1
2- Plant cells lack chloroplasts, large central vacuole and cell
wall. {have}
2
multicellular organisms.
Or
Smaller than eukaryotes. Larger than eukaryotes.
Or
Most primitive. More complex.
Or
e.g. Bacteria. e.g. Plant and animal cells.
4) Heads of phospholipids Tails of phospholipids
Formed from phosphate groups Formed from fatty acids
Or
Polar Non-polar
Or
Hydrophilic (water loving). Hydrophobic (water fearing)
Or
They found on the outer and They are directed inwards
inner surfaces of the cell face to face.
membrane.
(5) Passive transport Active transport
It does not require energy. It requires energy.
Or
It takes place according to the It takes place against the
concentration gradient. concentration gradient.
(6) Rough endoplasmic Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum reticulum
Covered by ribosomes. Lacks by ribosomes.
Or
It is involved in the synthesis of It is not involved in the
proteins. synthesis of proteins or
steroid synthesis or
regulation of calcium levels in
muscle cells or the break
down of toxic substances in
the cell.
(7) Cis face of cisternae of Golgi Trans face of cisternae of
apparatus Golgi apparatus
Immature face. Mature face.
Or
Facing the ER and nucleus. Directed towards the plasma
membrane.
3
(8) Exogenic intracellular Endogenic intracellular
digestion digestion
Digestion of the taken Digestion of some parts of the
substances by endocytosis. cytoplasm of the same cell
e.g. mitochondria.
Or
The process is known as The process is known as
heterophagy. autophagy.
{4} Define the following: (1.5 marks)
1- Glycocalyx (cell coat):
It comprises both glycoproteins and glycolipids
2- Osmosis:
It is the diffusion of water (solvent) through a semi-permeable
membrane from an area of high water concentration (less solute)
(hypotonic) solution to an area of lower water concentration
(more solute) (hypertonic) solution.
It does need energy.
It takes place according to the concentration gradient.
3- Plasmolysis:
When the cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water diffuses
out of the cell till equilibrium is reached. If the cell loses too
much water, it will shrink and die.
4
{5} Draw a mitochondrion with complete labels. (1.5 marks)
{6}
Explain shortly the mechanism of sodium-potassium pump.
(3 marks)
1- Binding of cytoplasmic Na+ to the protein stimulates
phosphorylation.
2- Phosphorylation causes the protein change its conformation.
3- The conformational changes expels Na+ to the outside and
extracellular K+ binds.
4- K+ binding triggers release of phosphate group.
5- Loss of phosphate restores orginal conformation.
6- K+ is released and Na+ are receptive again, the cycle repeat.
5
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