294
1, January 1993
Time Varying Load Analysis To Reduce Distribution Losses Through Reconfiguration
Robert P. Broadwater Asif H. Khan Hesham E. Shaalan
member member
The Bradley Department of Electrical Engineering,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA 24061
-
ABSTRACT An electrical distribution systam recoafiguration
algorithm to reduce aystem loesee is presented. The algorithm
calculates switching patterns am a function of time. Either
seasonal or daily time studies may be performed. Both manual
and automatic switchea are used to rexmntigura the system for
seamnal studies, whereas only automatic switches are
considered for daily studies. A load estkaation algorithm
provides load information for each time point to be analyzed. The
load estimation algorithm can incorporate any or all of the
following: spot loads, circuit meaaurementa, and customer time-
varying diversified load charactariotica. Voltage dependency of
loads is considered at the circuit level. It is shown that switching
at the system peak can reduce lossea but may cause a marginal
increase in system peak. Data s t ~ ~ c used t u to
~ ~model loads
and to store switch configurations as a function of time are
described. Example problem are provided to illustrate resulte.
Key words: reconfiguration, voltagedependency, switching
patterns.
1. INTRODUCTION
An algorithm which analyzes distribution systems for loss
reduction is dmcriied. Distribution systems consist of groups of
interconnected radial circuits. Their configurations may be
varied with manual or automatic switching operations to
transfer loads among the circuits. ,Ideally, the system
configuration should produce minimum loeees. Starting with a
given set of switch p i t i o m , the algorithm searches for a
revised combination of switch poaitions to reduce loaaee. The
algorithm converges when the search procadure cannot locate a
switch pair operation that further reducea loesee.
Distribution system load varies seasonally by time and type of
day. Manual switching to reduce losees satisfies the utility's
need to accommodate S W W M ~load variatione. The emergence of
distribution automation techology and equipment allows
automatic switches to take advantage of daily and time of day
switching patterna to reduce h e s . The placement and
operation of switchea to reduce loaaes ia a complex task
compounded by the time varying nature of loads.
The load profile for a circuit is a function of customer typea.
Laad profilea vary from circuit to circuit due to the mix and
dispersion of customen, served. In distribution eysteme, circuit
peaks are noncoincident due to the diversity of load resulting
from the categories of customer classes served. This variation in
92 WM 269-1 PWRD A paper recommended and approved by
the I E E E Transmission and Distribution C o m m i t t e e of
the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation
a t the IEEE/PES 1 9 9 2 Winter Meeting, New York, New
York, January 26 - 30, 1992. Manuscript submitted
August 28, 1991; made available for printing
November 27, 1991. ,
0885-8977/92/$3.W1993 IEEE
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No.
Robert E. Lee
member
Pennsylvania Power & Light,
Allentown, Pennsylvania
circuit load profile makes reconfiguration possible to reduce
1.- Thus, a circuit's load diversity is establishedby the daily
electrical power demands of the various customer typee which
are aerved by the circuit. The modeling of the diversified load
patterns d t h e various customer types is "idered.
Seasonal, daily, and hourly time variations of load provide
analysm pointa for the reconfiguration algorithm. Using thia
load data the algorithm develops switching p a t t a m to reduce
loosea, where time may vary Over a daily cycle and/or a seasonal
cycle. Ben&ita fmm eeasonal loee reduction can be accompbhed
through manual switching, whereas b e d t a from the daily loes
reduction requirea automatic switching [l].
The reconfiguration of an electrical distribution system to
reduce lasses has a natural tendency to balance loading among
circuits. This balancing proceas placee the system in a better
position to respond to emergency load transfem [2,3].
Liu, Lee, and Vu [4] derived a global optimality condition for
the loas minimization problem and propoaed two algorithms: the
f& ia based on the uniformly distributed load model and the
second on a concentrated load model.The first algorithm obtains
the optimal solution when the minimum losa is obtained for
every feeder pair. In the second algorithm, a similar procedure is
performed by moving open pointa, one at a time, from nn actual
switch position to another until no further loss reduction can be
acbieved. However, the authors left feeder load estimation for
future work.
Estimation of load distribution along a feeder is critical to
succeclllful reco-ration analysis. The method presented
utilizes feeder measurements, customer information, and
conatant spot loads. Customer information includes numbers and
classes of customers attached at a specified point in the circuit
model and time-varying diversified load characteristicsfor each
class. The algorithm accepts whatever load i d o m t i o n is
available. For inatance, if only spot laads are specified, then
customer information and feeder measuremente are ignored.
This work builds upon aspects derived from Civanlar's [5]
and Huddleaton's [SIprevioue studieu. Civanlar's method does
not allow loads to be switched from a higher to lower voltage
level Circuit and is baaed on a single switch pair operation per
iteration [ 6 ] . Huddleeton solved the minimum loss
" f i i t i o n problem utilizing a quadratic lms function and
multiple switch pair operations per iteration.
This algorithm utilizea Civanlar's voltage switching rule, a
single switch pair operation per iteration, and a direct search
method which incorporatee Huddleston's loss function. The
direct search method incorporate the constraints of specified
voltage bandwidth and conductor and equipment ampacities.
Depending upon the load-voltagedependency relationship,
switching operatiom may cause individual switched loads t o
either increase or decrease in magnitude. At the system peak
condition, switching operatiom which reduce loeees may
simultaneously increase the peak h l t s based on mch
conditions are presented.
A mathematical formulation is presented in the following
section. Data structures wed in load modeling and storing
reaulta of the algorithm are deacribed. The load model,

