02 Fluids 04

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Fluids 3. Physics of Microfluidic Systems 4. Microfabrication Technologies

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9. Liquid Handling 10.Microarrays 11.Microreactors 12.Analytical Chips 13.Particle-Laden Fluids a. Measurement Techniques b. Fundamentals of Biotechnology c. High-Throughput Screening
5. Flow Control 6. Micropumps 7. Sensors 8. Ink-Jet Technology
2.4. Transport Phenomena
Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle
2. Fluids
2.1. General Characteristics 2.2. Dispersions 2.3. Thermodynamics 2.4. Transport Phenomena 2.5. Solutions 2.6. Surface Tension
2.7. Electrical Properties 2.8. Optical Properties 2.9. Biological Fluids

2.4.1. Diffusion 2.4.2. Viscosity 2.4.3. Transport of Heat 2.4.4. Characteristic Numbers
2.4 Summary of Phenomenological Laws

h Transport processes
Arbitrary thermal motion on molecular level Driven by gradients (inhomogeneities) Mostly linear relationship
Flow = coefficient force
2.4.1. Diffusion
h Diffusion
Counteracts nonuniform particle densities Thermal Brownian motion Process underlying all other transport phenomena in fluids
h Ficks first law
Current density jN antiparallel to gradient Systems seeks homogeneity Diffusion coefficient D [m s-1]
2.4.1. Diffusion
h Ficks second law
Time domain Fixed location
h Combining Ficks first law and equation of continuity
h Laplace equation
Stationary conditions
2.4.1 Molecular Picture

h Derivation of diffusion constant D h Flow through surface z1
Between two planes with diverging particle densities Distance = mean free path lmfp Particles reach plane without collisions (statistically)
Linear term of Taylor expansion

2.4. Transport Phenomena Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle
2.4.1 Diffusion coefficient

h Calculation of diffusion coefficient
Assumption: uniformly distributed directions of all vectors v
average over Ensemble
2.4.1 Examples for Diffusional Processes

h Example
Bilateral diffusion from 2-D layer Within pure solvent Initial conditions
Solution by educated guess
2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

h Example
Diffusion through permeable diaphragm Initial conditions
2.4.1. Laminar Mixing
2.4.1 Time and Length Scales

h Distance
2
h Time (rules of thumb)
~l2/D
2.4.1 Brownian Motion

h Discovered by Scottish Botanist Robert Brown in 1827
Random thermal motion of pollen under microscope
h Closely related to thermal velocity
h Mesoscopic particle
r0 = 1 m m = 10-15 kg T = 293 K vT 3 mm s-1
Width of distribution of particle locations
h Fluorescent particles
h 4 seconds of data h 2 m in diameter h Left picture

Particles moving in pure water
h Right picture shows

Particles moving in concentrated solution of DNA I.e., in viscoelastic solution in other words
From http://www.deas.harvard.edu/projects/weitzlab/research/brownian.html
h Erratic motion of single milk droplets in water h Droplets size of about 1 micrometer h Continuously kicked by fast-moving water molecules
Size 5000 times smaller
h Magnification factor of about 10,000

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/
2.4.1 Boltzmann Distribution

h System at T in thermal equilibrium h Each particle with certain kinetic energy h Potential gradient
Particles accumulate in potential minimum
h Counteracting diffusive current h Boltzmann distribution

Ratio of particle densities Ni at two locations separated by potential difference E
Boltzmann function at T = 273 K calibrated to N0 = 1
2.4.1 Maxwell Distribution

h Maxwell distribution
Fraction of molecules in velocity interval [v, v + dv] f(v)dv is probability of finding a vector v in [v, v + dv] Normalization of integrand function f(v) to unity
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Leads to Maxwell distribution
2.4.1 Maxwell Distribution

h Transformation into energy space
Replacing v with kinetic energy E = 1/2 mv2
Helps determining which fraction of particles is capable of jumping over a certain potential energy barrier E0 Analytical expression for this fraction
2.4.1 Reaction Kinetics

h Chemical Reactions
Binary collisions Collision rate scales linearly with vT and thus with T1/2 Concentration of reaction partners c also influences speed of reaction For single step reaction
Reaction rate
- Governed by stoichiometry (x, y, ...)

Concentrations c(X), c(Y), Reaction velocity constant kc
2.4.1 Reaction Kinetics

h Chemical reactions
Activation energy (Gibbs energy) Simple model reaction
For simplicity: G = U = Eact Typically Eact = 60 to 250 kJ mol-1 G = Gact Gact

G < 0 exothermic G > 0 endothermic
h Velocity constant of reaction

Strongly dependent on T Reaction-specific Arrhenius equation

2.4.2. Viscosity
h Viscosity
Transfer of momentum from one plane sliding parallel to another Mediated by fluid sandwiched between them Internal friction of fluid
h Newtons law of viscosity

