesh(77,462 sq Km) is followed by Arunachal
Pradesh(67,321 sq Km), Chhattisgarh (55,586sq Km), Maharashtra( 50,628 sq Km) and Odisha (
50,354sq Km)
o About 40% of India’s forest cover is contained in 9 big patches of size more than 10000 sq km.
INDIAN STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES

States Union Territories

Largest population U.P NCT of Delhi
Smallest population Sikkim Lakshadweep
Largest area Rajasthan Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Smallest area Goa Lakshadweep
Highest density of population Bihar NCT of Delhi
Lowest density of population Arunachal Pradesh Andaman & Nicobar Island
More females highest sex ration Kerala Puducherry
More males lowest sex ration Haryana Daman & Diu
Highest literacy rate Kerala Lakshadweep
Lowest literacy rate Bihar Dadar & Nagar Havali

 State touching maximum number of boundaries of other states- U.P, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh Rajasthan.
 Tropic of cancer passes through 8 states- Mizoram, Tripura, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat
 Largest District – Kachchh
 Smallest District- Mahe
 Indian standard Meridian- Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, U.P, Telangana

 There are around 106 national park in India covering an area of 44,372.42 km2, which is 1.35% of
the geographical area of the country.
 There are 565 existing wildlife sanctuaries in India covering an area of 122560.85 km2,
which is 3.73% of the geographical area of the country.
National Parks Of India
Year of Name of National State
Establishment Park
1936 Corbett National Park Uttarakhand
1955 Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh
1955 Tadoba National Park Maharashtra
1959 Madhav National Park Madhya Pradesh
1968 Bandhavgarh National Madhya Pradesh
Park
1974 Kaziranga National Park Assam
1974 Bandipur National Park Karnataka
1974 Bannerghatta National Karnataka
Park
1975 Gir National Park Gujarat

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1975 Gugamal National Park Maharashtra
1975 Navegaon National Park Maharashtra
1975 Pench National Park Madhya Pradesh
1976 Blackbuck National Park Gujarat
1976 Guindy National Park Tamil Nadu
1977 Keibul-Lamjao National Manipur
Park
1977 Khangchendzonga Sikkim
National Park
1977 Dudhwa National Park Uttar Pradesh
1978 Eravikulam National Park Kerala
1979 Vansda National Park Gujarat
1979 Van Vihar National Park Madhya Pradesh
1980 Simlipal National Park Odisha
1980 Ranthambore National Rajasthan
Park
1980 Gulf of Mannar Marine Tamil Nadu
National Park
1981 Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) Chhattisgarh
National Park
1981 Dachigam National Park Jammu & Kashmir
1981 Hemis National Park Jammu & Kashmir
1981 Kishtwar National Park Jammu & Kashmir
1981 Panna National Park Madhya Pradesh
1981 Sanjay National Park Madhya Pradesh
1981 Satpura National Park Madhya Pradesh
1981 Keoladeo Ghana National Rajasthan
Park
1982 Indravati National Park Chhattisgarh
1982 Kanger Valley National Chhattisgarh
Park
1982 Marine National Park Gujarat
1982 Periyar National Park Kerala
1982 Nanda Devi National Park Uttarakhand
1982 Valley of Flowers National Uttarakhand
Park
1983 Mahatma Gandhi Marine Andaman & Nicobar Islands
National Park
1983 Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh
1983 Fossil National Park Madhya Pradesh
1983 Sanjay Gandhi National Maharashtra
Park
1983 Rajaji National Park Uttarakhand
1984 Great Himalayan National Himachal Pradesh
Park
1984 Silent Valley National Park Kerala
1984 Sunderban National Park West Bengal
1985 Balpakram National Park Meghalaya
1986 Mouling National Park Arunachal Pradesh
1986 Betla National Park Jharkhand
1986 Nokrek Ridge National Meghalaya
Park
1986 Neora Valley National Park West Bengal
1986 Singalila National Park West Bengal
1987 Middle Button Island Andaman & Nicobar Islands
National Park
1987 Mount Harriet National Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Park
1987 North Button Island Andaman & Nicobar Islands
National Park
1987 Saddle Peak National Park Andaman & Nicobar Islands
1987 South Button Island Andaman & Nicobar Islands
National Park
1987 Pin Valley National Park Himachal Pradesh
1987 Anshi National Park Karnataka
1987 Kudremukh National Park Karnataka
1988 Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) Karnataka
National Park
1988 Bhitarkanika National Park Odisha
1989 Sri Venkateswara National Andhra Pradesh
Park
1989 Valmiki National Park Bihar
1989 Sultan National Park Haryana

