2.) what are the types of frictional forces and their corresponding working equation?

Kinetic friction

Apparent Weight The weight of an object is the force of gravity on the object. Weight is the force that makes most ordinary objects fall to the ground. Near the surface of the earth, weight is directed toward the center of the earth (downward) and its magnitude is ma where m is the mass of the object and a is the acceleration of gravity (about 9.80 m/s 2 ). Example Suppose a box of mass 5.0 kg is resting on the oor. Gravity is applying a force of (5.0)(9.80) = 49 N on the box. Usually forces produce accelerations, but the oor is applying an upward force on the box of exactly 49 N. This osets the force of gravity and hence no acceleration. In this simple example the weight of the box (49 N) has the same magnitude as the normal force of the oor on the box. Next, suppose that the box is on the oor of an elevator and that the elevator is accelerating upward 3.0 m/s 2 . The oor is now applying two forces on the box: one to cancel the eect of gravity and the other to accelerate the box 3.0 m/s 2 . The total normal force of the oor on the box is FN = ma = (5.0)(9.80 + 3.0) = 64 N

So even though the weight of the box is only 49 N, it is experiencing the same force as a box of weight 64 N. Therefore, we say that 64 N is the apparent weight of the box. Example A box of mass 5.0 kg is on the oor of an elevator accelerating downward 3.0 m/s 2 . What is the apparent weight of the box? The apparent weight is now (5.0)(9.803.0) = 34 N . This means that the box appears to be lighter than it really is. Notice that if the elevator accelerates downward at 9.80 m/s 2 , then the apparent weight is zero. The box would oat the same as loose objects oat on space shuttle ights. If the elevator accelerates downward with a magnitude greater than 9.80 m/s 2 , then the box will accelerate upward (with respect to the elevator) and its apparent weight will be negative. Friction When two objects are in contact, friction is the force that opposes the sliding of one object across the other. Suppose it is your job to move boxes around a warehouse. If a box is too heavy to lift and the forklift is unavailable, you may try sliding the box across the oor. As you do so, a frictional force is constantly applied to the box in the direction is opposite the motion. Therefore, friction has a tendency to slow down the box. If the box is too heavy to slide but you push on it anyway, there is still a frictional force acting parallel to the oor but opposite to the direction of your push.Fp Ff

Fp = push Ff = friction The force of friction is variable and depends on how hard you push the box. If you push the box with force F but the box does not move, then the magnitude of the frictional force is equal to the magnitude of the horizontal component of your push. F Ff That is Ff = F cos Of course it is possible to push the box with enough force so that it starts moving. Right after the box begins moving the frictional force usually decreases slightly and then levels o at some xed value no matter how hard you push. Thus, there is a maximum value for the force of friction. This maximum value depends on the type of materials in contact and on the normal force acting at the surface of contact. Given any two surfaces, there is a number , called the coecient of friction, that quanties the tendency of these surfaces to create friction when one slides past the other. Slippery surfaces, such as ice sliding on a wet oor, will have coecients close to zero. Rough surfaces, like sandpaper, can have coecients of one or more. While the coecient of friction gives much information about the frictional force, it is not the whole story. The magnitude of friction also depends on the normal force. Suppose that, while you are pushing your box around the warehouse, your friend is sitting on top of the box. Will this make it easier or harder to push the box? Obviously it will require more eort. Your friend has increased the force of friction. We quantify this with the equation f = FN

where f is the frictional force, is the coecient of friction, and FN is the normal force. At this point, we need to consider two dierent cases. When the box is sliding across the oor (the kinetic case), the size of the frictional force is constant and we can apply the above formula directly:fk = kFN The subscript k is used because this equation is for kinetic friction. When the box is not sliding (the static case), our formula gives us not the actual value of friction but the maximum value: f MAX s = sFN So, to summarize, when you are pushing the box and the box is not sliding, the frictional force is equal to the horizontal component of your push. The largest horizontal force you can apply to the box without sliding it is sFN . Now we have two coecients of friction: the kinetic coecient k and the static coecient s. In most cases these are not the same with k less than s. Example A horizontal force of 15 N must be applied to get a block to begin sliding across the oor. How much force is required to slide the block if the weight of the block is doubled? Filling in the equation f MAX s = sFN , we have 15 = sFN If the weight of the block is doubled, then the normal force is also doubled: f MAX

s = s2FN = 2sFN = 2 15 = 30 N Example A 35-kg crate rests on a horizontal oor, and a 65-kg person is standing on the crate. Determine the magnitude of the normal force that (a) the oor exerts on the crate and (b) the crate exerts on the person. (a) The normal force of the oor on the crate is equal to the combined weight of the crate and the person: FN = (35 + 65)(9.80) = 980 N upward (b) The normal force of the crate on the person is equal to the weight of the person: FN = (65)(9.80) = 640 N upwardExample A cup of coee is sitting on a table in an airplane that is ying at a constant altitude and a constant velocity. The coecient of static friction between the cup and the table is 0.30. Suddenly, the plane accelerates, its altitude remaining constant. What is the maximum acceleration that the plane can have without the cup sliding backward on the table? The normal force on the cup of coee is FN = mg = 9.80m where m is the mass of the cup of coee. The maximum static frictional force is f MAX s = sFN = (0.30)(9.80)m The acceleration corresponding to this force is a= f MAX s m

= (0.30)(9.80) = 2.9 m/s 2 Example A 6.00-kg box is sliding across the horizontal oor of an elevator. The coefcient of kinetic friction between the box and the oor is 0.360. Determine the kinetic frictional force that acts on the box when the elevator is (a) stationary, (b) accelerating upward with an acceleration whose magnitude is 1.20 m/s 2 , and (c) accelerating downward with an acceleration whose magnitude is 1.20 m/s 2 . (a) The normal force is FN = (6.00)(9.80) = 58.8 N. The kinetic frictional force is fk = kFN = (0.360)(58.8) = 21.2 N . (b) FN = (6.00)(9.80 + 1.20) = 66.0 N. fk = (0.360)(66.0) = 23.8 N . (c) FN = (6.00)(9.80 1.20) = 51.6 N. fk = (0.360)(51.6) = 18.6 N . Tension Tension is a force acting via a string, rope, or cable. The direction of the tension is always parallel to the string. Example The steel I-beam in the drawing has a weight of 8.00 kN and is being lifted at a constant velocity. What is the tension in each cable attached to its ends?The tensions are shown in the picture below. From the symmetry of the problem, we can conclude that they have the same magnitude T . T1 T2

70 70 In component form, the tensions are T1 = (T cos 70 , T sin 70 ) = (0.3420T, 0.9397T ) T2 = (T cos 70 , T sin 70 ) = (0.3420T, 0.9397T ) The sum of the tensions is T1 + T2 = (0, 1.879T ) Since the beam is not accelerating, the weight of the beam must be equal to 1.879T : 8.00 10 3 = 1.879T Solving for T , we get T = 4260 N . Example A 350-kg sailboat has an acceleration of 0.62 m/s 2 at an angle of 64

 north of east. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force that acts on the sailboat. F = ma = (350)(0.62) = 220 N 64 north of east Example The speed of a bobsled is increasing, because it has an acceleration of 2.4 m/s 2 . At a given instant in time, the forces resisting the motion, including kinetic friction and air resistance, total 450 N. The mass of the bobsled and its riders is 270 kg. (a) What is the magnitude of the force propelling the bobsled forward? (b) What is the magnitude of the net force that acts on the bobsled? (b) The net force is F = ma = (270)(2.4) = 648 = 650 N . (a) The force propelling the bobsled forward is the sum of the net force and the resistive forc