HISTORY
Submitted By:Vagisha Pragya Vacaknavi Roll No. 374 Semester II, 1st Year.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present project on the Mysore War has been able to get its final shape with the support and help of people from various quarters. My sincere thanks go to all the members without whom the study could not have come to its present state. I am proud to acknowledge gratitude to the individuals during my study and without whom the study may not be completed. I have taken this opportunity to thank those who genuinely helped me.
With immense pleasure, I express my deepest sense of gratitude to Ms. Priyadarshini, Faculty for History, Chanakya National Law University for helping me in my project. I am also thankful to the whole Chanakya National Law University family that provided me all the material I required for the project. I would also like to thank my parents without whose blessings the completion of this project was not possible.
I have made every effort to acknowledge credits, but I apologies in advance for any omission that may have inadvertently taken place.
Last but not least I would like to thank Almighty whose blessing helped me to complete the project.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Method of Research
The researcher has adopted a purely doctrinal method of research. The researcher has made extensive use of the library at the Chanakya National Law University and also the internet sources.
Sources of Data:
The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project1. Books 2. Websites
Method of Writing:
The method of writing followed in the course of this research paper is primarily analytical.
Mode of Citation:
The researcher has followed a uniform mode of citation throughout the course of this research paper.
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CONTENTS
Introduction 5-8
9-10
11-14
15-16
17-18
19-23
Critical Analysis
24-25
Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION
The Kingdom of Mysore (13991947 AD) was a kingdom of Southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore. The kingdom, which was ruled by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire (circa 1565), the kingdom became independent. The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory and, under Narasaraja Wodeyar I and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, the kingdom annexed large expanses of what is now southern Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu to become a powerful state in the southern Deccan1. The kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, who deposed the Wodeyars to take control of the kingdom. During this time, it came into conflict with the Marathas, the British and the Nizam of Golconda which culminated in the four Anglo-Mysore wars. Success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. Following Tipu's death in the fourth war of 1799, large parts of the kingdom were annexed by British which signaled the end of a period of Mysorean hegemony over southern Deccan. The British, however, restored the Wodeyars to the throne by way of a subsidiary alliance and a diminished Mysore was now transformed into a Princely state. The Wodeyars continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947, when Mysore acceded to the Union of India. The State of Mysore rose to prominence in the policies of South India under the leadership of Haider Ali. Haider Ali was born at Budikot in the state of Mysore in 1721. His father entered into the military service of the hindu ruler of Mysore, received the rank of Faujdar and the jagir of Budikot. He died in 1728 when Haider Ali was only seven years of age. His family suffered very much till Haider Ali gota job in the army. At that time, the king was Krishna Raj but the de facto power of the state was in the hands of his minister, Nanj Raj. The Karnataka wars helped in the rise of Haider Ali. When Nasir Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, was murdered, a part of his treasure, per chance, fell into the hands of Haider Ali. He increased the number of his soldiers and trained them on the model of the French army. He gradually received higher ranks and accompanied Nanj Raj to attack Trichinopoly. There he, per chance, could capture a few cannons of the British. In 1755, he was appointed the Faujdar of
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars"
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The First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-1769) was a war in India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company. Hyder Ali, ruler of Mysore, had begun to occupy the serious attention of the British government in Calcutta. In 1766 the British entered into an agreement with the Nizam of Hyderbad to equip him with troops to be used against the common threat. Shortly after this alliance been formed when a secret arrangement was made between the two Indian powers, and Colonel Smith's small force was met with a united army of 50 000 men and 100 guns. Superior British training and military discipline, however, prevailed, first in the battle of Chengam (September 3, 1767), and again still more remarkably in that of Tiruvannamalai (Trinornalai). Following the loss of his recently built fleet and forts on the western coast, Hyder Ali now offered overtures for peace; on the rejection of these, bringing all his resources and strategy into play, he forced Colonel Smith to raise the siege of Bangalore, and brought his army within 5 miles of Madras. The result was the treaty of April 1769, providing for the mutual restitution of all conquests, and for mutual aid and alliance in defensive war. This war was followed by the Mysore-Maratha war from 1769 to 1772 which saw Mysore cede some territory to the Marathas. The British did not assist Mysore in this war, in what Hyder Ali considered a violation of the agreement between himself and the British. He blamed Mysore's losses on the British and his grievances played some role in the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Mysore War. In 1765, the Nizam of Hyderabad sought the help of the English in Madras against Haider Ali which was agreed to in return for the surrender of Northern Sarkars to them. The Marathas also joined this alliance in 1766. The war started when the Marathas attacked Mysore in 1766. Haider Ali purchased peace with the Marathas on payment of rupees thirty five lakhs to them. Half of the amount was paid immediately and for the rest, the district of Kolar was handed over to them as security. The Marathas, then, returned. Next, the Nizam attacked Mysore with the help of an English force under Joseph Smith. But the attack did not quite succeed. In September 1767, the Nizam left the side of the English and joined hands with Haider Ali. Smith could not face their combined forces and retreated to Trichinopoly where Colonel Wood joined him. The Nizam and Haider Ali failed to 9|Page
right to rule Mysore. (c) (d) The Nizam granted the right of Diwani of Mysore to the English. The Nizam agreed to help the English and the Nawab of Karnataka to punish
Haider Ali. This treaty made the English and Haider Ali permanent enemies of each other because of the grant of Diwani of Mysore to the English by the Nizam once it was conquered. The treaty also left Haider Ali without any ally. He, however, did not lose courage. He defeated an English force sent by the English from Bombay and captured Manglore. In March 1769, he attacked Madras and forced the English to sign a treaty on 4 April 1769. Its terms were as follows:(a) (b) (c) Both the parties returned the conquered territories of each other. Haider Ali gave the district of Karur to the Nawab of Karnataka. Both parties promised to help each other in case of any foreign attack on them.
