Molecule that supports life

CH3 Water and Life Biological medium All living thins need water more than anything else Most cell are surrounded by water and most cells are 70-95% water Main reason earth is habitable, is the abundance of water 3.1 polar covalent bonds in water molecule result in hydrogen bonding 3.2 4 emergent properties of water contribute to earths suitability for life 3.3 acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms Water is a polar molecule: opposite ends have opposite charge Polarity allows hydrogen bonds to form with one another Bond form and separate very quickly, 1. cohesive behavior 2. ability to moderate temperature 3. expansion upon freezing 4. versatility as a solvent Cohesion- collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules Adhesion- attraction b/w water and other polar molecules Surface tension- property of a liquid that holds the surface together and allows it to resist and external force, related to cohesion Ex: think about water in a graduated cylinder, water makes a meniscus because of adhesion and water is brought up because of cohesion Water absorbs heat when around hot air, and releases heat when in cold air. Water can absorb and release large amounts of heat with a slight change in its temperature (high specific heat) Contributes to evaporative cooling Kinetic energy- the energy of motion Heat- measure measure of total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion Temperature- measures intensity heat due to average kinetic energy of molecules calorie (cal)- amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1g of water by 1C joule (J)- unit of energy that measures energy 1J=.0239 cal , 1 cal= 4.184 J Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat that it absorbs or loses, for 1g of it to change by 1C. Waters high specific heat can be trace to hydrogen bonding, heat goes to bonds -heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonding break -heat is released when hydrogen bonds form High specific heat of water reduces fluctuation temp within that permits life Evaporation is the transformation of a substance from liquid to a gas Heat of evaporation- heat of liquid a substance absorbs so 1g can be a gas As liquid evaporates, water absorbs heat from surface and hottest molecules evaporate leaving cool ones, the rest of surface remains cool, process called evaporative cooling Evaporative cooling stabilized temp in organisms and bodies of water Ice floats on water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered, making ice dense

Key Concepts

Polarity of water molecule result in hydrogen bonding 4 emergent properties of water

1) Cohesion

2) Moderation of Temperature by Water

Heat & Temperature

Waters high specific heat

Evaporative Cooling

3) Insulation of bodies of

water by floating ice

Molecules moves too slow to break hydrogen bond, so more bonds form to lock the water molecules to a crystalline lattice structure Water reaches greatest density at 4C, if ice sank water would freeze and make water lif impossible Solution- homogeneous mixture Solvent- does dissolving Solute- substance that dissolves Aqueous solution- solution in which water is the solvent Water is a versatile solvent due to is polarity When ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by water molecules called hydration shell Water also dissolves nonionic polar molecules Even large polar molecules such as proteins can dissolve in water if they have ionic & polar regions like dissolves like A hydrophilic substance is one that has affinity (attraction) for water A Hydrophobic substance is one that doesnt have an affinity (attraction) for water oil molecules are hydrophobic because of their non-polar bonds Colloid is a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid Most biochemical reactions occur in water Chemical reactions depend on collision of molecules; therefore concentration of solutes in aqueous solution Molecular mass- sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule usually measured in mole, where 1 mole (mol) = 6.02 x 10^23 molecules Avogadros number and the unit Dalton were defined such that 6.02 x 10^23 daltons = 1g Molarity (M)- number of moles of solute per liter of solution Hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between 2 water molecules can go to one another - hydrogen atom leaves electron behind and transferred as a proton, or hydrogen ion (H+) -molecule with extra proton is now hydronium ion (H3O+), also H+ -molecule that lost proton: hydroxide ion (OH-) Water is in equilibrium when molecules dissociate as same rate as being formed Dissociation of water is very rare, but has great effect on organisms Changes in H+ and OH- can drastically change affect a cells chemistry drastically H+ and OH- are equal in pure water Adding certain solutes.. -acid- any substance that increases the H+ concentration of solution -base- any substance that reduces H+ concentration of solution Acid any substance that increases the H+ concentration of solution

4) Water solvent of life

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances

Solute Concentration in Aqueous solution

C: 3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms

Acid and Bases

pH scale

Base any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of solution

 Ph of solution is defined as pH=-log[H+] Acidic solutions have pH less than 7 Basic solution have pH higher than 7 Most biological fluids are around 6-8 Buffers Internal pH of cells must stay close to 7 Buffers are substances that minimizes changes in hydronium and hydroxides in a solution Buffers consists of acid-base pair that reversely combines with H+

Acidification: a threat to water quality

Human release CO2 from fossil fuels Human activities release pollutants that form acid in atmosphere - acid precipitation Acid precipitation means rain, snow, or fog with pH less that 5.6 Caused mainly by water mixing with pollutants in air; can fall distant from source Effect: - damage to lake and rivers - effects on soil chemistry causing some forest decline

You should now be able to: List and explain 4 properties of water that are possible because of hydrogen bonds Distinguish between : - hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances - solute, solvent, solution Define acid, base, and pH Explain how buffers work