estimation procedure, and voltagedependency modeling of loads
are explained. Next, the loes function evaluation coupled with a
direct search procedure is presented. The handling of voltage
and current constraints is explained. Finally, three examples
which illustrate the concepts are solved. Subecripts and
variablea are defined in Tabla Aand B of the Appendix.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The objective is to minimize system real loeses as a function of
function of switch positions =.
circuit topology for a given point in time. The circuit topology is a
The problem to be solved can be
mathematically expressed as follows:
minimize f @ o m T ) } o v e r 3 subject to:
(3)
(4)
kWPedT5 max_kwPedT,p (5)
The objective fundion is subject to a set of nonlinear equations
and linear inequality constraints. For a given time T, the vector
of complex loa& is estimated at nominal voltage. The
vector ZT includes both automatic and manual switches or just
automatic switchea depending upon the study to be performed
(i.e. daily or seasonal). The nonlinear functions described by
Eqns. (1)-(2)are representations of the system power flow
equations which are a function of time and switch position. The
inequality constraints repreeent voltage bandwidth, equipment
and conductor ampacitiee, and system peak concerns.
The algorithm which implements the solution of the problem
does not necessarily reach the global minimum, but doea search
for switch pair operations which reduce loesee while
simultaneously satisfying system constraints. When no switch
pair operation which d u m loeees can be found (i.e. regarding
the currently open switches), the direct search method
converges. The algorithm generates switching pathma v e m
time, where each time point to be analyzed correaponda to a
different loading condition. "he algorithm is implemented on
Personal Computers running the OSE extended operating
system and the included database management system.
3. DATA STRUCTURES
Load information and m d i g u r a t i o n algorithm d t s are
stored in memory in data s t " a and in tables in a database
on the hard disk.
LOAD INFORMATION
The Diversified Customer Load Data Structure stores
information associated with diversified time-varying customer
load characteristics. Elements of this data structure include
customer class, season, type of day, time of day, hourly
diversified KW usage, power factor, and cold load pickup factor.
The Circuit Measurements Data Structure stores information
about feeder power flow at the substation. Elements of this data
structure include feeder name, feeder loss factor, season,type of
day, time of day, hourly KW and power factor measurements for
each phase.
295
ALCORITHM RESULTS
The switching configuration Data structure stores switch
status for each switch in the eyatem. The set of switch positions
stored in each data structure io unique, and is given a unique
identifier referred to as a Configuration Identification.
The Operations Data strudure Storee season, type d day, t h e
of day, and the C o d i t i o n Identification for the associated
point in time. Two-hundred and seventeen data &ruch.lres of
type Operations Data are utilized. Of these two-hundred and
seventeen ,"st two-hundred and sixteen correspond to the
twenty-four hours in a day, three typea d days, and three
SBBZJOM. The ~mainingstructure corresponds to the base case
system configurationthat exists a t the start of the solution.
4. LOAD ESTIMATION
The algorithm can uee available system measurements, load
statistics b a d on cuetomer class, and/or load estimates. If
available, the algorithm takes the following into account feeder
circuit meamremenk, the number of customem by customer
class throughout the circuik diversified cuetomer load curves. If
none of the preceding load information is readily available,
traditional load estimates may be used. Diversified load curvea
may be developed from load research data or experiments such
as those performed in the Athens distribution automation project
[a]. The information flow for the load estimation process is
indicated in Figure 1.
TT
Diversifid
Load curves
&
customer
hformafkn
1
Figure 1. Information Flow Diagram for Circuit Load Estimation
Feeder power flow and power factors are modeled as a function
of the type of day, time of day, season,and phase for each circuit
and are defmed aa five dimensional arrays,
The diver~SiedKW curves for customer classes are used to
allocate feeder measurements a t the modeled load points. If
feeder measurements are unavailable, then the load may be
directly calculated a t each load point from the number of
customers and the diversified load curves. The diversified load
296
value for a line section is determined by multiplying the number
of customem on a particular line section by the customer class
divedied load curve value. A maximum of twelve custom=
classes may be modeled at each line &ion.
For clarity of presentation and d d p t i o n , it is assumed that
all data are available. The portion of the measured power
allocated to customer class "j"is the ratio cf the total divemifii
load for customer class "j" to the total diversified demand, which
ia independent of cuetomer class, multiplied by the measured
KW for feeder 'c",
Feeder loesea and customer load scaling are accounted for by
multiplying Eqn.6 by a loss factor.
= lsj * Plos * Pmcusj,c.
PrnL~ssj,~ (7)
The portion of the meaaured KW allocated to a single customer
of class "j" is given by dividing Eqn. (7) by the total number of
customers of class "j"for phase "p" on feeder "c",
The estimated KW load at the ith load point for each phase of
feeder "c" and for customer class "j"baaed on time of day, type of
day, and seaclon is obtained by multi lying Eqn. (8) by the
number of customers of class "j"at the it!l load point,
P-est i,pj,T,c = Pma ij,c * a s i,pj,c.
(9)
The number of customem at the ith load point may be specified
interactively by the user or may come from a Customer
Information Database interface.
The total estimated load at the ith load point is given by,
(10)
An equation similar to Eqn. (10) is used for the reactive power
load eatimate.
5. VOLTAGE DEPENDENCY FACTORS
Loads are modeled as voltagedependent. The voltage
dependency factor allows system analysis to be easily performed
using various degreea of traditional constant power, conatant
current, and constant impedance load modele.
For a given phaee "p", the nominal load current at the ith load
point is given by,
A voltage dependency factor is associated with each circuit.
Th-e factors can be determined experimentally by varying the
substation bus voltage coupled with rapid sampling of feeder
voltage and curremta. Experience at Pennsylvania Power & Light
has shown that a tbree percent voltage reluction does not
appear to reduce load while a decrease of five percent pmducea
an approximate two and one-half percent drop in load. However,
a load tends to regain ita previous value after about thirty
minutes.
The voltagedependency load factor (VDF,) for a particular
circuit is be defined an
fractional change in load amp
VDF, =
volt
VDF, may be specified as a positive, negative, or zero value. A
positive voltagedependent factor simulates constant impedance
type loads, whereas a negative voltagedependent factor
simulates constant power type loads. If Vi,p,~,crepreeents the
complex voltage value at the ith load point for phase "p" and
circuit "c" which is deviated from ita nominal value, then the
voltagedependent load current is given by,
(12)
6. LOSS FONCTION EVALUATION
A Direct search method based on concept6 presented in
Reference [7] evaluates changes in k e a predicted by
Huddleston's lose function [6].For a given system codiguration
the loss functions are evaluated for all switch pair operations
adjacent to open switches, where only transfere from lower to
higher voltage circuits are considered.
Consider a distribution system with 'n' open switches. Results
fmm power flow analysis are ueed to develop loss functions for
each circuit [6,91. Circuit loas functions are evaluated at the
nominal witching current values, where the nominal switching
current ia the sum of the nominal load currents that are being
switched [SI.The loss functions associated with all circuita are
summed and the bane case loss model is given by,
N
P h S B = P-bap,. (13)
c=o
The loas functions are sequentially evaluated for each possible
switching operation. Loas functions associated with all circuits
are summed for each possible switching operation, developing
additionallose models for each open switch, as given by,
N
Ploes,, = 2 P-lassc,
C=O
where BW = 1,2, ...,Maximum number of open switches.
If a daily r e c o d i t i o n study is being performed, then open
manual switch- are not considered.
The loas function for each allowable switch pair operation is
compared to the base case lasa function and the switchbg
operations that produce the maximum decrease in system loas
are selected as the switching operations to be implemented at
the current iteration, as given by,
If A P h s 5 0.0, then the algorithm has converged since no
switch pair operation further reducedthe system loss.
Voltage and current comtrainta are checked before the
recommended switching operation is implemented. If a
constraint vidation occum, then the switching operation is not
allowed, and the resulting open switch is tagged as not being
available for U I J ~in further reconfiguration evaluation at that
time point. If constraints are violated, then Eqn. (15) is used to

