In this chapter we are going to discuss about power system in short and about A.P
TRANSCO and its role in maintaining power in state from buying and selling the power.
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM
Electrical power is a little bit like the air one breathes. One doesn't really think
about it until it is missing. Power is just "there," meeting ones daily needs, constantly. It
is only during a power failure, when one walks into a dark room and instinctively hits the
useless light switch, that one realizes how important power is in our daily life. Without it,
life can get somewhat cumbersome.
Electric Energy is the most popular form of energy, because it can be transported
easily at high efficiency and reasonable cost. The power system of today is a complex
interconnected network as shown in fig. 1.
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Figure 1 Power System interconnected
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A Power System can be subdivided into four major parts:
i. Generation.
ii. Transmission and Sub transmission.
iii. Distribution.
iv. Loads.
Power is generated at generating stations, usually located away from the actual
users. The generated voltage is then stepped up to a higher voltage for transmission,
as transmission losses are lower at higher voltages. The transmitted electric power is then
stepped down at grid stations.
The modern distribution system begins as the primary circuit, leaves the sub-
station and ends as the secondary service enters the customer's meter socket. First, the
energy leaves the sub-station in a primary circuit, usually with all three phases.
The most common type of primary is known as a wye configuration.The wye
configuration includes 3 phases and a neutral (represented by the center of the "Y".) The
neutral is grounded both at the substation and at every power pole. The primary and
secondary (low voltage) neutrals are bonded (connected) together to provide a path to
blow the primary fuse if any fault occurs that allows primary voltage to enter the
secondary lines. An example of this type of fault would be a primary phase falling across
the secondary lines. Another example would be some type of fault in the transformer
itself.
The other type of primary configuration is known as delta. This method is older
and less common. In delta there is only a single voltage, between two phases (phase to
phase), while in wye there are two voltages, between two phases and between a phase
and neutral (phase to neutral). Wye primary is safer because if one phase becomes
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grounded, that is, makes connection to the ground through a person, tree, or other object,
it should trip out the fused cutout similar to a household circuit breaker tripping. In delta,
if a phase makes connection to ground it will continue to function normally. It takes two
or three phases to make connection to ground before the fused cutouts will open the
circuit. The voltage for this configuration is usually 4800 volts.
Transformers are sometimes used to step down from 7200 or 7600 volts to 4800
volts or to step up from 4800 volts to 7200 or 7600 volts. When the voltage is stepped up,
a neutral is created by bonding one leg of the 7200/7600 side to ground. This is
commonly used to power single phase underground services or whole housing
developments that are built in 4800 volt delta distribution areas. Step downs are used in
areas that have been upgraded to a 7200/12500Y or 7600/13200Y and the power
company chooses to leave a section as a 4800 volt setup. Sometimes power companies
choose to leave sections of a distribution grid as 4800 volts because this setup is less
likely to trip fuses or reclosers in heavily wooded areas where trees come into contact
with lines.
For power to be useful in a home or business, it comes off the transmission grid
and is stepped-down to the distribution grid. This may happen in several phases. The
place where the conversion from "transmission" to "distribution" occurs is in a power
substation. A power substation typically does two or three things:
i. It has transformers that step transmission voltages down to distribution voltages
ii. It has a "bus" that can split the distribution power off in multiple directions.
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iii. It often has circuit breakers and switches so that the substation can be
disconnected from the transmission grid or separate distribution lines can be
disconnected from the substation when necessary.
It often has circuit breakers and switches so that the substation can be
disconnected from the transmission grid or separate distribution lines can be disconnected
from the substation when necessary. The primary distribution lines are usually in the
range of 4 to 34.5 KV and supply load in well defined geographical area. Some small
industrial customers are served directly by the primary feeders.
1.3 APTRANSCO
Government of Andhra Pradesh enacted the AP Electricity REFORMS ACT in
1998.As a sequel the APSEB was unbundled into Andhra Pradesh Power Generation
Corporation Limited (APGENCO) & Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh
Limited (APTRANSCO) on 01.02.99. APTRANSCO was further unbundled w.e.f.