Relates flow of axial momentum pz = m vZ along lateral x-direction from one plane sliding parallel to another one by viscosity Unit of : Pa s = kg m-1 s-1 or old Poise with 1 Ps = 0.1 Pa s
2.4.2 Viscosity of Gases

h Assumptions for picture:
- Flow in z-direction - Uniform particle density
Net flux in x-direction of longitudinal momentum pz
Newton
Viscosity of gases
Kinematic viscosity
- Momentum diffusivity
2.4.2 Viscosity of Gases
Order: 10-5 Pa s
2.4.2 Viscosity of Liquids

h Liquid
Very dense gas lmfp average distance between molecules Macroscopic behavior governed by intermolecular potentials
h Picture
Moving A to A Activation energy E0 External shear stress xz
- Force f on each particle on wall - f counteracts motion in negative z-direction - Momentum loss transferred to B - Activation energy E = f a / 2

h Transfer of momentum pZ = m vZ
Lateral velocity gradient
net difference between number of jumps +Z and -Z in

positive and negative z-direction, respectively Evaluation of gradient (using Boltzmann Ansatz)
of molecule between neighbors

0 fundamental oscillation frequency


h First order Taylor expansion for E / kBT
Viscosity of liquids
Order: 10-3 Pa s (gases: 10-5 Pa s)
2.4.2 Newtonian Fluids

h Newtonian fluids
Classical idealized fluids Linear stress-strain relationship I.e. linear relationship between tension tensor and tensor of rate of deformation (strain rate)
- Viscosity : constant of proportionality
Approximated by gases and simple liquids like water
h Non-Newtonian fluids
Dispersions containing large structured macromolecules E.g. polymers and proteins

2.4.3. Transport of Heat

h Equilibrium thermodynamics
System seeks uniform temperature distribution
h Inhomogeneous T-distribution
Transport of heat
h Two basic modes

Diffusion
- Statistical phenomenon (related to entropy) - Summarized in macroscopic thermal conductivity
Convection
- Far more complicated - Macroscopic ramifications - Minor importance in microworld
h Another frequently encountered issue

Transfer of thermal energy at interface between two media/phases No inter-phase diffusion / exchange of particles Transmission and transition of heat
2.4.3 Thermal Conductivity

h Fouriers law
Basic equation quantifying diffusive transport of heat
Net flow of energy jQ Thermal conductivity
h Power
Cross-section of flow A
h Relaxation time for temperature gradient

Distance d

h Molecular picture
Net energy flow in positive z-direction Using linear terms of Taylor-expansion

h Thermal conductivity
Approximating on lmfp
Independent of particle density N for ideal gas
h Heat diffusion coefficient

kinematic viscosity

h Typical values
2.4.3 Convection
h Macroscopic transport of particles

Characteristic for macro-devices Important for heat transport in liquids and gases
h Forced convection
Transport of heat by macroscopic particle flow E.g., by an external mechanical source
h Free convection
For instance driven by buoyancy
2.4.3 Convection
h Convective currents
Stationary or non-stationary flow patterns
h Simulation of convection
Often fail to coincide with experimental observations E.g., atmospheric weather and climate
h Free Convection of minor importance in microdevices

Laminar conditions

2.4.4. Characteristic Numbers

h Fourier mass number
Characterizes diffusion
Time t, e.g. residence in chemical reaction chamber Typical diffusive time scale tD = l2 / D
h Schmidt number
Relates viscosity and diffusion
Roughly 0.8 for gases
2.4.4. Characteristic Numbers

h Fourier number
Diffusion of heat Stored thermal energy
h Prandtl number
Ratio between momentum diffusivity (via dynamic viscosity ) and heat diffusivity (via thermal conductivity )
Specific heat capacity Cm Typically 3 to 300 for liquids and 0.7 to1.0 for gases

02 Fluids 04

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Contents

1. Introduction 2. Fluids 3. Physics of Microfluidic Systems 4. Microfabrication Technologies

5. Flow Control 6. Micropumps 7. Sensors 8. Ink-Jet Technology

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.7. Electrical Properties 2.8. Optical Properties 2.9. Biological Fluids

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Praxis beisp l:Ausa rbeitu ngspha A usarbe tiungd erStan dar-Z el

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4 Summary of Phenomenological Laws

Praxis beisp l:Ausa rbeitu ngspha A usarbe tiungd erStan dar-Z el

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

h Ficks first law

Praxis beisp l:Ausa rbeitu ngspha A usarbe tiungd erStan dar-Z el

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

h Combining Ficks first law and equation of continuity

Praxis beisp l:Ausa rbeitu ngspha A usarbe tiungd erStan dar-Z el

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1 Molecular Picture

Linear term of Taylor expansion

2.4.1 Diffusion coefficient

average over Ensemble

Praxis beisp l:Ausa rbeitu ngspha A usarbe tiungd erStan dar-Z el

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusional Processes

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Solution by educated guess

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

Praxis beisp l:Ausa rbeitu ngspha A usarbe tiungd erStan dar-Z el

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

Praxis beisp l:Ausa rbeitu ngspha A usarbe tiungd erStan dar-Z el

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

Praxis beisp l:Ausa rbeitu ngspha A usarbe tiungd erStan dar-Z el

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

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2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

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2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

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2.4. Transport Phenomena

Jens Ducre and Roland Zengerle

2.4.1. Laminar Mixing

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