select the switch operation that reaulta in the next greatest
decrease in loeses.
7. RECONFIGURATION ALGORITHM
The flow of the Reconfiguration Algorithm is illustrated in
Figure 2.
For the fmt or next time point to be analyzed, program
variablea related to constraint violations (SCE) and convergepce
(PFE) are initialized. Using available information from the
Divelaified Customer Load and Circuit Measurements data
structurea, the loading condition for the given time point is
evaluated. A power flow calculation is then performed for each
circuit. If constraint violations OCCUT on the fmt iteration, those
violations are flagged and the algorithm pnxeeds to the next
time point to be analyzed. Otherwise, the low functions are
calculated.
297
The low functione are evaluated for the base case and for each
possible switch pair operation. The din& search method then
determines the switch pair operation that prod- the
maximum decrease in system losses. This switch pair operation
is performed and power flow calculations are re-run on the
circuits that changed. If no constraint violations OCCUT. the loas
functions of the W e d circuita are updated. A new base case
at this time point has now been created, and further comparisons
are made against this base case. When switch pair operations
p d u c e no further loss mduction, the algorithm has converged
for this time point. If a new switching pattern has been
generated, meults are s t o d to the Switching Codiguration
Data Structure. The Configuration Identification, system loa-,
and load level for the time point are atored in the Operations
Data Structure. This procedure is repeated for all time pinta
under atudy.

