Tanamedrove arqiteqturis istoria

leqcia 8
funqcionalizmis ganStoebani

funqcionalizmi, romelic Tavdapirvelad amerikeli

arqiteqtorebis – luis henri salivanis da frenk loid raitis
SemoqmedebaSi Caisaxa da romlis umTavresi idea iyo `funqcia
gansazRvravs formas~, 1920-30-ian wlebSi farTod gavrcelda
evropaSic. misi saxasiaTo niSnebia: upirvelesi aqcenti Senobis
funqciaze, mis daniSnulebaze, uaris Tqma dekoratiul elementebze,
mecnierebisa da teqnikis axali miRwevebis (kerZod, axali masalebisa
da teqnologiebis) gamoyeneba, Tavisufali gegmareba, asimetriuloba.
Senoba iyofoda Tanmimdevrul zonebad, romlebic Seesabameboda
ZiriTad saarsebo funqciebs. esenia: sacxovrebeli, samuSao,
dasasvenebeli da samoZrao zonebi. zonebad dayofis igive principebi
gavrcelda qalaqgegmarebaSic.
safrangeTSi funqcionalizmis principebs anviTarebda le
korbiuzie (namdvili saxeli – Sarl eduard Janere), germaniaSi _
`bauhauzTan~ _ arqiteqturisa da dizainis umaRles skolasTan
dakavSirebuli arqiteqtorebi (peter berensi, valter gropiusi, mis
van der roe da sxv.), fineTSi _ alvar aalto da sxv.
axali mimdinareobis CamoyalibebaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen
holandiuri mxatvruli mimdinareobis _ neoplasticizmis
warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac maTi Jurnalis saxelwodebis mixedviT
`de stilis~ jgufsac uwodeben. jgufis ideologi iyo mxatvari pit
mondriani, romelic Tvlida, rom nebismieri dizainis universaluri
principi mdgomareobs marTkuTxa formebis, gawonasworebuli
horizontaluri da vertikaluri sibrtyeebis da pirveladi ferebis _
wiTlis, lurjis da yviTlis gamoyenebaSi, TeTr, Sav da nacrisfer
fonebze. es principebi gamoiyeneboda rogorc ferweraSi, aseve
dizainsa da arqiteqturaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom swored am jgufis ideebis gavleniT Seqmna
Tavisi saxelganTqmuli `saxli CanCqerze~ frenk loid raitma – aq xom
mTeli kompoziciis wonasworobas swored marTkuTxa horizontaluri
da vertikaluri sibrtyeebis swori kuTxiT gadakveTa ganapirobebs.
`de stilis~ jgufis arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani magaliTia arqiteqtorisa da dizaineris gerit
ritveldis `Srederis saxli~ utrextSi (1924). es nageboba
neoplasticizmis esTetikuri idealebis WeSmarit gansaxierebas
warmoadgens: sufTa, kontrastuli pirveladi ferebiT SeRebili
marTkuTxa perpendikularuli moculobebi erTmaneTisgan aqa-iq minis
zedapirebiTaa gamoyofili. sarkmlebi, fardebis magivrad, aseTive
feradi darabebiT ixureba. saxlis dagegmareba Tavisufalia, igi
advilad icvleba – zeda sarTulze aq saerTod ar aris masiuri
kedlebi, maT magivrobas Txeli tixrebi asrulebs, romlebic
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survilisamebr SeiZleba gadaaadgilon an saerTod aiRon. interieris
dizaini, aveji, kibeebis moajirebi _ yvelaferi erTiani stiliTaa
gadawyvetili, yvela umciresi detalic ki Rrmadaa gaazrebuli,
praqtikuli da moxerxebulia da ameve dros uaRresad Tanamedrovec.
aveji transformeris principiTaa gadawyvetili: misi nebismier dros
Tavisuflad daSla-awyoba SeiZleba. gerit ritveldis mier am
saxlisTvis Seqmnili samferi skami Tanamedrove dizainis erT-erT
yvelaze cnobil nawarmoebad iqca.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom am periodis arqiteqtorebi Zalze xSirad
dizainis sferoSic muSaobdnen. funqcionalizmis koncefciis Tanaxmad
xom Senoba, infrastruqtura da nivTebi unda iqmnebodes, rogorc
erTiani mTlianoba, sacxovrebeli sivrce, romelic zustad pasuxobs
adamianis moTxovnebs da romelsac xelovani da inJineri erTad qmnian
teqnikuri, socialuri da esTetikuri normebis Sesabamisad.
erT-erTi pirveli xelovani, romelic udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebda arqiteqturisa da sawarmoo dizainis sinTezis ideebs, iyo
peter berensi (1869-1940), ara marto arqiteqtori da dizaineri, aramed
gansakuTrebiT mravalmxrivi niWis adamiani: fermweri, grafikosi,
pedagogi (misi moswavleebi iyvnen meoce saukunis evropuli
arqiteqturis sami yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgeneli: valter
gropiusi, ludvig mis van der roe da le korbiuzie).
unda aRiniSnos, rom rodesac 1898 wels darmStadtis mxatvarTa
dasaxlebaSi berensma sakuTari saxli aaSena, man Tavadve daaproeqta
misTvis yoveli wvrilmani, dana-Canglis formebic ki. berenss miaCnda,
rom `warmoebas ZaluZs kulturis Seqmna xelovnebisa da teqnikis
gaerTianebis gziT. maRali esTetikuri Rirebulebebis nivTebis
masobrivi warmoeba daxvewili gemovnebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas Seuqmnis
xalxis farTo masebs~. aqedan cxadia, rom berenss iseve, rogorc
ufro adre inglisuri mimdinareobis, `art end kraftis~ mimdevrebs,
miaCnda, rom SesaZlebelia socialuri da kulturuli donis amaRleba
sacxovrebeli garemos (rogorc arqiteqturis, aseve dizainis)
gaumjobesebis gziT, magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, igi upiratesobas
aniWebda ara tradiciul xelobas, anu xelnakeT nivTebs, aramed
maRali xarisxis masobriv warmoebas.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom swored peter berensi iyo `germanuli
sawarmoo gaerTianebis~, anu `verkbundis~ erT-erTi mTavari
damaarsebeli da ideologi. arqiteqtorTa, dizainerTa da mewarmeTa es
gaerTianeba miznad isaxavda mSeneblobisa da sawarmoo dizainis
reorganizacias Tanamedrove sawarmoo safuZvelze.
berensis ideebis ganxorcielebisTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli
pirobebi gaCnda maSin, rodesac 1907 wels umsxvilesma germanulma
konpaniam AEG (Allgemeine Elektrische Gesellschaib _ eleqtrobis
gaerTianebulma kompaniam) mas samxatvro direqtoris Tanamdeboba
SesTavaza. Ees udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtia: berensi xdeba pirveli,

