GRID COMPUTING

PROFILE

Name : 1) ALEKYA REDDY

2)G NITISH KUMAR
(3/4B.Tech CSE)

Name of the Institution : DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

ELLENKI COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECH.

Title of the Paper : GRID COMPUTING

E - Mail : alekhya_kk7@yahoo.com

1
CONTENTS

PG NO

ABSTRACT 4

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. THE GRID 5

3. BEGINNING OF GRID 5

4. GRID COMPUTING CHARACTERSTICS 6

5. A COMMUNITY GRID MODEL 7

6. TYPES OF GRID 8

7. THE KIND OF GRID TOOLS 8

8. GRID COMPONENTS 9

9. ADVANTAGES 14

10. CHALLENGES OF GRID 14

11. CONCLUSION 14

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

2
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO NAME PG NO

1 Layered architecture of grid model 7

2 Possible user view of Grid 10

3 Security in Grid Environment 10

4 Broker Service 11

5 Scheduler 12

6 Data Management 13

7 Gram 13

3
 Abstract

Grid computing, emerging as a new paradigm for next-generation computing,

enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed hetero-

geneous resources for solving large-scale problems in science, engineering, and com-

merce. The resources in the Grid are heterogeneous and geographically distributed.

Availability, usage and cost policies vary depending on the particular user, time, prior-

ities and goals. It enables the regulation of supply and demand for resources.

It provides an incentive for resource owners to participate in the Grid; and

motivates the users to trade-off between deadline, budget, and the required level of

quality of service. The thesis demonstrates the capability of economic-based systems

for wide-area parallel and distributed computing by developing users’ quality-of-ser-

vice requirements-based scheduling strategies, algorithms, and systems. It demon-

strates their effectiveness by performing scheduling experiments on the World-Wide

Grid for solving parameter sweep—task and data parallel—applications.

This paper focuses on introduction, grid definition and its evolution. It covers

about grid characteristics, types of grids and an example describing a community grid

model. It gives an overview of grid tools, various components, advantages followed

by conclusion and bibliography.

4
1. INTRODUC- to provide a virtual plat-

TION form for computation

and data management in
This The Grid
the same way that the
unites servers and stor-
Internet integrates re-
age into a single system
sources to form a virtual
that acts as a single
platform for informa-
computer - all your ap-
tion. The Grid is the
plications tap into all
computing and data
your computing power.
management infrastruc-
Hardware resources are
ture that will provide
fully utilized and spikes
the electronic. Grid in-
in demand are met with
frastructure will provide
ease. This Web site
us with the ability to dy-
sponsored by Oracle
namically link together
brings you the resources
resources as an en-
you need to evaluate
semble to support the
your organization's ad-
execution of large-scale,
option of grid technolo-
resource-intensive, and
gies. The Grid is ready
distributed applications.
when you are.
Grid is a type of par-
2. THE GRID
allel and distributed sys-
The Grid is the
tem that enables the
computing and data
sharing, selection, and
management infrastruc-
aggregation of geo-
ture that will provide
graphically distributed
the electronic underpin-
"autonomous" resources
ning for a global society
dynamically at runtime
in business, govern-
depending on their
ment, research, science
availability, capability,
and entertainment, in-
performance, cost, and
tegrate networking,
users' quality-of-service
communication, compu-
requirements.
tation and information

5
3. BEGINNINGS systems. However, in

OF THE GRID practice, the Grid has

been utilized more as a
Parallel com-
platform for the integra-
puting in the 1980s fo-
tion of loosely coupled
cused researchers’ ef-
applications – some
forts on the develop-
components of which
ment of algorithms, pro-
might be running in par-
grams and architectures
allel on a low-latency
that supported simultan-
parallel machine – and
eity. During the 1980s
for linking disparate re-
and 1990s, software for
sources (storage, com-
parallel computers fo-
putation, visualization,
cused on providing
instruments). Coordina-
powerful mechanisms
tion and distribution –
for managing commu-
two fundamental con-
nication between pro-
cepts in Grid Comput-
cessors, and develop-
ing.
ment and execution en-
The first modern
vironments for parallel
Grid is generally con-
machines. Successful
sidered to be the in-
application paradigms
formation wide-area
were developed to
year (IWAY). Develop-
leverage the immense
ing infrastructure and
potential of shared and
applications for the I-
distributed memory ar-
WAY provided a semin-
chitectures. Initially it
ar and powerful experi-
was thought that the
ence for the first genera-
Grid would be most
tion of modern Grid re-
useful in extending par-
searchers and projects.
allel computing
This was important, as
paradigms from tightly
the development of Grid
coupled clusters to geo-
research requires a very
graphically distributed

6
different focus than dis- t
tributed computing re- r
search. Grid research a
focuses on addressing l
the problems of integra- i
tion and management of z
software. I-WAY a
opened the door for t
considerable activity in i
the development of Grid o
software. n
4. GRID COMPUT- ;

