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10/8/2011 Submitted to: Mr. Jahanzaib Haider By: Shazia Batool Roll No.36 MBA5th Morning BZU(SUB CAMPUS,DG.KHAN)

American Psychological Association:

The APA style consists of rules and conventions for formatting term papers, journal articles, books, etc., in the behavioural and social sciences. This user guide explains how to cite references in APA style, both within the text of a paper and in a reference list, and gives examples of commonly used types of references.

Examples :
Hood, S. J. (1998). The myth of Asian-style democracy. Asian Survey, 38, 853-866. Hood, G. (1993). Neither bang nor whimper. China Quarterly, 136, 1028-1029 Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Geissler, E. M. (1998). Pocket guide to cultural assessment (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Crow, G. K. (1988). Toward a theory of therapeutic syncretism: The Southeast Asian experience: A study of the Cambodians' use of traditional and cosmopolitan health systems. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Utah, 1988). Abstract retrieved March 19, 2001 from CINAHL database.

Chicago STYLE: Chicago Style is a citation format typically used by scholars in the field of history. In this style of documentation, citations within the text (whether a direct quote or a paraphrase) are denoted by a number after the citation. The bibliographic information is placed in a footnote at the bottom of the page, beginning with the same number. The bibliography, or the list of sources cited, is at the end of the paper, in alphabetical order according to author.

Examples:

6. C. Dallett Hemphill, Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 16201860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 114. W. D., The Plain Dealer, No. III, (Philadelphia: n.p., 1764), 8. Early American Imprints no. 9879. D. W. The Plain Dealer, No. III. Philadelphia: n.p., 1764. Early American Imprints no. 9878. Burke McCarty, The Suppressed Truth About the Assassination of Lincoln (N.p: n.p., n.d.), n.p. McCarty, Burke. The Suppressed Truth About the Assassination of Lincoln. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Turabian Examples: The following sample citations show both the note form and the bibliography form. The numbers preceding the note examples are arbitrarily chosen but are included to show where the numbers should be placed. If a source you have used differs from the samples, consult Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th Edition. Copies are available in Permanent Reserves and at the Research Help Desk in Kennedy room 111. Call number: LB2369 .T8 2007(Ref). EXAMPLES: Jane Doe, Incidental Toxins and Deer Mortality in Central Park, Pesticides and Urban Ungulates 44, no. 12 (June 2008): 26. Doe, Jane. Incidental Toxins and Deer Mortality in Central Park. Pesticides and Urban Ungulates 44, no. 12 (June 2005): 21-35. Article in a magazine (Following Turabian 7th ed. p. 186) John Doe, Welders Unite the Nation, Aviation Weekly, December 7, 1941, 21. Doe, John. Welders Unite the Nation. Aviation Weekly. December 7, 1941.

Blair Friedkin, Delicious recipe for exorcism soup, New York Times, October 31, 1974.

Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 35. Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolph. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. MLA Formate:

In essence, MLA (Modern Language Association) is a style of crediting the sources quoted or paraphrased in a particular piece of literature. MLA serves as the standard formatting for the citation of scholarly writings. MLA is widely used and accepted in most academic settings and primarily used in the humanities, particularly in the disciplines of liberal arts, such as language and literature. Academic institutions that primarily educate in the fields of education, English literature, arts, social sciences, business and humanities deem that MLA is the most appropriate writing style for those fields. Additionally, MLA guidelines are widely accepted not only in the United States but in countries within North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan and other countries worldwide. Example

Bailyn, Bernard, et al. The Great Republic: History of the American People. Lexington: Heath, 1977. Damiani, Bruno M., ed. Renaissance and Golden Age Essays in Honor of D.W. McPheeters. Potomac: Scripta Humanistica, 1986. Muir, John. The Writings of John Muir. 8 vols. Boston: Houghton, 1916-18. Wong, Jan. Red China Blues; My Long March from Mao to Now. Toronto: Anchor-Doubleday, 1996. McCarty, Burke. The Suppressed Truth About the Assassination of Lincoln. N.p.: n.p, n.d.