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vinc Camoayaliba axali dargi – teqnikuri esTetika. AEG-isTvis man
Seqmna sakuTari, erTiani stili, romelic vrceldeboda ara marto
yvela saxis produqciaze, aramed SefuTvaze, reklamaze da sxv.
amave periodSi berensma AEG-isTvis aago mniSvnelovani
arqiteqturuli Zeglebic, maT Soris – turbinebis saamqros Senoba
berlinSi. mZlavri, xazgasmulad monumenturi Senobebi TiTqos
industriuli Zlevamosilebis himnad aRiqmeba.
berensi AEG-idan wasvlis Semdegac aproeqtebda sawarmoo Senobebs,
magaliTad, mas ekuTvnis fabrikebis Senobebi oberhauzenSi da hextSi.
igi muSaobda sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis dargSic, mis mieraa agebuli
fabrikis muSaTa dasaxlebebi da calkeuli vilebi.
funqcionalizmis Zalze mniSvnelovani ganStoebaa konstruqtivizmi,
romelic 20-ian wlebSi sabWoTa avangardul xelovnebaSi Caisaxa. misi
principebia: Tanamedrove masalebisa da teqnologiebis gamoyeneba,
Senobis formebisa da konstruqciebis racionaluroba da
mizanSewoniloba, am konstruqciis gamovlena fasadebze da mis
safuZvelze axali esTetikis Seqmna, yuradReba nagebobebis socialuri
aspeqtebisadmi. amave dros, konstruqtivizmis arqiteqturas iseve,
rogorc amave periodis avangardul ferweras, axasiaTebda meti
dinamika da eqspresia, vidre dasavleTSi, ufro Zlieri swrafva
yovelive axlisa da originalurisaken. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom aq
xSirad iCenda Tavs am periodis xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
propagandistuli xasiaTic: magaliTad, `oqtombris 10 wlisTavis
saxelobis skolis~ (arq. nikolski da krespini) gegma namglisa da
uros formisaa, konstruqtivizmis Teoretikosebisa da ideologebis,
Zmebi vesninebis proeqti `mZime mrewvelobis saxalxo komisariatis
Senoba~ leninis giganturi qandakebiT unda dagvirgvinebuliyo da a.S.
es proeqti ar ganxorcielebula, iseve, rogorc mravali sxva, igi
qaRaldze darCa: am periodSi qveynis materialuri resursebi Zalze
SezRuduli iyo. saxsrebis simwire imis mizezic xdeboda, rom
arqiteqtorebi, romlebic erT-erT umniSvnelovanes principad uaxlesi
masalebis gamoyenebas miiCnevdnen, iZulebulebi xdebodnen, Tavisi
Senobebi tradiciuli, magram imxanad gacilebiT ufro iafi
masalebisagan _ xisa da qvisagan eSenebinaT.
konstruqtivizmis arqiteqtura viTardeboda 30-iani wlebis
dasawyisamde, sanamde arqiteqturaSi iseve, rogorc xelovnebis sxva
dargebSi, dakanonda erTaderTi stili _ socialisturi realizmi,
sxva yvelaferi ki `burJuaziul formalizmad~ moinaTla.
erT-erTi pirveli nageboba, romelSic gamoikveTa axali
arqiteqturis principebi, iyo konstantin melnikovis pavilioni
`maxorka~ 1923 wlis sawarmoo gamofenaze moskovSi. es dinamikuri,
gonebamaxviluri Senoba Tavisi mkveTrad gamoweuli konsolebiT, Ria
xveuli kibiT da minis gamWvirvale kuTxeebiT Zlier gamoirCeoda
Tavisi novatoruli xasiaTiT. es koncefcia melnikovma SemdgomSi