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1989 Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) Tamil Nadu
National Park
1989 Gangotri National Park Uttarakhand
1990 Manas National Park Assam
1990 Mudumalai National Park Tamil Nadu
1990 Mukurthi National Park Tamil Nadu
1990 Govind National Park Uttarakhand
1991 Murlen National Park Mizoram
1992 Campbell Bay National Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Park
1992 Galathea Bay National Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Park
1992 Mollem National Park Goa
1992 City Forest (Salim Ali) Jammu & Kashmir
National Park
1992 Phawngpui Blue Mountain Mizoram
National Park
1992 Desert National Park Rajasthan
1992 Sariska National Park Rajasthan
1992 Buxa National Park West Bengal
1992 Gorumara National Park West Bengal
1993 Intanki National Park Nagaland
1994 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Telangana
National Park
1994 Mahaveer Harina Telangana
Vanasthali National Park
1994 Mrugavani National Park Telangana
1996 Rani Jhansi Marine Andaman & Nicobar Islands
National Park
1998 Nameri National Park Assam
1999 Dibru-Saikhowa National Assam
Park
1999 Rajiv Gandhi Orang Assam
National Park
2003 Kalesar National Park Haryana
2003 Anamudi Shola National Kerala
Park
2003 Mathikettan Shola National Kerala
Park
2003 Pampadum Shola National Kerala
Park
2004 Chandoli National Park Maharashtra
2005 Rajiv Gandhi Andhra Pradesh
(Rameswaram) National
Park
2006 Mukundra Hills National Rajasthan
Park
2007 Clouded Leopard National Tripura
Park
2007 Bison National Park Tripura
2008 Papikonda National Park Andhra Pradesh
2010 Inderkilla National Park Himachal Pradesh
2010 Khirganga National Park Himachal Pradesh
2010 Simbalbara National Park Himachal Pradesh
2014 Jaldapara National Park West Bengal

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Monuments Of India

Bihar Golghar Patna British Govt.

Pathar Ki Masjid Patna Pervez Shah
Sher Shah’s Tomb Sasaram Mir Muhammad Aliwal Khan
Vishnupad Temple Gaya Rani Ahilyabai
Feroz Shah Kotla Delhi Ferozshan Tughlaq
Delhi Hauz Khas Delhi Alauddin Khilji
Humayun Tomb Delhi Empress Bega Begum
Jama Masjid Delhi Shahjahan
Jantar-Mantar Delhi Sawai Jai Singh
Khirki Masjid Delhi Ghyasuddin Tughlaq
Lakshmi Narayan Temple Delhi Birla Family
Moti Masjid Delhi Aurangzeb
President House Delhi British Govt.
Purana Qila Delhi Sher Shah Suri
Qutub Minar Delhi Qutubuddin Aibak
Red Fort Delhi Shahjahan
Safdarjung Tomb Delhi Shuja-ud-daula
Gujarat Sabarmati Ashram Ahmadabad Mahatma Gandhi k
Charar-E- Sharif Budgam Zainul Abedin
Nishat Garden Srinagar Asaf Ali
Jammu and Kashmir Shalimar Garden Srinagar Jahangir
Karnataka Gol Gumbaz Bijapur Yaqut of Dabul
Ajanta- Ellora Caves Aurangabad Gupta rulers
Maharashtra Bibi Ka Maqbara Aurangabad Aurangzeb
Elephanta Cave Mumbai Rashtrakuta rulers
Gateway Of India Mumbai British Govt.
Kanheri Fort Mumbai Buddhists
Jagannath Temple Puri Anantavarman Ganga
Odisha Sun Temple Konark Narasimhadeva I
Punjab Golden Temple Amritsar Guru Ramdas
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra Ajmer Qutubuddin Aibak
Bharatpur Fort Bharatpur Raja Surajmal Singh
Ajmer Sharif Dargah Ajmer Sultan Shyasuddin
Rajasthan Dilwara Jain Temple Mount Abu Siddharaja
Hawa Mahal Jaipur Maharaja Pratap Singh
Jaigarh Fort Jaipur Sawai Jai Singh
Jodhpur Fort Jodhpur Rao Jodha
Nahargarh Fort Jaipur Sawai Jai Singh
Vijaya Stambha Chittorgarh Maharana Kumbha
Tamil Nadu Saint George Fort Chennai East India Company
Char- Minar Hyderabad Quli Qutub Shah
Telangana Makka Masjid Hyderabad Quli Qutub Shah

Agra Fort Agra Akbar

Uttar Pradesh Akbar Rsquo Tomb Sikandra Akbar
Anand Bhawan Allahabad Motilal Nehru
Aram Bagh Agra Babur
Bada Imambara Lucknow Asaf-ud-daula
Chhota Imambara Lucknow Muhammad Ali Shah
Deewan-E- Khas Agra Fort Shahjahan
Fatehpur Sikri Agra Akbar
Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daula Agra Nurjahan
Jama Masjid Agra Shahjahan
Moti Masjid Agra Shahjahan
Sati Burj Mathura Raja Bhagwan Das
Shish Mahal Agra Shahjahan
Taj Mahal Agra Shahjahan
Shantiniketan West Bengal Rabindranath Tagore
Belur Math Kolkata Swami Vivekananda
West Bengal Victoria Memorial Kolkata British Govt.