P Start

B
I Load Model I
Powor Flow
GFl
V

Check
0 alnts

Exit on SCE = 1
I

I
N I t7
Store Results
I
Switch Pair Operation
B Q
I
Figure 2. Recontiguration Algorithm Logic
 298
8. IMAMPLEPROBLEMS
Three example problems are considered which d e m ~ ~ t mme te
of the load models. The fust example uees spot loa& only.
Modeling in the second example is based on reaidenth1 and
small commercial divernified load curves along with a spot load.
The third example indudea feeder meam"enta along with
cusltomsr divemified load curven and spot loads, and illuntratea
the &e& of voltage dependency. Feeder voltage level is assumed
to be 13.2 KV for all three ~p~~~mples. For eaee of manual
calculation to verify algorithm multa, short line aectians were
assumed to be C O M ~ X U C wi~th~ conductors and conductor
configuratio~~ with an impedance of one ohm per mile. While
loss r e d d o n s are shown to be small,they are demonstrated to
eorist and are small due to the choice of line impedance and
length.
Examde 1:
The main featurea of the r e c o n f i i t i o n algorithm are
illustrated in this example. The problem wao deaigned to test
the algoritm and therefore the solution is known in advance.
Figure 3 shown the three circuita used. There are 126 possible
switching configurations. Voltage dependency is assumed to be
zero (i.e. conatant current load). Circuit loading and the "Ita
of the analysis are shown in Table 1. The time point analyzed is
a " m e r weekday at 6 p.m. The r e c o d i t i o n algorithm
converged in twelve secondo. The results show that
reconfiguration tends to balance loads, losses, and voltage levels.
As a sanity check the load before and &er reeonfiguration
remains the same at 198OOKW, while the losses are reduced by
26 KW. Operation of the four highlighted switchea in Figure 3
Ezamde 2:
The second example analyzes m e r weekday and weekend
loading while aomming the voltage dependency factor to be
zero. The sptem of two cbmita shown in Figure 4 has a
midpoint constant spot load of 300 KW which is used to
de"ta the benefita available by taking advantage of load
divernity between m e r e n t customisr claesea. Circuit 1has 1000
all el& residential c-untomen~ per phase while Circuit 2 has
341 small commercial customers per phase. These numbem were
chceen such that the noncoincident circuit peak loading is equal
for a s u " weekday, but unequal for the weekend. Figure 6
shows the load curves for both customer classee. Recommended
switching c h a w nhift the epat load to the circuit with the
smaller load. Table 2 shows the switch pooitions, the
recommended switching operation time points, and the circuit
lOading.
"he conatant spot load for the mummer weekday is served 13
houm per day by Circuit 1 and 11 h m per day by Circuit 2,
whereas for the " m e r weekend Circuit 1 only supplies the
spot load for 1hour. Furthemore, the total reduction in loesee for
the " m e r a w n is 2141 KWh aeeUming 66 weskdaye and 26
weekends. Although not presented, and in contrast to the
summer reaulta, multa for wintar weekdays and weekends
reveal that the apot l a d is alwaye served by Circuit 2.

s
produce the calculated renulb.