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ganaviTara parizis saerTaSoriso gamofenis sabWoTa pavilionis
SenobaSi.
konstantin melnikovs Sesrulebuli aqvs mravali socialurad
orientirebuli proeqti, maT Sorisaa muSaTa sacxovrebeli
kompleqsebi, klubebi, kulturis saxlebi, garaJebi. misma nagebobebma
sakmao gavlena iqonia 20-iani wlebis moskovis ieris Camoyalibebaze.
yoveli maTgani gamoirCeva moulodneli, originaluri da Tan
praqtikulad mizanSewonili gadawyvetiT. gansakuTrebiT cnobilia
Tavisi novatoruli xasiatiT melnikovis sakutari saxli, romelic
warmoadgens or Sezrdil cilindrs mravali fiwiseburi sarkmliT
gluv betonis zedapirze.
xSirad melnikovis proeqtebi warmoudgenlad uswrebs win Tavis
epoqas. aseTia, magaliTad, dinamikuri arqiteqturis idea, romelic
melnikovma wamoayena gamomcemloba `leningradis pravdis~ Senobis
proeqtSi: igi iTvaliswinebda damoukideblad moZrav sarTulebs,
`asxmuls~ centrSi ganlagebul cilindrze, romlis SigniTac
ganlagebulia liftebi da kibeebi. es idea ganxorcielda mxolod
saukunis Semdeg italieli arqiteqtoris, devid fiSeris mier agebul
`dinamikur caTambjenebSi~.