1

University of Nottingham School of Civil Engineering

Module Title: Structures and Materials 3 Module No: H23SM3
Session: Semester 1 and 2
Module Convenor: M. T. Bassuoni
REINFORCED CONCRETE CALCULATION MODEL TO EC2
1. Introduction
The following is a specimen calculation, based on EC2 Part 1-1 for general design, Part 1-2 for fire
and EC1 for loads, to help you find you way through these codes. It has been generally written with the
coursework in mind, but there are some extra sections not required for the coursework. It would be
useful if you highlighted the clauses referred to here in your Eurocode Extracts. Note that the
calculation is based on grade 30 concrete and gravel aggregates only.
2. Materials
Concrete: Type of cement = strength class CEM 42.5N = Class N.
Type of aggregate = 20 mm size Gravel
At 28 days: f
ck
= 30 N/mm
2
(cylinder strength)
Table 3.1. Mean strength f
cm
= f
ck
+ 8 = 38 N/mm
2
3.1.6.(1)P o
cc
= 0.85 for flexure otherwise 1.0, o
ct
= 1.0 and PSF
c
= 1.5
Eq. 3.15 Design strength f
cd
= 0.85 x 30/1.5 = 17.0 N/mm
2
for flexure, otherwise 20 N/mm
2
Table 3.1. Mean tensile strength f
ctm
= 0.3 x 30
2/3
= 2.90 N/mm
2
Table 3.1. 5% fractile strength f
ct,0.05
= 0.7 x 2.9 = 2.03 N/mm
2
Eq. 3.16 Design tensile strength f
ctd
= 2.03/
c
= 1.35 N/mm
2
Table 3.1. Youngs modulus E
cm
= 22 (38/10)
0.3
= 32.84 kN/mm
2
Steel bars: Total area of longitudinal bars A
s
, transverse (distribution) A
s,dist
, links A
sw
Appendix C Characteristic strength f
yk
= 500 N/mm
2
(high tensile), 250 N/mm
2
(mild steel)
2.4.2.4. PSF
s
= 1.15
3.2.7. (2) Design stress at ultimate f
yd
= 500/1.15 = 437 N/mm
2
and f
yd
= 250/1.15 217 N/mm
2
3.2.7. (4) Youngs modulus E
p
= 200000 N/mm
2
3. Ultimate Load Combinations
Refer Eurocode 1 (EN1991). For units supporting dead loads G
k
and variable actions Q
k
such as live load
UDL, point or a linear line loads. Note that if there is more than one live load, the first is taken as dominant
and has
Q
= 1.5, whilst the rest are reduced by a factor
0
typically = 0.7.
Eq. 6.10 Ultimate load =
G
G
k,
+
Q
Q
k
where
G
= 1.35,
Q
= 1.5.
4. Durability and Fire Resistance
4.1. Nominal cover (see table on page 2).
Ref Tables 4.1, and BS 8500-1:2006 Table A.4
4.4.1.1.(1) Nominal cover C
nom
= C
min
+ AC
dev
4.4.1.2(2)P C
min
C
min,dur
+ AC
dur,
; 10 mm; C
min,b
4.4.1.2.(3). Table 4.2. C
min,b
Bar diameter because aggregate size < 32 mm
4.4.1.2.(6) AC
dur,
= 0
4.4.1.3.(1)P AC
dev
= 10 mm
2
Exposure Condition Class
designation
Nominal cover (mm)
for fck = 30 N/mm
2
for
life of 50 years
Inside building, low humidity.
Permanently wet.
XC1 25
Long term contact with water. XC2 35
Inside building, medium or high humidity.
External, sheltered from rain (ground floors).
XC3 35
Cyclical contact with water. XC4 40
Moderate humidity.
Airborne chlorides (open car parks).
XD1 45
Wet, rarely dry. Swimming pools.
Industrial water containing chlorides.
XD2 50
Cyclic wet and dry. Bridges exposed to chloride
spray. Pavements.
Car park slabs (without coverings)
XD3 55*
Airborne salt. Not direct contact to sea water
Near or at coast.
XS1 45*
Permanently submerged.
Marine permanently wet.
XS2 45*
50
Spray containing chlorides.
Marine tidal, splash and spray
XS3 60*
*Cement must be blended with GGBS includes 10 mm construction deviation
4.2. Axis distance to reinforcement and breadth of beam required to achieve fire resistance REI
Refer to EC2 Part 1-2, clause 5.2(5) and Table 5.5. If calcareous aggregates (calcareous or dolomitic
limestone) are used the required effective thickness t
e
and average axis a distance are increased by 10%,
where: a = distance to centroid of bars in tension zone = cover + bar radius, otherwise the follwing are
used.
Fire resistance
REI
(mins)
Minimum
breadth
(mm)
Average axis distance
to centroid of bars
(mm)
30 200 15
60 300 25
90 300 40
120 300 55
180 300 70
240 300 90
5. Structural Capacity
5.1. Ultimate flexural design
Ultimate moment M
Ed
3.1.7. f
cd
= 0.85 x 30 / 1.5 = 17.0 N/mm
2
Compression depth x = 0.8x
Where x/d 0.6 for under-reinforced failure mode (with no moment re-distribution,
otherwise x/d 0.45). The moment re-distribution is a subject dealt with in the 4
th
year module
Concrete Structures.)
For singly reinforced sections:
K =
2
bd f
M
ck
Ed
K, where K = 0.206 (no moment re-distribution),
3
z = ( ) K
d
53 . 3 1 1
2
+ 0.95d
A
s
=
yk
Ed
f z
M
87 . 0
If K > K:
Compression steel A
s
is added to cater for the additional capacity (the section is doubly
reinforced), and z is calculated from K
A
s
=
) ' ( 87 . 0
'
2
d d f
bd f K M
yk
ck Ed

