Tutor 6 - CVS
Tutor 6 - CVS
Types of Capillaries
● Mengatur volume relatif darah dan interstitial ● Average 85% fluid yang di filtrasi dari kapiler →
fluid reabsorbsi
● Pergerakan cairan dan zat terlarut yang ● Kelebihan fluid dan beberapa plasma proteins
digerakan oleh tekanan dari kapiler ke dari darah ke interstitial fluid → enter lymphatic
interstitial fluid : filtrasi capillaries
● Pergerakan oleh tekanan dari interstitial fluid ke ● Everyday about 20L fluid di filtrasi dari kapiler
dalam kapiler : reabsorbsi ● 17L reabsorbsi dan 3L masuk ke lymphatic
2 pressures promote filtration capillaries
1. Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
2. Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
Blood flow
Pressure promoting reabsorption
1. Blood colloid osmotic pressure
● Kontraksi ventrikel → BP
Net Filtration ● Keseimbangan pressure filtrasi dan reabsorbsi
● BP ← CO, Blood volume & vascular resistance
Pressure (NFP) ● Menentukan apakah volume darah dan interstitial fluid ● ↑ BP 110 mmHg selama sistol (kontraksi
stabil atau berubah
● Volume cairan dan zat terlarut yang direabsorbsi hampir ventrikel) → ↓ 70 mmHg selama diastol
sebesar volume filtrasi
● Kesetimbangan yang dekat : starling law of capillaries
Pathophysiology of PAD
● O2 supply-demand mismatch → Intermittent
claudication
↪ akumulasi laktat → local sensory
● Intermittent claudication : single or multiple
occlusive lesions
● Blood flow and leg O2 consumption : normal at
rest // but obstructive lesions limit blood flow &
O2 delivery during exercise
● Patients w/ critical limb ischemia → multiple
occlusive lesions → at resting – blood supply
tidak memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi ekstremitas
Simpatis : T1-T4 → nyeri saat istirahat & tissue loss
Adrenal medulla : T10-T12
Autoregulation blood flow
1. Physical changes : panas & dingin
2. Vasodilating : lactate, adenosine, NO, kinin,
histamine
3. vasoconstricting : TXA2, serotonin, endothelin,
superoxide radicals
Clinical Features
Symptoms – Nyeri
● Cardinal symptoms : limb pain w/ exercise
(intermittent claudication) or at rest
● Intermittent claudication : pain, ache, fatigue, &
other discomfort pada otot – w/ exercise
(particularly walking) → hilang w/ istirahat
● Lokasi gejala → stenosis paling proksimal
↪ Buttock, hip, thigh = aorta & iliac arteries
↪ Calf claudication = femoral or popliteal artery
↪ Gastrocnemius muscle (paling sering)
↪ Ankle or foot = tibial and peroneal artery
↪ shoulder, biceps, or forearm = subclavian,
axillary, or brachial
Soni Ragil Kristofer – FK Unpas 2021
Physical Findings
1. Peripheral pulse
a. Brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal,
dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial
b. Proximal stenosis → ↓ or absent pulse
2. Accelerated blood flow velocity & flow
disturbance at site of stenosis → bruits
3. Manuver kaki diangkat diatas tingkat jantung
dan otot betis w/ dorsofleksi berulang dan fleksi
plantar pergelangan kaki → pucat plantar
4. Tungkai kemudian pada dependent position →
diukur waktu sampai timbul hiperemis w/ rubor
dan distensi vena
5. Legs of w/ chronic aortoiliac disease → muscle
atrophy
6. Chronic low-grade ischemia → hair loss,
dystrophic, kuku jari kaki menebal dan rapuh,
kulit halus dan berkilau dan atrofi lemak
subkutan pada digital pads
7. Severe limb ischemia → cool skin, petechiae,
persistent cyanosis or pallor, dependent rubor,
pedal edema, skin fissures, ulceration, or
gangrene
8. Ulcer : pale base, irregular borders, biasanya
melibatkan ujung jari kaki atau tumit kaki atau
berkembang di tempat tekanan
Soni Ragil Kristofer – FK Unpas 2021
Ankle-Brachial Index
● Rasio SBP → ankle dan brachial artery
● Manset pneumatik → tekanan suprasistolik →
kempiskan → permulaan aliran dideteksi USG
doppler
● USG doppler pada SBP ankle : dorsalis pedis
dan tibialis posterior
● Normal : 1.00 – 1.40
● Nilai ABI 0.91 – 0.99 : border
● ABI 0.90 atau kurang → abnormal
● Intermittent claudication ABI 0.5 – 0.8
● Pasien CLI : lebih rendah dari 0.5
● SBP ankle dibagi SBP brachial
Soni Ragil Kristofer – FK Unpas 2021
Pathogenesis
Large Vessel Medium Vessel
● Akumulasi leukosit : sel dendritik, sel T dan B,
Vasculitis Vasculitis
makrofag, dan multinucleated giant cell
● Growth factor-driven mesenchymal cell Giant cell arteritis Eosinophilic
proliferation → intimal hyperplasia & fibrosis Takayasu arteritis granulomatosis with
→ arterial stenosis or occlusion Kawasaki Disease polyangiitis
● Local matrix metalloproteinase synthesis → dan masih banyak
aneurysmal dilation
● Cerebrovascular ischemia, myocardial
ischemia, arm claudication, or hypertension Acute Limb Ischemia
(renal artery)
Diagnosis
● Arterial occlusion suddenly → ↓ blood flow to
● Abnormal lab ↑ ESR dan CRP – sering disertai
arm or leg
anemia normositik normokromik, trombositosis,
● Pain – extremity distal
hypergammaglobulinemia, dan
● Ischemia peripheral nerve → sensory loss and
hipoalbuminemia
motor dysfunction
● Cardiac resonance (CMR), MRA, CTA, PET
● Absence pulse distal, cool skin, pallor, delayed
● Peningkatan dinding, edema, atau penebalan
capillary return, and venous filling,
pada MRA dan CTA
● Berkurang atau absent sensory perception
● Color duplex ultrasound (assessing common
● Muscle weakness or paralysis
carotid and proximal subclavian arteries)
● 6 PS : pain, paresthesia, pallor pulselessness,
● Biopsy
poikilothermia, paralysis
Pathogenesis
● Penyebab : embolism, thrombosis in situ,
dissection and trauma
● Arterial emboli dari thrombotic yang berasal dari
jantung (occur in atrial fibrillation)
● Aneurysms of aorta or peripheral arteries 00>
lead to embolization of thrombus to more distal
Diagnostic Test
● ABI + doppler USG
● MRA, CTA, arteriography
Atheroembolism
Anatomy Artery
Soni Ragil Kristofer – FK Unpas 2021