Figum 4. Example 2 System of Circuits

I.

FigLlre 3. Example 1System of Circuite

Table 1. b d i g u r a t i o n Results of Example 1

circuit1 circuit2 circuit3

Before Reconfiguration:
Total KW Load 7800 6000 6000
KwhLoesee 698.3 413.2 413.2
Voltage h v e l 116 118 118
ARer Reconfiguration:
Total KW h d 6600 6600 6600
os' . . . . . . 8. . . . . . 11
0
s . . . . I .
18
. . . . .
2;
KwhLoMee 600 600 600 -dPq
Voltage Level 117 117 117 Figure 6.Load Curves For Summer Weekday
 299
Table 2. b u l t a of Example 2

Hourof Switch1 Switch2 KWLoading

day status status circuit1 Circuit2

Summer Weekday:
12a.m. open closed 4410 3840
2 a.m. closed open 3150 3161
7 a.m. open closed 3210 3297
9 a.m. closed open 4200 3678
5 p.m. open closed 5280 5394

Summer Weekend
12a.m. open c l d 4590 3614
5 a.m. closed open 2850 2578 circuit
6 a.m. open closed 2670 2786 2

Example 3:

Example three is designed to demonstrate the need for

automatic switching to take advantage of daily loss reduction. A Figure 6. System of Three Circuita
system of three circuita shown in Figure 6 contains forty-one line
sections, seven protective devices, three line voltage regulators, Table 3
and six switches. Load In KW For Three Circuita As A Function Of Voltage
Many loads are found to be voltagedependent [SI. Due to the Dependency Factor For Summer Weekday at 2 a.m.
voltage dependency of loads, system total load varies with
calculated voltage levels. Total system load also changea when Voltage Dependent Facto-
switching operations are performed with voltage dependency -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03
factors unequal to zero. The effects of voltagedependency on Base Case 11161.8 11029.8 10965.8 10903.0 10781.0
system loading and loeaea is shown in Tables 3 and 4. The After Switchin 11123.2 11017.4 10965.8 10914.9 10815.6
results presented are for a summer weekday at 2 a.m. with an Change In Loa3 38.6 12.4 0.0 -11.9 -34.6
arbitrary selection of voltage dependency factors of -0.03, -0.01,
0.0, 0.01, and 0.03.
Positive voltagedependency factors simulate constant Table 4
impedance load behavior and negative voltagedependency Loaa In KW For Three Circuita As A Function Of Voltage
Dependency Factor For Summer Weekday at 2 a.m.
factors simulate constant power load behavior. From Table 3 it
can be seen that as the voltagedependency fador increases in Voltage Dependent Factors
the positive direction the total load demeasea, and Table 4 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03
illustrates similar behavior for lowea. Table 3 also indicak that
for a load mix with a positive voltagedependency factor (i.e. Base Case 317.5 307.4 302.6 297.9 288.9
constant impedance load), system load increases as lossen Afterswitching 265.6 259.2 256.1 253.1 247.3
Loss Saving 51.9 48.2 46.5 44.8 41.6
decrease. Without a coordinated voltage control system, this
effect could be detrimental at the aystem peak time point.
For the constant current base case system load, the total 9. CONCLUSIONS
system lossea represent only 2.8 percent. However, the algorithm
demonstrates that a 15.4 percent loas reduction is still available A reconfiguration algorithm which analyzes time varying load
for this time point. Additional analysis not shown here indicates patterns is presented. It is shown that seasonal, daily, and time
that the status of switches swl and aw2 are a function of daily of day system reconfiguration based on time varying loads and
load variation, whereas switches sw3 and sw5 change their customer class diversities will reduce system losses.
status b a d on seasonal load variations. Hence, from a loss Furthermore, system reconfiguration has a tendency to balance
reduction perapedive switches swl and sw2 should be chosen as loading and voltage levels among circuita. Depending upon the
automatic, with the reat of the switches being manually voltagedependency of the load mix, the system peak could
operated. increase while loss reductions are being realized. However,
d t a indicate that the increase in total system load was very
small. Extrapolating theae resulta to system peak conditions,
switching for reduced lossea should have little &e& on peak
load.
300
REFERENCES Table B
Definition of Variables
[I] R. E. Lee, C. L. Brooks, "A Method and Its Appliition to