A
s
=
z f
bd f K
yk
ck
87 . 0
'
2
+ A
s
9.2.1.1.(1) A
s, min
bd
f
f
yk
ctm
26 . 0 but 0.0013bd
9.2.1.1.(3) A
s, max
0.04bh
9.3.1.2 Bars at simple support A
s
50% A
s
in span
8.2.(2) Spacing > max{bar diameter; aggregate size + 5 mm; 20 mm)
5.2 Anchorage lengths
8.4.4 l
bd
= o
1
o
2
o
3
o
4
o
5
l
b
,
rqd
> max{0.3 l
b
,
rqd
; 10 |; 100 mm)
Table 8.2 o
1
= 1.0 for straight bars, and 1.0 for bent bars where c
d
< 3|; o
3
= o
4
= o
5
= 1
o
2
= 1 0.15(c
d
|) / | for straight; 1 0.15(c
d
3|) / | for bent, but not < 0.7 and >1
Fig. 8.3 where c
d
= min{spacing/2; side cover; bottom cover}
8.4.3.(2) l
b
,
rqd
=
bd
sd
f
o 25 . 0
| where o
sd
= design stress in the bar at the position from which
anchorage is measured.
8.4.2 f
bd
= 2.25 q
1
q
2
f
ctd
Fig. 8.2 q
1
= 1 for good casting condition; q
2
= 1 for bars | 32 mm diameter
5.3 Lap lengths
8.7.2. For a designed lap length, where fully stressed bars are lapping, lap length is as above
with the addition of o
6
, depending on how many bars are lapped at one section. If all bars
are lapped at the same place o
6
= 1.5 (a penalty factor in effect)
9.2.1.5. Where minimum bars are being lapped to designed bars, the lap length is 10 times the
minimum bar diameter.
4
5.4 Shear capacity
5.4.1. Without shear reinforcement
6.2.2.(1). Fig. 6.3. Calculated where bars A
sl
extend l
bd
+ d beyond section considered. If bars
extend bond length l
bd
beyond face of support, the shear is calculated at d from face of
support.
6.2.2.(1) V
Rd,c
= 0.12 k (f
ck
. 100 A
sl
/ bd)
1/3
bd
but V
Rd,c
0.035 k
3/2
f
ck
1/2
bd
where k = 1+
d
200
2
5.4.2. With shear reinforcement if V
Ed
> V
Rd,c
Finding area of links A
sw
or spacing s, knowing the ultimate shear force V
Ed
.
6.3.2. Eq. 6.9 V
Rd,max
=
u u
o
tan cot
1
+
cd cw
f v z b
= o
cw
v
1
b z f
cd
0.5 sin 2u
where o
cw
= 1, v
1
= 0.6 (1- f
ck
/250), z = 0.9d and f
cd
= f
ck
/1.5
Rearranging and replacing V
Rd,max
with V
Ed
, which is calculated at a distabce d from edge of support
u = 0.5 sin
-1
|
|
.
|