01.04.2000 into "Transmission Corporation" and four "Distribution Companies"
(DISCOMS).
a.)CURRENT ROLE
From Feb 1999 to June 2005 APTRANSCO remained as Single buyer in the state
-purchasing power from various Generators and selling it to DISCOMs in accordance
with the terms and conditions of the individual PPAs at Bulk Supply Tariff (BST) rates.
Subsequently, in accordance with the Third Transfer Scheme notified by Go AP,
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APTRANSCO has ceased to do power trading and has retained with powers of
controlling system operations of Power Transmission.
1.4 CONCLUSION
In this chapter we discussed about the power system and role of A.P TRANSCO
in the state of A.P.
In next chapter we are going to discuss about the salient features of
A.PTRANSCO.
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INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we are going to discuss about the salient feature of A.P
TRANSCO/A.PGENCO/DISCOMS.
The object of reform and restructure of power sector in the state is to create
conditions for sustainable development of the sector through promoting competition,
efficiency, transparency and attracting the much needed private finances into power
sector. The ultimate goal of the reform program is to ensure that power will be supplied
under the most efficient conditions in terms of cost and quantity to support the economic
development of the state and power sector ceases to be a burden on the States budget and
eventually becomes a net generator of resources.
A key element of the reform process is that the government will withdraw from
its earlier role as a regulator of the industry and will be limiting its role to one of policy
formulation and providing directions.
In accordance with Reform Policy, the Government of A.P entacted the A.P
Electricity Reforms Act 1998 and made effective from 1.2.1999. Transmission
Corporation of A.P Ltd (APTRANSCO and APGENCO) were incorporated under
Companies Act, 1956. The assets, liabilities and personnel were allocated to these
companies. Distribution companies have been incorporated under Companies Act as
subsidiaries to distribution to APTRANSCO and the assets, liabilities and personnel have
been allocated to distribution companies through notification of a second transfer scheme
by the Govt. on 31.3.2000.
The Government of A.P established the A.P Electricity Regulatory Commission
(APERC) as per the provision of the act and the Commission started functioning from
3.4.1999. Regular licenses have been issued to APTRANSCO by APERC for
Transmission and Bulk supply and Distribution and Retail supply from 31.1.2000. The
commission has been issuing yearly Tariff orders since then based on Annual Revenue
Requirement (ARR) and tariff proposals of these companies.
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2.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF A.P TRANSCO/A.PGENCO/DISCOMS
Table 2.2 (a) features of A.P power system
PARAMETER UNITS 2008-09
(UPTO
MARCH
09)
31.03.09
(PROVL)
2009-10
(UPTO
MARCH
10)
31.03.10
(PROVL)
Energy generated (cumulative) MU - - -
1. Thermal MU - 23325.67 - 24180.38
2. Hydel MU - 7785 - 5510.46
3. Wind MU - - - -
Total MU - 31110.67 - 29690.84
Energy purchased and imported
(includingothers energy handled)
MU - 36511.56 - 45075.68
Energy available for use (2+3) MU - 67622.23 - 74766.52
Maximum demand during the year
(at generation terminal) MW
ME - 9997
(27-03-
2009)
- 10880
(21-03-2010)
PercpaitaConsumption (includes
captive generation)
KWH - 746 - -
APTRANSCO LINE (EHT) - - - - -
400kv CKM 21.44 3008.20 24 3032.79
220kv CKM 265.88 1250.25 19068 12693.18
132kv CKM 233.02 14938.57 164.88 15103.45
DISCOMS Lines # - - - - -
33kv Km 1421.78 38628 1230 39858
11kv Km 19521.82 248670 10596 259266
LT km 10166.53 527852 4212 532064
TOTAL - 26630.14 845599.15 6418.17 862017.32
Table 2.2 (b) load generation and sharing of A.P with other state
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8
Parameter Units 2008-09
(upto march09)
31.03.09
(Provl)
2009-10
(upto march10)
31.03.10
(Provl)
Installed Capacity
a) A.P.GENCO
1. Thermal
2. Hydel
3. Wind
Total A.P.GENCO
MW
MW
MW
39.0
39.0
3382.50
3664.36
2.00
7048.86
1000.00
39.00
-
1039.00
4382.50
3703.56
2.00
8087.86
b) Joint Sector
Gas(A.P.G.P.C.L) MW - 272.00 - 272.00
c) Private Sector
Thermal
Gas
Mini Hydel
Wind
