Lecture 7 Assignment Due-Textbook Chapter 19 (Respiratory System)

19.3 Organs of the Respiratory System 3. Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts. (p. 737) upper respiratory tract lower respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, consists of the lower portion of the trachea, the and the upper portion of the trachea bronchial tree, and the lungs 4. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. (p. 737) The nose contains internal hairs that help prevent the entrance of the relatively large particles sometimes carried in the air. The nasal cavity is lined with a mucous membrane that has goblet cells that secrete sticky mucus. This mucus traps dust and other small particles entering with the air. 5. Name and describe the locations of the major sinuses. (p. 738) The maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones are located within the skull. 6. Explain how a sinus headache may occur. (p. 738) Inflamed and swollen mucous membranes due to nasal infections or allergic reactions may block mucous secretion drainage, causing pressure and a headache. 7. The pharynx is also known as: (p. 740) d. the throat 8. Name and describe the functions of the cartilages of the larynx. (p. 740) Thyroid cartilage Located in the front of the neck, commonly called the Adams apple, and protects the larynx. Cricoid cartilage Located below the thyroid cartilage; marks the lowermost portion of the larynx; and. protects the larynx. Epiglottic cartilage Attached to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and supports the epiglottis and allows for opening and closing of the epiglottis. Arytenoid cartilage Located above and on either side of the cricoid cartilage; serves as an attachment for muscles that regulate vocal cord tension for speech; and aids in closing the larynx for swallowing. Corniculate cartilage Attached to the tips of the arytenoid cartilages; serves as an attachment for muscles that regulate vocal cord tension for speech; and aids in closing the larynx for swallowing. Cuneiform cartilages Small structures in the mucous membrane between the epiglottic and the arytenoid cartilages. They stiffen soft tissue in this region. 9. Match the following structures with their descriptions: (pp. 740-746) 1. True vocal cordsC. vibrate to make sound 2. False vocal cordsE. muscular folds that close the glottis 3. LarynxB. contains the vocal cords 4. Visceral pleuraA. serous membrane on lungs 5. AlveoliD. air sacs 12. Distinguish between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura. (p. 746)

Lecture 7 Assignment Due-Textbook Chapter 19 (Respiratory System)

visceral pleura lining that covers the outside of the lungs parietal pleura Lining that covers the pleural cavity.

13. Name the lobes of the lungs and identify their locations. (p. 747) right lung left lung consists of three lobes called the superior, Consists of two lobes called the superior and middle, and inferior inferior. located in the right side of the chest Located on the left side of the chest.

19.4 Breathing Mechanism 15. Define surface tension and explain how it works against the breathing mechanism. (p. 750) The great attraction for water molecules to attach to one another This force is used in breathing to hold the moist surfaces of the pleural membranes together. It also helps to expand the lung in all directions. 16. Define surfactant and explain its function. (p. 750) A surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli. Its a mixture of lipoproteins secreted continuously into alveolar spaces. 17. Define compliance. (p. 751) (A.k.a. Distensibility): the ease with which lungs can be expanded as a result of pressure changes occurring during breathing. 18. Compare the muscles used (if any) in a resting expiration with those used in a forced expiration. (p. 751) Normal expiration Forced expiration accomplished by the elastic recoil of the lung tissues can be accomplished by contracting the and the decrease in the diameter of the alveoli as a internal intercostal muscles to pull the ribs and result of surface tension. sternum downward and inward, increasing the pressure in the lungs. The abdominal wall muscles also can be used to squeeze the abdominal organs inward and increase the abdominal cavity pressure. This translates in forcing the diaphragm even higher against the lungs. 19. Match the air volumes with their descriptions: (p. 752) (1) tidal volume C. amount of air that enters and leaves lungs during a respiratory cycle (2) inspiratory reserve volume B. volume of air in addition to resting tidal volume, that can enter lungs (3) expiratory reserve volume D. volume of air, in addition to resting tidal volume, that can be expelled from the lungs (4) residual volume A. air that remains after most forceful expiration 20. Distinguish between vital capacity and total lung capacity. (p. 753) vital capacity Total lung capacity maximum amount of air a person can exhale after vital capacity added to the residual volume. taking the deepest breath possible The residual volume is the amount of air that

Lecture 7 Assignment Due-Textbook Chapter 19 (Respiratory System)

remains in the lungs even after forceful expiration.

21. Physiologic dead space is equal to _________. (p. 753) b. anatomic dead space plus alveolar dead space. 24. Describe a possible function of yawning. (p. 755) maintain alertness 19.5 Control of Breathing 26. Explain control of the basic rhythm of breathing. (p. 757) The dorsal respiratory group controls the basic rhythm of breathing. The neurons emit bursts of impulses that signal the diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles to contract. The neurons remain inactive during exhalation and then begin the bursts of impulses anew. 27. Which one of the following is most important in forceful breathing? (p. 757) a. dorsal respiratory group. 30. Describe the inflation reflex. (p. 758) It helps regulate the depth of breathing. This reflex occurs when stretch receptors in the visceral pleura, bronchioles, and alveoli are stimulated as lung tissues are stretched. The sensory impulses of the reflex travel via the vagus nerve to the pontine respiratory group and shorten the duration of inspiratory movements. This action prevents overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing. 31. Describe the effects of emotions on breathing. (p. 758) Strong emotional upset or sensory stimulation may alter the normal breathing pattern. Because control of the respiratory muscles is voluntary, we can alter breathing patterns consciously or even stop it altogether for a short time. 32. Hyperventilation is which one of the following? (Outcome p. 758) c. an increase in breathing that eliminates CO2 too quickly. 19.7 Gas Transport 36. Describe how the blood transports oxygen. (p. 762) Over 98% of the oxygen is transported in the blood on the hemoglobin molecules. The remainder is dissolved in the blood plasma. 37. List three factors that increase the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. (p. 763) The blood concentration of carbon dioxide. The blood pH. The blood temperature. 38. Explain why carbon monoxide is toxic. (p. 764) It combines with the hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen. It also does not dissociate readily from hemoglobin, thereby leaving less hemoglobin available for oxygen transport. 19.8 Life-Span Changes 42. Describe the changes that make it harder to breathe with advancing years. (p. 769) Calcified cartilage

Lecture 7 Assignment Due-Textbook Chapter 19 (Respiratory System)

Skeletal changes Altered posture Replacement of smooth muscle with fibrous CT in bronchioles

Critical Thinking (p.773) 2. Patients experiencing asthma attacks are often advised to breathe through pursed (puckered) lips. How might this help reduce symptoms of asthma? It slows the flow rate of exhaled air. Creates a back pressure in the airways, which keeps the smaller airways open, preventing their collapse and obstruction. The lungs will empty more completely. 7. Why is it impossible, under normal circumstances, for a person to hold the breath long enough to pass out? Respiration is controlled very closely by the chemoreceptors which sense the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. The main stimulus for respiration is an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the blood. If you hold your breath, blood levels of carbon dioxide will increase. This will stimulate the chemoreceptors and the respiratory centers in the medulla to cause inspiration. Respiratory movements are involuntarily controlled and thus you could not prevent inspiration