TUGAS PENGANTAR ILMU KOMPUTER CPU And Storage Diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas mata kuliah

Pengantar Ilmu Komputer

Oleh: Nama : Adi Suripiyanto NIM : 10111315

Dosen: I Made Andhika

TEKNIK INFORMATIKA FAKULTAS TEKNIK DAN ILMU KOMPUTER UNIVERSITAS KOMPUTER INDONESIA 2011

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Central Processing Unit or CPU is a unit process the mainly in a computer. CPU is a really important part in work proces for the computer itself. Work process the computer is for control all activity the processing from reading the tools, until printout the information data that have read and processed or we know with output. Function of CPU is to run the programs that have saved in the premier memory before with way take the instruction, test that instruction and then execute it one by one with the struktural order. To understand the CPU function and how it interaction with the other component, we need to know more deep is the program execution, the simple thing of the excecution program is take the process instruction with build in two steps, that is: operation reading instruction (fecth) and operation of work the instruction (execute). Interactions siklus that build from the flecth siklus and execution siklus can be see in the picture:

Picture of Basic Instruction Siklus

Fetch Siklus Execution Every instructions siklus, CPU from the beginning will read the instruciton from the memory. There is a register in the CPU that have function to watch over and calculating the next instruction, that know with Program Counter (PC). PC will add one calculating everytime CPU read the instruction. The instruction that had read will make in the register instruction (IR). This instrucions is write in the binary code that can be interpretation by the CPU later and then it do the action that needed. There is the kinds of the action: CPU Memory : Moving data from the CPU to memory, or from memory to CPU CPU I/O : Moving data from CPU to modul I/O, or from I/O to CPU Processing Data : CPU build some aritmatic processing and logic of data

Kontrol, merupakan instruksi untuk pengontrolan fungsi atau kerja. Misalnya instruksi pengubahan urusan eksekusi.
Instruction Addess Calculation (IAC), yaitu mengkalkulasi atau menentukan alamat instruksi berikutnya yang akan dieksekusi. Biasanya melibatkan penambahan bilangan tetap ke alamat instruksi sebelumnya. Misalnya, bila panjang setiap instruksi 16 bit padahal memori memiliki panjang 8 bit, maka tambahkan 2 ke alamat sebelumnya. Instruction Fetch (IF), yaitu membaca atau pengambil instruksi dari lokasi memorinya ke CPU. Instruction Operation Decoding (IOD), yaitu menganalisa instruksi untuk menentukan jenis operasi yang akan dibentuk dan operand yang akan digunakan. Operand Address Calculation (OAC), yaitu menentukan alamat operand, hal ini dilakukan apabila melibatkan referensi operand pada memori. Operand Fetch (OF), adalah mengambil operand dari memori atau dari modul I/O. Data Operation (DO), yaitu membentuk operasi yang diperintahkan dalam instruksi. Operand store (OS), yaitu menyimpan hasil eksekusi ke dalam memori.

Siklus instruction diagram

There is the importantly component of CPU: 1. ALU And CU ALU or Arithmetic Logical unit has a function for do the proses rutinity all of the matematic (performs arithmetic and logical operations on data), in other name we can call ALU as machine language because this part was do the instructions machine language that have given to it. There is about ALU function and how its work. All other elements of the computer system are there mainly to bring data to the ALU for processing or to take results from the ALU. Registers are used as sources and destinations for most ALU operations In early machines, simplicity and reliability determined the overall structure of the CPU and its ALU Result was that machines were built around a single register, known as the accumulator. The accumulator was used in almost all ALU related instruction. The power and flexibility of the CPU and the ALU is improved through increases in the complexity of the hardware.

Picture for the internal component of CPU

2. Control Unit This part function is to watch over and control all activity of the computer that make the sinkronitation of all the component when it run the operating system, and then it take the responsible to take over the instructions control from the mainly memory and decision the kind of the instructions. Control unit can be definition with the brain of the human that watch over and to control all the activity, like working, playing, studi, and many more. All the activity that computer doing is an instruction from the

Control Unit. This control is not do the instruction like our brain, our brain is not do anything, just give an order to other part of our body like arm, leg, eye, and the other else. 3. Registers

Registers is a media for saving internal CPU that use when the process work. This memory is not permanently, because its usualy uses for save the data when its processes or for the next process. Registers are the fastest of all forms of computer data storage.

Register prosesor dalam arsitektur komputer, adalah sejumlah kecil memori komputer yang bekerja dengan kecepatan sangat tinggi yang digunakan untuk melakukan eksekusi terhadap program-program komputer dengan menyediakan akses yang cepat terhadap nilai-nilai yang umum digunakan. Umumnya nilai-nilai yang umum digunakan adalah nilai yang sedang dieksekusi dalam waktu tertentu. Register prosesor berdiri pada tingkat tertinggi dalam hierarki memori, ini berarti bahwa kecepatannya adalah yang paling cepat, kapasitasnya adalah paling kecil, dan harga tiap bitnya adalah paling tinggi. Register juga digunakan sebagai cara yang paling cepat dalam sistem komputer untuk melakukan manipulasi data. Register umumnya diukur dengan satuan bit yang dapat ditampung olehnya, seperti "register 8-bit", "register 16-bit", "register 32-bit", atau "register 64-bit" dan lain-lain. Istilah register saat ini dapat merujuk kepada kumpulan register yang dapat diindeks secara langsung untuk melakukan input/output terhadap sebuah instruksi yang didefinisikan oleh set instruksi. untuk istilah ini, digunakanlah kata "Register Arsitektur". Sebagai contoh set instruksi Intel x86 mendefinisikan sekumpulan delapan buah register dengan ukuran 32-bit, tapi CPU yang mengimplementasikan set instruksi x86 dapat mengandung lebih dari delapan register 32-bit.

