Periodic Table Notes (Self-Study)

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1.

The Periodic Table

In the periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of increasing proton (atomic) number, and are classified according to Groups and Periods. Group - a vertical set of elements Period - a horizontal row of elements

2.

Group

The groups in the Periodic Table are numbered from I to VII and then Group 0. Some of these groups have names: Group number I II VII 0 Group Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogens Noble gases

Elements between Group II and III are known as transition metals or transition elements. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and will undergo the same type of chemical reactions. 3. Period Proton number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
st

Element H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

1 shell 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Number of electrons in nd rd 2 shell 3 shell

4 shell

th

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8

1 2

Electronic configuration 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2

Period 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4

Each period is numbered, 1, 2, 3, etc. Elements in the 1 period will only have their 1 shell fully/partially occupied with electrons. Elements in the 2 period will have their 1 shell fully occupied with electrons, and their 2 fully/partially occupied with electrons.
nd st nd st st

shell

4. (a)

Patterns in the Periodic Table Electronic Structure

Down each group, the number of valence electrons is the same for each element and is equal to the group number. Example: Group I Elements Element Li Na K Electronic configuration 2.1 2.8.1 2.8.8.1

Group I elements are very reactive. Since elements with similar electronic configurations have similar chemical properties, elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. (b) Metals and non-metals

Across the period, the properties of elements change from metallic to nonmetallic.

Generally, elements with small number of electrons in the valence shell (e.g. Group I and II) are metals. Elements with large number of electrons in the valence shell (e.g. Group VII and 0) are nonmetals. The line that divides metals from non-metals runs run diagonally through the Periodic Table. Elements found beside this dividing line are known as metalloids. Metalloids have some properties of non-metals and metals. (c) Charges on ions

Charges on the ions formed are related to the group number and number of valence electrons. Elements on the left side of the Periodic Table lose their valence electrons to form cations with charges corresponding to their group number. Elements on the right side of the Periodic Table gain electrons to form anions. The charges on the anions corresponding to the number of electrons gained to fill their valence shells with eight electrons. Element Group number Formula of ion Na I + Na Mg II 2+ Mg Al III 3+ Al Si IV P V 3P S VI 2S Cl VII Cl Ar 0 -

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