ING CHARAC-
a
TERSTICS
n
An enterprise-comput-
d
ing grid is characterized
by three primary fea-
• D
tures -
y
• D
n
i
a
v
m
e
i
r
s
s
m
i
Diversity:
t
A typical com-
y
puting grid consists of
;
many hundreds of man-
• D
aged resources of vari-
e
ous kinds including
c
servers, storage, Data-
e
base Servers, Applica-
n

7
tion Servers, Enterprise
Applications, and sys-
tem services like Direct-
ory Services, Security
and Identity Manage-
ment Services, and oth-
ers. Managing these re-
sources and their life
cycle is a complex chal-
lenge.
Decentralization:
Traditional dis-
tributed systems have
typically been managed
from a central adminis-
tration point. A comput-
ing grid further com-
pounds these challenges
since the resources can
be even more decentral-
ized and may be geo-
graphically distributed
across many different
data centers within an
enterprise.
Dynamism:
Components of a
traditional application
typically run in a static
environment without the
needing to address rap-
idly changing demands.
In a computing grid,
8
however, the systems
and applications need to
be able to flexibly adapt
to changing demand.
For instance, with the
late binding nature and
cross-platform proper-
ties of web services, an
application deployed on
the grid may consist of a
constantly changing set
of components. At dif-
ferent points in time,
these components can
be hosted on different
nodes in the network.
Managing an applica-
tion in such a dynamic
environment can be a
challenging undertak-
ing.
5. A COMMUNITY
OF GRID MODEL
Over the last
decade, the Grid com-
munity has begun to
converge on a layered
model that allows devel-
opment of the complex
system of services and
software required to in-
tegrate Grid resources.
The Community Grid
Model (a layered ab-
straction of the grid) be-
ing developed in a
loosely coordinated
manner throughout aca-
demia and the commer-
cial sector.
The bottom hori-
Figure 1: Layered archi-
zontal layer of the Com-
tecture of the Com-
munity Grid Model con-
munity Grid Model.
sists of the hardware re-
The next hori-
sources that underlie the
zontal layer (common
Grid. Such resources in-
infrastructure) consists
clude computers, net-
of the software services
works, data archives, in-
and systems, which vir-
struments, visualization
tualized the Grid. The
devices and so on.
key concept at the com-
Moreover, the resource
mon infrastructure layer
pool represented by this
is community agree-
layer is highly dynamic,
ment on software,
both as a result of new
which will represent the
resources being added
Grid as a unified virtual
to the mix and old re-
platform and provide
sources being retired,
the target for more fo-
and as a result of vary-
cused software and ap-
ing observable perform-
plications.
ance of the resources in
The next hori-
the shared, multi-user
zontal layer (user and
environment of the
application-focused
Grid.
Grid middleware, tools
and services) contains
software packages built
atop the common infra-

9
structure. This software
serves to enable applica-
tions to more product-
ively use Grid resources
by masking some of the
complexity involved in
system activities such as
authentication, file
transfer.
6. TYPES OF
GRID
Grid computing can be
used in a variety of
ways to address various
kinds of application re-
quirements. Often, grids
are categorized by the
type of solutions that
they best address. The
three primary types of
grids are
Computational grid
A computational grid is
focused on setting aside
resources specifically
for computing power. In
this type of grid, most
of the machines are
high-performance serv-
ers.
Scavenging grid
A scavenging
10
grid is most commonly
used with large numbers
of desktop machines.
Machines are scavenged
for available CPU
cycles and other re-
sources. Owners of the
desktop machines are
usually given control
over when their re-
sources are available to
participate in the grid.
Data grid
A data grid is re-
sponsible for housing
and providing access to
data across multiple or-
ganizations. Users are
not concerned with
where this data is loc-
ated as long as they
have access to the data.
For example, you may
have two universities
doing life science re-
search, each with
unique data. A data grid
would allow them to
share their data, manage
the data, and manage se-
curity issues such as
who has access to what
data.
 Another com- topology in or-
mon distributed com- der to share and
puting model that is of- collaborate.
ten associated with or Many Grid dir-
confused with Grid ectory services
computing is peer-to- implementations
peer computing. In fact, are based on past
some consider this is successful mod-
another form of Grid els, such as
computing. LDAP, DNS,
7. THE KIND OF network man-

GRID TOOLS agement proto-

cols, and index-
Infrastructure
ing services.
components include file
• Schedulers and
systems, schedulers and
load balancers.
resource managers,
One of the main
messaging systems, se-
benefits of a grid
curity applications, cer-
is maximizing
tificate authorities, and
efficiency.
file transfer mechanisms
Schedulers and
like Grid FTP.
load balancers
• Directory ser-
provide this
vices. Systems
function and
on a grid must
more. Sched-
be capable of
ulers ensure that
discovering what
jobs are com-
services are
pleted in some
available to
order (priority,
them. In short,
deadline, ur-
Grid systems
gency, for in-
must be able to
stance) and load
define (and
balancers dis-
monitor) a grid’s