Co-generation & Bio mass
projects
Others(IsoGasWells+Wast
e heat +indl .Waste +
Muncipal waste )
TOTAL PRIVATE
SECTOR
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
d) Share from Central
Sector
Ramagundam STPS
M.A.P.P (madras atomic
power plant)
Neyveli Lignite
corporation
Kaiga nuclear power plant
I &II
Kaiga nuclear power plant
III
Simhadri TPS
Talcher (ph -II) units
-3,4,5,6
Unallocated power from
eastern region
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-5.65 913.46
-0.25 46.84
-1.94 344.10
-0.98 147.34
5.31 77.67
- 1000
3.77 437.07
85.06
-
-
85.06
-
-
TOTAL SHARE FROM
CENTRAL SECTOR
MW 0.00 2963.22 85.22 3048.54
TOTAL(A.P GENCO
+PRIVATE +CENTRAL )
MW 45.66 12427.25 2114.40 14541.65
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2.3 CONCLUSION
In this chapter, we discussed about the salient features of
A.PTRANSCO / A.PGENCO / DISCOMS.
In next chapter we are going to discuss about the need for compensation and types
of compensations used.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, reactive power compensation, mainly in transmission systems
installed at substations is discussed. Reactive power compensation in power systems can
be either shunt or series.
Except in a very few special situations, electrical energy is generated, transmitted,
distributed, and utilized as alternating current (AC). However, alternating current has
several distinct disadvantages. One of these is the necessity of reactive power that needs
to be supplied along with active power. Reactive power can be leading or lagging. While
it is the active power that contributes to the energy consumed, or transmitted, reactive
power does not contribute to the energy. Reactive power is an inherent part of the total
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power. Reactive power is either generated or consumed in almost every component of
the system, generation, transmission, and distribution and eventually by the loads. The
impedance of a branch of a circuit in an AC system consists of two components,
resistance and reactance. Reactance can be either inductive or capacitive, which
contribute to reactive power in the circuit. Most of the loads are inductive, and must be
supplied with lagging reactive power. It is economical to supply this reactive power
closer to the load in the distribution system.
3.2 TYPES OF COMPENSATION
Shunt and series reactive compensation using capacitors has been 3 widely
recognized and powerful methods to combat the problems of voltage drops, power losses,
and voltage flicker in power distribution networks. The importance of compensation
schemes has gone up in recent years due to the increased awareness on energy
conservation and quality of supply on the part of the Power Utility as well as power
consumers. This amplifies on the advantages that accrue from using shunt and series
capacitor compensation. It also tries to answer the twin questions of how much to
compensate and where to locate the compensation capacitors.
i.) SHUNT CAPACITOR COMPENSATION
Since most loads are inductive and consume lagging reactive power, the
compensation required is usually supplied by leading reactive power. Shunt
compensation of reactive power can be employed either at load level, substation level, or
at transmission level. It can be capacitive (leading) or inductive (lagging) reactive power,
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although in most cases as explained before, compensation is capacitive. The most
common form of leading reactive power compensation is by connecting shunt capacitors
to the line.
Fig. 3.2(i) represents an A.C generator supplying a load through a line of series
impedance (R+jX) ohms, fig.3.2(ii) shows the phasor diagram when the line is delivering
a complex power of (P+jQ) VA and Fig. 3.2(iii) shows the phasor diagram when the line
is delivering a complex power of (P+jO) VA i.e. with the load fully compensated. A
thorough examination of these phasor diagrams will reveal the following facts which are
higher by a factor of
2
Cos
1
,
_
,
_
In general and
Sin Q S
c c
when
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S
Q
C
C
<
S
c
= Released station capacity beyond maximum station capacity at original
power factor
S
C
= Station Capacity
Cos = The P.F at the station before compensation:
The annual benefit due to the released station capacity =
i x C x S
c