Evaluate Automated Distribution Control", IEEE Transactions Variable Definition
on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 1,July 1988, pp. 1232-1240.
[2] C.H. Cantro, J. B. Bunch, T. M. Topka, 'Gemeralized number of customers
Algorithum for Distribution Feeder Deployment and equipment current vector
Sectionalizing, " IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatue and load current
Systems, April 1980,pp. 649-667. equipment current rating vector
131 R. E. Lee, R. H. Osborn, V. F. W h k e r , M. T. Bishop, voltagedependent load current
"Analysieof Time Varying Distribution Circuit Current and Laas ayatempeak in kw
C h a r a ~ c s "IEEE
, Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 2, customer type load scaling factor
NO.4, October, 1987, pp. 1249-1264. maximumvalue ofsystean peak in KW
[4] ChenChing Liu, Seung J. Lee, Khoi Vu, "h Minimization circuit KW loss fador
of Distribution Feeders: Optimality and Algoritbma," IEEE total diversified KW load
Tramactionon Power Delivery, April 1989, pp. 1281-1289. normalized diversified lnnr load
[6] S. Civanlar, J. J. Graingw, H. Yin,S. S. Ise,"Distribution constant KW load
Feeder Reconfiguration for Loss Muction,"IEEE Trans. on cuatomer baaed KW estimate
Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 3, July 1988, pp. 1217-1223. quadratic Iwsfunction
[q C. T. Huddleaton, R. P. Broadwater, A. Chandnrsekaran, base w e loss model
"Reconfiguration Algorithm for Minimizing Losaw in Radial loea model bawd on load tranafer
Electric Distribution Systems," Electric Power Systems Research measured power allocated to cuetomer type
Journal, Vol. 18, NO.1,1990, pp. 67-67. P-mea feeder KW flow measurement
[7] M.J. Box, D. Davis, W.H. Swann,"Non-Linear Optimization Pmloss Pmcue excluding line losses
Techniquw,' Monograph No.6, Oliver & Boyd, 1969. PmS m e a d power allocated to single customer
[8] P. A. Gnadt, J. S. Lawler, " A u t m " a g Electric Utility PF-mea feeder power factor measurement
Distribution Systems: The Athens Automation and Control -S load vector
Experiment," Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990. -
SW switch poeition vector
191 R. P. Broadwater, A. Chandraeekaran,C. T.Huddleston, and tcus total number of customers
A. H. Khan, "Power Flow Analyuia of Unbalanced Multiphase Tp_est total kw estimate
Radial Distribution System,"Electric Power Reclearch Journal, V node voltage vedor a t time T
January, 1988, pp. 23-33. Ynom nominal voltaga
Vmin lower bound for syatem voltage
VmaX upper bound for aystem voltage
Appendix: Definition of Subscripts and Variables
Table A Biographies
Definition of subscripts
Robert P. Broadwater is an associate profegeor of electrical
Subscript Definition engineering at V i Tech. His primary intereat is in electrical
distribution system analysis, deeign, and automation. He
i load point i=1,2,... currently sewea as the aswciate editor of distribution and
m load point m=1,2,... utilization systems for the Electric Power System Journal. He
9 load point q=l,2,... has worked with GE, B&W, TVA, TVF'PA, Oak Ridge National
s segment a=1,2, ... Lab, PP&L, and AP&L.
n number d open switch-
c,cl,cZ circuits c=1,2, ... A d H. Khan is pzwently puzauing a Ph.D. in electrical
N number of ckuita engineering at V i n i a Tech. He received his BE in electronica
P p=a,b,c from NED University, Karachi, Pakistan. He received his MS
3 ' Z m e r type
t time of day from Tennessee Tech. His primary area of intereet ia software
a
Se
trpeofhY
season
development for electrical diatribution systems.
Heaham E. Shaalan is a Ph.D. candidate in Electrical
T repre8ent.a time of day, type of day, Engineering a t Virginia Tech. He received hie BSEE and MEE
and season { t, d, Se }
Pk peak from The Univemity Of Houston in 1986 and 1987, respectively.
He is a member of Eta Kappa Nu Honor Society and IEEE Power
Engineering Society. Hie reeeamh involves electric utility
economic evaluation and distribution automation.
Robert E. Lee began employment at PP&L in 1961 after
graduation f " Drexel Univemity. Progreasing through
distribution engineering, his most recent position has been
supervising distribution dand reliability activities since
1982. He is Industry Advisor to two EPRI Distribution
Automation projecta and is active in the IEEE/PES Transformer
Committee and the IEEE/PES Distribution Subcommittee.