Voluntary Engagement in an

Open Web-based Encyclopedia:

From Reading to Contributing
Joachim Schroer & Guido Hertel, University of Wuerzburg

Results: Descriptives and Correlations

M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Norm-oriented Motives 2.59 1.82 —
Wikipedia is a highly successful Open Content 2 Costs-Benefits 3.87 0.98 .21 —
encyclopedia written entirely by volunteers, and is 3 Collective Motives 6.11 1.09 .07 .04 —
among the ten most popular websites today. A
crucial element of Wikipedia's success is its ability 4 Generativity 4.81 1.66 .29**.29**.31** —
to attract new contributors who not only read, but 5 Expected Task Enjoyment 4.51 1.50 .15 .38**.15 .42**(.89)
further enhance existing articles, or write new 6 Instrumentality of contrib. 3.55 1.42 .19 .12 .03 .34** .28**—
articles. Very little is known, however, about the 7 Willingness to contrib. T1 2.87 1.33 .16 .41** .06 .32** .50** .42**(.77)
reasons why previously passive readers begin to 8 Willingness to contrib. T2 2.91 1.34 -.01 .26* .11 .29**.43**.15 .54** (.78)
actively contribute to Wikipedia. This question was
explored in the present study. 9 Engagement T2 0.04 0.18 .07 .21* .14 .00 .05 .08 .17 .27**(.56)
Notes. Values on the diagonal indicate internal consistencies. Correlations with engagement are ordinal.
Procedure and Sample
A longitudinal design was used in this research. A
total of 256 Wikipedia readers completed the initial Path model, path coefficients, and t-values (in brackets)
Norm-oriented
survey (T1), 83 also completed the follow-up survey Motives
six month later (T2; no selection effects). .00
(0.01
Measures and Research Model )
.48***
First, motivational determinants of social movement Willingness (4.94) Willingness
participation were measured (norm-oriented .24*
Costs-Benefits (2.28) to contribute T1 to contribute T2
motives, i. e. reactions of relevant others; perceived (R2 = .40) (R2 = .35)
-.0 1)
(0

costs and benefits; and collective motives, i e. free -.02

5
.6

.3 6)
access to information for everyone). Second, factors (0
from research on highly active Wikipedia contribut-
Collective .02 3)
.3 3)

ors (generativity, i. e the wish to create something 3

2
(1

.
+

Motives 0
.9

that lasts; and expected task enjoyment) and on vir- (

tual teamwork were assessed (perceived instru- (1.01)

( 2. *
)
.12

mentality, i. e., usefulness of one's own contribu-

.24
26
.11
(0.
tion). The willingness to contribute and subsequent 86
)
actual engagement were predicted as outcomes.
Generativity

* *
-.05
Ranking of Motives: Pros and Cons 2 * )
.3 .36 (0.5
( 2 **

(3 0)
)
.31
.89

Readers who contributed to Wikipedia between T1 Expected -.06 Engagement T2

und T2 ranked the importance of several motives
for their engagement (n = 14; 18 motives offered,
1 = most important, 18 = least important).
Rank Motive
3.71 Free access to knowledge for everyone
5.15 Task enjoyment / Fun
5.33 Learning
6.55 Belief in the future of Wikipedia
6.69 Existing information was inaccurate
7.25 Quality improvement of Wikipedia
... ...
Similarly, readers who did not contribute to
Wikipedia ranked the importance of motives for not
contributing (n = 69; 18 motives offered).
Rank Motive
3.59 No time
4.93 Saw no reason to contribute
5.10 Didn't know what to contribute
5.79 Didn't know how / where to start
6.29 Own contribution not important / useful
6.43 Already enough authors
... ...
Task Enjoyment (0.76)
+
.14 )
.8 0
(1
Instrumentality
of contribution
Summary
Results demonstrate that perceived
costs and benefits, expected task
enjoyment, and the perceived instru-
mentality of one's own contribution
significantly affect the willingness to
contribute to Wikipedia. These factors
(except for task enjoyment) also affect
actual engagement six month later.
In sum, regression analyses and the
ranking of motives suggest a threshold
model: The more favorable the relation
(R2 = .17)
p<+
.05, one-tailed
*p< .05, two-tailed
** p < .01, two-tailed
*** p < .001, two-tailed
of costs (e. g., time spent) and benefits
(e. g., learning), and the stronger the
perceived instrumentality, the higher the
general willingness to contribute. Actual
contributions are then triggered by inac-
curate or missing articles in one's field
of expertise. Similarly, collective motives
(free information) do not affect actual
contributions per se, but become im-
portant when preconditions (favorable
costs-benefits, instrumentality) are met.

References
Schroer, J. (2008). Wikipedia: Aus-
loesende und aufrechterhaltende
Faktoren der freiwilligen Mitarbeit
an einem Web-2.0-Projekt. Berlin:
Logos.
Contact
Schroer, J., & Hertel, G. (2008). Volun- Joachim Schroer
tary engagement in an open, web-
based encyclopedia: Wikipedians, schroer@psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de
and why they do it. Manuscript www.i2.psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/
submitted for publication. ao/research/wikipedia.php