Jenis register
Register terbagi menjadi beberapa kelas:

Register data, yang digunakan untuk menyimpan angka-angka dalam bilangan bulat (integer). Register alamat, yang digunakan untuk menyimpan alamat-alamat memori dan juga untuk mengakses memori. Register general purpose, yang dapat digunakan untuk menyimpan angka dan alamat secara sekaligus. Register floating-point, yang digunakan untuk menyimpan angka-angka bilangan titik mengambang (floating-point). Register konstanta (constant register), yang digunakan untuk menyimpan angkaangka tetap yang hanya dapat dibaca (bersifat read-only), semacam phi, null, true, false dan lainnya. Register vektor, yang digunakan untuk menyimpan hasil pemrosesan vektor yang dilakukan oleh prosesor SIMD.

Register special purpose yang dapat digunakan untuk menyimpan data internal prosesor, seperti halnya instruction pointer, stack pointer, dan status register. Register yang spesifik terhadap model mesin (machine-specific register), dalam beberapa arsitektur tertentu, digunakan untuk menyimpan data atau pengaturan yang berkaitan dengan prosesor itu sendiri. Karena arti dari setiap register langsung dimasukkan ke dalam desain prosesor tertentu saja, mungkin register jenis ini tidak menjadi standar antara generasi prosesor.

4. CPU Interconnections CPU Interconections is a system conection and bus that conect the internal component CPU, like ALU, control unit, the registers and the eksternal bus CPU that connect with the other system just like mainly memory, and input output component.

Picture for the struktur of internal CPU

STORAGE

Primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. Historically, early computers used delay lines, Williams tubes, or rotating magnetic drums as primary storage. By 1954, those unreliable methods were mostly replaced by magnetic core memory. Core memory remained dominant until the 1970s, when advances in integrated circuit technology allowed semiconductor memory to become economically competitive. This led to modern random-access memory (RAM). It is small-sized, light, but quite expensive at the same time. (The particular types of RAM used for primary storage are also volatile, i.e. they lose the information when not powered).As shown in the diagram, traditionally there are two more sub-layers of the primary storage, besides main large-capacity RAM:

Processor registers are located inside the processor. (It have explained above), Each register typically holds a word of data (often 32 or 64 bits). CPU instructions instruct the arithmetic and logic unit to perform various calculations or other operations on this data (or with the help of it). Registers are the fastest of all forms of computer data storage. Processor cache is an intermediate stage between ultra-fast registers and much slower main memory. It's introduced solely to increase performance of the computer. Most actively used information in the main memory is just duplicated in the cache memory, which is faster, but of much lesser capacity. On the other hand, main memory is much slower, but has a much greater storage capacity than processor registers. Multi-level hierarchical cache setup is also commonly usedprimary cache being smallest, fastest and located inside the processor; secondary cache being somewhat larger and slower.

a. MAIN STORAGE Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via a memory bus. It is actually two buses (not on the diagram): an address bus and a data bus. The CPU firstly sends a number through an address bus, a number called memory address, that indicates the desired location of data. Then it reads or writes the data itself using the data bus. Additionally, a memory management unit (MMU) is a small device between CPU and RAM recalculating the actual memory address, for example to provide an abstraction of virtual memory or other tasks. As the RAM types used for primary storage are volatile (cleared at start up), a computer containing only such storage would not have a source to read instructions from, in order to start the computer. Hence, non-volatile primary storage containing a small startup program (BIOS) is used to bootstrap the computer, that is, to read a larger program from non-volatile secondary storage to RAM and start to execute it. A non-volatile technology used for this purpose is called ROM, for read-only memory (the terminology may be somewhat confusing as most ROM types are also capable of random access).

b. SECONDARY STORAGE (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage), differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered downit is non-volatile. Per unit, it is typically also two orders of magnitude less expensive than primary storage. Consequently, modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage and data is kept for a longer time there. The secondary storage is often formatted according to a file system format, which provides the abstraction necessary to organize data into files and directories, providing also additional information (called metadata) describing the owner of a certain file, the access time, the access permissions, and other information. Some other examples of secondary storage technologies are: flash memory (e.g. USB flash drives or keys), floppy disks, magnetic tape, paper tape, punched cards, standalone RAM disks, and Iomega Zip drives. c. TERTIARY STORAGE Tertiary storage or tertiary memory,[4] provides a third level of storage. Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device according to the system's demands; this data is often copied to secondary storage before use. It is primarily used for archiving rarely accessed information since it is much slower than secondary storage (e.g. 560 seconds vs. 110 milliseconds). This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without human operators. Typical examples include tape libraries and optical jukeboxes. When a computer needs to read information from the tertiary storage, it will first consult a catalog database to determine which tape or disc contains the information. Next, the computer will instruct a robotic arm to fetch the medium and place it in a drive. When the computer has finished reading the information, the robotic arm will return the medium to its place in the library. d. OFF-LINE STORAGE Off-line storage is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit. The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or tertiary storage device, and then physically removed or disconnected. It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can access it again. Unlike tertiary storage, it cannot be accessed without human interaction. Off-line storage is used to transfer information, since the detached medium can be easily physically transported. Additionally, in case a disaster, for example a fire, destroys the original data, a medium in a remote location will probably be unaffected, enabling disaster recovery. Off-line storage increases general information security, since it is physically inaccessible from a computer, and data confidentiality or integrity cannot be affected by computer-based attack techniques. Also, if the information stored for archival purposes is accessed seldom or never, off-line storage is less expensive than tertiary storage.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_prosesor http://id-id.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=157712624261504
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory#History