Thus, ended the first Anglo-Mysore War. But, it was no peace between the two for maintaining friendly relations with each other but a temporary truce between two enemies.
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The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784) was a conflict in India between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Mysore. At the time, Mysore was a key French ally in India, and the Franco-British conflict raging on account of the American Revolutionary War helped spark Anglo-Mysorean hostilities in India. Haidar Ali was ruler of Mysore (though he did not have the title of king). Stung by a British breach of faith during an earlier war against the Marathas, Haidar Ali committed himself wholeheartedly to the French alliance and to revenge against the British. On the French declaration of war against Britain in 1778, the British (then firmly entrenched in Madras) resolved to drive the French out of India. The British captured Mah on the Malabar coast in 1779, and annexed certain lands belonging to a dependent of Haidar's4. Haidar 'Ali sprung at the opportunity to strike back, and succeeded in making himself master of all that the Marathas had taken from him. With an empire extended to the Krishna River, he descended through the passes of the Ghats amid burning villages, reaching Conjeeveram, only 45 miles (72 km) from Madras, unopposed. Not till the smoke was seen from St Thomas' Mount, where Sir Hector Munro commanded some 5200 troops, was any movement made; then, however, the British general sought to effect a junction with a smaller body under Colonel Baillie recalled from Guntur. The incapacity of these officers, notwithstanding the splendid courage of their men, resulted in the total destruction of Baillie's force of 2800 (September 10, 1780)5. A great victory Tipu Sultan, the eldest son of Hyder Ali, had taken great interest in the Mysore-Maratha war of 1769-72. After the death of Peshwa Madhava Rao in 1772, he was sent to the northern part of Mysore to recover the territories which the Marathas had occupied. By the time of Second Mysore war he had gained great experience both of warfare and diplomacy. In September 1780 he inflicted crushing defeat on Colonel Baillie near Polilur. This was the first and the most serious blow the British had suffered in India. The whole detachment was either cut or taken prisoners. Of the 86 European officers 36 were killed, and 3820 were taken prisoners of whom 508 were Europeans. The British had lost the flower of their army. Baillie himself was
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War http://www.indianetzone.com/37/second_mysore_war_1780-1783_british_india.htm
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http://www.indianetzone.com/37/second_mysore_war_1780-1783_british_india.htm
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http://www.indhistory.com/mysore-war-2.html
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The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the Kingdom of Great Britain. It was the third of four AngloMysore Wars8. The third contest between the English and the Mysore took place when Cornwallis came to India as the Governor-General of the Company. Tipu was determined enemy of the English. He was trying to seek alliance of foreign powers against the English and for that purpose had sent his ambassadors to France and Turkey. Cornwallis, therefore, was convicted of the necessity of subduing Tipu and described the war against him as a cruel necessity. Cornwallis also tried to find allies from among the native rulers. He made a settlement with the Nizam of Hyderabad concerning the district of Guntur. Tipu was not consulted while making this agreement which convinced him that the English were preparing for a war against him. Tipu had grievances against the Raja (king) of Travancore who was a dependant ally of the English. He had provided shelter to many enemy chiefs of Tipu who used to attack the territories of Tipu in Malabar. He had purchased two ports from the Dutch which were regarded by Tipu well within his territory. He had raised a protective wall which, as Tipu claimed, had crossed his boundary. Tipu desired to settle his conflicts with him the good offices of the English but when he received no reply from him, he attacked his kingdom in December 1789. Cornwallis took all precautions before declaring war against Tipu. He entered into negotiations both with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Marathas entered into a treaty with the English on 1st June 1790 and the Nizam on 4th July 1790. Both agreed to help the English against Tipu. It was also agreed that the conquered territory would be divided between the three allies. Though the burden of the war fell mostly on the shoulders of the English, yet they were assured that Tipu would be left alone in fighting against them. The English, then, declared war against Tipu in 1790. Tipu fought the war alone which continued for two years. The first attack of the English under General Medows failed. Therefore, in December 1790, Cornwallis himself took the command of the army. He proceeded towards Banglore via Vellore and Ambur and captured it in March 1791. In May, the English reached Arikera
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War