\
|
cd
Ed
f z b v
V
1
5 . 0
cotu is determined.
but 1.0 cotu 2.5
Eq. 6.8
u cot
ywd
Ed sw
f z
V
s
A
>
Eq. 9.5N
ywk
ck
sw
f
b f
s
A
08 . 0
min >
Eq. 6.12
ywk
cd cw
sw
f
b f v
s
A
87 . 0
5 . 0
max
1
o
s , for cotu = 1
9.2.2.(6) s 0.75d
5
6. Deflection Check (for effective span / effective depth, L/d ratio)
7.4.2. If
o
2 / 3
1 2 . 3 5 . 1 11
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

o
ck
o
ck
f f
d
L
If >
o

o
ck
f
d
L
5 . 1 11+ =
Table 7.4N Multiply L/d x 1.0 for simply supported beam, and 0.4 for cantilever
Multiply L/d x 0.8 for T-beam where breadth of flange > 3 x web breadth
Eq. 7.16
o
= f
ck
0.5
x 10
-3
= 0.0055 and = A
s
/bd where b = effective breadth used in bending
calculations, and A
s
is the designed steel area (not the area provided)
L/d calculated from 7.4.2. > L/d provided
7. Deflection calculations (for special situations not covered by span/depth ratio)
7.4.3. All loading is considered as long-term where the effective Youngs modulus of concrete
E
c,ef
and deflections include the effects of creep. According to EC1, the design service
load is quasi-permanent, where 2 = 0.7 for superimposed load for congregation.
7.4.1.(4). Limiting final deflection o = L/250
Limiting movement after installation o = L/500
Generally o =
ef ef
K
L P
K
L w
48
;
384
5
3 4
for UDL and point loads, respectively.
7.4.3. Eq. 7.18 & 7.19. Effective rigidity K
ef
= K
c
+ [| (K
u
K
c
) (M
cr
/M
k
)
2
] but not greater than K
1
where | = 0.5 for long term loads when the section is flexurally cracked,
| = 1.0 for short term deflection at installation
M
cr
= cracking moment based on uncracked section = Z
B
f
ctm
M
k
= applied bending moment
Flexural ridigity, uncracked K
u
= E
c,ef
I
u
Flexural ridigity, cracked K
c
= E
c,ef
I
c
E
c,ef
=
) , ( 1 t t
E
cm
+
where (t,t
o
) = creep coefficient (see EC2, Figure 3-1)
7.1 Flexurally Uncracked Section
Transformed area of steel = A
s
m at d from top, where modular ratio m = E
s
/ E
c,ef
.
Second moment of area of concrete alone = I
c
= bh
3
/12
Depth to centroidal axis x
u
=
m A A
md A h A 0.5
s c
s c
+
+
I
u
= I
c
+ A
c
(x
u
0.5h)
2
+ A
s
m (d x
u
)
2
Z
bottom
= I
c
/ (h-x
u
)
6
7.2 Flexurally Cracked Section
Depth to centroidal axis x
c
=
s c
s
2
c
mA bx
d mA /2 x b
+
+
I
c
= b x
c
3
/3 + A
s
m (d x
c
)
2
8. Crack Control
Minimum Area of Reinforcement
7.3.2. A
sm
= k
c
k f
ctm
A
ct
/ f
yk
where k
c
= 0.4 for bending
k = 1.0 for h 300 mm and 0.65 for h 800 mm, linear interpolation between.
A
ct
= bh/2, based on the assumption that the top half of the beam is in compression and
the bottom half is in tension just before the formation of the first crack.
End