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Indian Cities and Their Nick Name
Indian Cities Name State Nicknames of Indian Cities
Jaipur Rajasthan Pink City
Pochampally Telangana Silk city of India
Jodhpur Rajasthan Blue City
Sun City
Akola Maharashtra The Cotton City
Bhagalpur Bihar Silk City
Udaipur Rajasthan City of Lakes
Venice of East
White City
Dibrugarh Assam Tea City of India
Bhopal Madhya Pradesh City of Lakes
Ahmedabad Gujarat Manchester of India
Boston of India
INDIA'S first world heritage city
Surat Gujarat Diamond City of India
Lucknow Uttar Pradesh City of Nawabs
Muzaffarpur Bihar The Land of Litchi
Sweet City
Kanpur Uttar Pradesh The Leather City of The World
Mumbai Maharashtra City of Seven Islands
Gateway of India
Financial Capital of India
Pune Maharashtra Deccan Queen
Nagpur Maharashtra Orange City
Jalgaon Maharashtra Banana City
Yavatmal Maharashtra Cotton City
Nashik Maharashtra Wine Capital of India
Bengaluru Karnataka Space City
Garden City of India
Silicon Valley of India
Science City
Mangalore Karnataka Rome of the East
Cradle of Indian Banking
Coorg Karnataka Scotland of India
Mysore Karnataka Sandalwood City
Kolkata West Bengal City of Joy
City of Palaces
Asansol West Bengal Land of Black Diamond
Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh City of Destiny
Goa of the East
Hyderabad Telangana City of Pearls
HITECH City
Kochi Kerala Queen of Arabian Sea
Kozhikode (Calicut) Kerala City of Spices
Thrissur (Trichur) Kerala Gold Capital of India
Kollam Kerala Cashew Capital of the World
Madurai Tamil Nadu City of Festivals
Athens of the East
Chennai Tamil Nadu Detroit of Asia
Gate Way Of South India
Banking Capital of India
Automobile Capital of India
India's health capital
Electronic Manufacturing Hub in India
Coimbatore Tamil Nadu Manchester of South India
Pondicherry Puducherry Paris of the East
Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir Switzerland of India
Jamshedpur Jharkhand Steel City of India
Pittsburgh of India
Panipat Haryana City of weavers
Bhubaneswar Odisha Temple City of India
Cuttack Odisha The Silver City
Shillong Meghalaya Scotland of East
Durgapur WestBengal Ruhr of India
Hyderabad, Secunderabad - Twin City
Jaisalmer Rajasthan Golden City

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Distribution of land area of the oceans
Ocean Land area (in million km2) Proportion to Total land area to
the Hydrosphere( in per cent)
1.Pacific Ocean 165.2 45.8
2.Atlantic Ocean 82.4 22.8
3.Indian Ocean 73.4 20.3
4.Southern Ocean 20.3 5.6
5.Northern Ocean 14.1 3.9
Total Hydrosphere 361.0 -

 Pacific Ocean:-
 The largest ocean in the world & covers about one-third of the earth’s surface area.
 In terms of land area it is little more than two times of the Atlantic Ocean.
 The average depth of the Pacific Ocean is about 5000 meter.
 The Pacific Ocean has at least 20,000 number of small and big oceanic islands.
 The oceanic trenches like the deepest Marian trench, Aleutian, Kurile, Philippine, Tonga, Peru-
Chile etc.
 The major seas under the pacific ocean include Bering sea, Okhotsk sea, Japan sea, South China
sea, Philippine sea, Alaska sea etc.
 Atlantic Ocean:-
 Second largest ocean in the world.
 One-sixth the earth’s surface area and it is about half of the Pacific Ocean.
 The shape of the Atlantic ocean is like that of English letter ‘S’
 The average of the Atlantic Ocean is about 3000 m.
 Atlantic Ocean northern part is called Dolphin Rise and the southern part Challenger Rise.
 The major seas under the Atlantic Ocean are Mediterranean sea, Baltic sea, Caribbean sea, Gulf
of Mexico, Labrado sea, Hudson sea etc.