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The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (17981799) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company under General Harris. He had taken over as Governor-General of the Company after Lord Charles Cornwallis. Tipu did not forget his defeat and humiliation at the hands of the English in the 3rs Mysore War. He prepared himself to restore his lost power and prestige. He further fortified his capital, increased the number of his infantry and cavalry and improved their training, suppressed the rebellious chiefs and encouraged agriculture. In 1796, the titular Hindu Raja of Mysore died and Tipu refused to place his minor son even nominally on the throne and declared himself as Sultan. He sought alliance with foreign powers against the English. Tipu desired to take revenge from English. Lord Wellesley, who came to India as governor-general of the company in 1798 was equally anxious to finish Tipu forever. He was determined to eliminate the influence if the French from the courts of native rulers including that of Mysore. E was an imperialist. He opened negotiations with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas. The Nizam entered into a treaty with the English in September 1798. Wellesley assured the Peshwa that he would give him half of the territory captured from Tipu after the war. He declared war against Tipu in 179910. One English army under General Harris and Arthur Wellesley marched from Vellore and attacked Mysore in March 1799. Another army under General Stuart attacked Mysore from the West. Stuart defeated Tipu at Sedaseer and Harris defeated him at Malvelly. Tipu took shelter in Srirangapatam and the English besieged it and captured it on 4th May 1799. Tipu died fighting and his son surrendered himself to the English. The 4th Mysore war destroyed the state of Mysore which was strengthened and taken over by Haider Ali thirty three years back. The state of Mysore was finished by the English. It was grand success to Wellesley and he was rewarded the title of Marquess by the English government. The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (17981799) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company under General Harris. He had taken over as Governor-General of the Company after Lord Charles Cornwallis. Napoleon's landing in Egypt in 1798 was intended to threaten India, and Mysore was
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan
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Critical analysis
The Anglo-Mysore wars were four wars conducted by British forces against Hyder Ali (17221782) and his son Tipu Sultan (17491799), the rulers of the kingdom of Mysore (now Karnataka), in southern India, during 17671769, 17801784, 1790 1792, and MarchMay 1799. The final conflict ended with the death of Tipu Sultan during his defense of Seringapatam, Tipu's capital. Mysore was a rich agricultural territory with many superbly built hill forts, and it was a prize that the British East India Company saw as holding the key to a large conquest of southern India and to blocking French aspirations in the region. The wars began when Hyder Ali was fighting the Marathas to the north, and the British lent support to the Nizam (ruler) of Hyderabad, who then invaded Mysore territory with a British detachment. Hyder got the Marathas on his side, won over the Nizam, and then vented his fury on the British, who were based in Madras and outlying towns. Hyder reached the walls of Madras City, where he dictated a treaty to the panic-stricken residents. His exasperation with the British flared anew in the Second Anglo-Mysore War, caused by the British failure to honor the treaty and render him assistance in his renewed struggle with the Marathas. Again Hyder marched on Madras, this time hoping to get assistance from the French based in Pondicherry. It failed to materialize. During this war Hyder Ali died of cancer, but his son Tipu Sultan took up the crusade against the British, who made peace with him in 1784 (the Treaty of Mangalore). The next war began because the British in Madras wrote to the nizam of Hyderabad that they would help him regain territories lost to Tipu's forces. Anticipating further hostilities, Tipu attacked Travancore and thereabouts in 17891790. The British then entered into league with the Nizam and also with the peshwa, the chief minister of the Marathas. In 1790 the British moved into southern Mysore, but Tipu denied them any clear victories. Lord Charles Cornwallis (17381805), the governor-general of India, then assumed command himself. He captured Bangalore and moved toward Seringapatam, just outside Mysore City. Now Tipu's scorched earth policy brought famine into the British camp and obliged Cornwallis to retreat. He had more success in a subsequent campaign, and in 1792 besieged Seringapatam. This led to Tipu's submission, and another treaty was concluded in March. Tipu was obliged to surrender two of his sons as hostages, pay a massive indemnity, and cede up half of his dominions, which were then incorporated into the British East India Company 24 | P a g e
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Bibliography
Books referred: Mahajan, V.D. Modern Indian History. S. Chand Publishers: India, 2003. Sarkar, Sumit. Modern India. Macmillan India Ltd: New Delhi, 2005. Sharma, L.P. History of Modern India. Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd: 2004.
Internet sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War http://www.indhistory.com/mysore-war-2.html http://www.indianetzone.com/37/second_mysore_war_17801783_british_india.htm http://www.indianetzone.com/37/second_mysore_war_17801783_british_india.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13258672 http://www.indhistory.com/mysore-war-3.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali
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