 Indian ocean
 Third largest ocean in the world.
 The average depth of the Indian Ocean is about 4000 m.
 Some important seas under the Indian ocean are Arabian sea, Persian sea, gulf, bay of Bengal,
Andaman sea, red sea etc.
 Some of the important ocean island in the Indian Ocean are sri lanka, Andaman and Nicobar
islands, Indonesia, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar etc.
 Arctic ocean
 Smallest ocean in the world.
 One-fifth of the Indian Ocean.
 Arctic Ocean shape is circular.
 Average depth is about 3500 m.
 Due to its location in the North Polar Region the Arctic Ocean remains covered with thick ice in
most part of the year.

LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTINENTS

 The continents of the North America, Europe and Asia are completely within the northern
hemisphere.
 The boundaries between the continents are basically determined through some physical
elements like rivers, seas, oceans etc.
 The boundary between the continents of Europe and Africa is determined ny the Mediterranean
sea.
 Between Asia and Africa by their sea.
 The boundary between Europe and Asia is determined physically by the Ural mountain range.
 The boundary between North America by the South America is formed by the Panama Canal.
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Distribution of areas of continents:-

Continents Areas ( in million sq. km) Areas of continents in

proportion to total
lithosphere
1.Asia 44.6 29.9
2. Europe 10.9 7.3
3.Africa 30.1 20.2
4.North America 24.3 16.3
5.South America 17.8 11.9
6.Oceania 8.1 5.4
7.Antarctica 13.2 8.8
Total lithosphere 149.0 -

 The continent of Asia:

 Asia is the largest continent in the world. With a land area of 44.6 million km2 the continent of
Asia covers about 30 per cent of the earth’s land area.
 Asia is mainly located in the northern hemisphere between 780 north latitude in the north to 10
north latitude in the south and 250 east longitude in the west to 1700 west longitude in the east.
 It may be mentioned that the island located in the Pacific Ocean, such as japan, Taiwan,
Philippine, java, Sumatra, Borneo etc. and located in the Indian Ocean such as Andaman and
Nicobar, Sri Lanka, Lakshadweep, Maldives, Bahrain, etc. are all in Assis.
 The population of Asia in 430 crores which constitutes about three-fifth of the world’s
population.
 There are 51 countries in Asia.
 It central part is full of mountains and plateaus.
 Ural mountain ranges forming the western boundary of the continent, the world’s highest the
east-west running Himalayan mountain ranges, Atlain ranges, Tienshan ranges,altai mountain,
Aravalli ranges etc.
 The world ‘s highest peak Everest(8848) belonging to the Himalayan mountain system and the
second highest peak Godwin Austin Mount k2 (8,611m)
 The Karakorum mountain system are both located in the content of Asia.
 World‘s highest Pamir plateau.
 There are some important river- The Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra are flowing almost in the
south-central part of the continent, Yenisei, ob, and lena rivers in the northern part, Amur,
Hwang Ho , Yangtze kiang and Sikinag rivers in the eastern part , and Narmada, Tapti,
Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna , Kaveri, Barak, Menam, Irawati and Mekong rivers in the south
and south – east.
 Some important lakes are Balkhas, Baikal, chilka, Smbor, Dal, Pulikat, Kolleru, Loktak etc.
 Some important deserts are – Gobi, Thar and Arabian deserts.

 The continent of Europe

 It is located completely in the northern hemisphere.

 It 7.3 %of the earth land area and three times the land area of india.
 This continent of Europe is surrounded by seas and ocean from three sides.
 Europe is separated from Asia by the Ural mountain range and the Ural River.
 There are 44countries.
 Mount Elbrus peak of the Caucasus mountain range is the highest place of Europe.
 The highest peak of the Alps is “mount blanc”.
 The continent of Africa :
 Second largest continent in the world.
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 The equator which passes almost through middle of continent divides in to two parts.
 Algeria is the largest country of the continent.
 There are 53 countries in Africa.
 There is no high mountain range in Africa.
 The Kilimanjaro peak located on the Eastern the highest place of the continent.
 The world longest river Nile.
 There are world largest desert – Sahara desert the Kalahari Desert and Namibia desert.

The continent of the North America:-

 Third largest continent in the world.

 The world second largest country Canada is the largest country in North America.
 There are 23 counties North America.
 Its highest place is McKinley peak (6,194m) & lowest place is Death Valley (86 m below sea level).
 On the basis of physiographic character north America can be mainly divided into four divisions-
1. Rocky mountainous region
2. Great upland Palin region
3. Appalachian highland region
4. Coastal lowland plains.
 There are many rivers and lake in North America – Missouri, Mississippi, Yukon, red, Arkansas,
Colorado, Colombia, snake, Ohio, Hudson. St. Lawrence etc.
 And some important lakes are superior, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, great bear, great slave, great salt.
 There is a desert like area in the south- western part of the continent called Colorado.

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