11
 tribute tasks and resources -- but
data manage- it can mean a lot
ment across sys- more. For in-
tems to decrease stance, message
the chance of integrity and
bottlenecks. message confid-
• Developer tools. entiality are cru-
Every arena of cial to financial
computing en- and healthcare
deavor requires environments
tools that allow 8.GRID COMPON-
developers to ENTS:A HIGH
succeed. Tools
LEVEL PER-
for grid de-
SPECTIVE
velopers focus
Depending on
on different
the grid design and its
niches (file
expected use, some of
transfer, commu-
these components may
nications, envir-
or may not be required,
onment control),
and in some cases they
and range from
may be combined to
utilities to full-
form a hybrid compon-
blown APIs.
ent.
• Security. Secur-
8.1. Portal/user inter-
ity in a grid en-
face
vironment can
Just as a con-
mean authentica-
sumer sees the power
tion and author-
grid as a receptacle in
ization -- in oth-
the wall, a grid user
er words, con-
should not see all of the
trolling
complexities of the
who/what can
computing grid. Al-
access a grid’s
though the user inter-

12
face can come in many
forms and be applica-
tion-specific. A grid
portal provides the in-
terface for a user to
launch applications that
will use the resources
and services provided
by the grid. From this
perspective, the user
sees the grid as a virtual
computing resource just
as the consumer of
power sees the recept-
acle as an. interface to a
virtual generator.
Figure 2: Pos-
sible user view of a grid
8.2. Security
A major require-
ment for Grid comput-
ing is security. At the
base of any grid envir-
onment, there must be
mechanisms to provide
13
security, including au-
thentication, authoriza-
tion, data encryption,
and so on. The Grid Se-
curity Infrastructure
(GSI) component of the
Globus Toolkit provides
robust security mechan-
isms. The GSI includes
an OpenSSL imple-
mentation. It also
provides a single sign-
on mechanism, so that
once a user is authentic-
ated, a proxy certificate
is created and used
when performing ac-
tions within the grid.
When designing your
grid environment, you
may use the GSI sign-in
to grant access to the
portal, or you may have
your own security for
the portal. The portal
will then be responsible
for signing in to the
grid, either using the
user's credentials or us-
ing a generic set of cre-
dentials for all author-
ized users of the portal.
 This service is called
the Grid Information
Service (GIS), or more
commonly the Monitor-
ing and Discovery Ser-
vice (MDS). This ser-
vice provides informa-
tion about the available
resources within the
Figure 3: grid and their status. A
Security in a broker service could be
grid environ- developed that utilizes
ment MDS.

8.3. Broker
Once authentic-
ated, the user will be
launching an applica-
tion. Based on the ap-
plication, and possibly
on other parameters
provided by the user, the
next step is to identify
the available and appro-
priate resources to use
within the grid. This
task could be carried out
by a broker function.
Although there is no
broker implementation
provided by Globus,
there is an LDAP-based
information service.
Figure 4: Broker service
8.4. Scheduler
Once the resources
have been identified, the
next logical step is to
schedule the individual
jobs to run on them. If
sets of stand-alone jobs
are to be executed with
no interdependencies,
then a specialized
scheduler may not be

14
required. However, if might be used to sched-
you want to reserve a ule work to be done on
specific resource or en- a cluster, while the
sure that different jobs cluster's scheduler
within the application would handle the actual
run concurrently (for in- scheduling of work on
stance, if they require the cluster's individual
inter-process commu- nodes.
nication), then a job
scheduler should be
used to coordinate the
execution of the jobs.
The Globus Toolkit
does not include such a
scheduler, but there are
several schedulers avail-
able that have been
tested with and can be
used in a Globus grid Figure 5:
environment. It should Scheduler
also be noted that there
could be different levels
of schedulers within a 8.5. Data management
grid environment. For
instance, a cluster could If any data -- in-
be represented as a cluding application
single resource. The modules -- must be
cluster may have its moved or made access-
own scheduler to help ible to the nodes where
manage the nodes it an application's jobs
contains. A higher-level will execute, then there
scheduler (sometimes needs to be a secure and
called a meta scheduler) reliable method for

15
moving files and data to
various nodes within the
grid. The Globus
Toolkit contains a data
management component
that provides such ser-
vices. This component,
know as Grid Access to
Secondary Storage
Figure 6:
(GASS), includes facil-
Data manage-
ities such as GridFTP.
ment
GridFTP is built on top
8.6. Job and resource
of the standard FTP pro-
management
tocol, but adds addition-
With all the oth-
al functions and utilizes
er facilities we have just
the GSI for user authen-
discussed in place, we
tication and authoriza-
now get to the core set
tion. Therefore, once a
of services that help
user has an authentic-
perform actual work in
ated proxy certificate,
a grid environment. The
he can use the GridFTP
Grid Resource Alloca-
facility to move files
tion Manager (GRAM)
without having to go
provides the services to
through a login process
actually launch a job on
to every node involved.
a particular resource,
This facility provides
check its status, and re-
third-party file transfer
trieve its results when it
so that one node can ini-
is complete.
tiate a file transfer
between two other
nodes.

16

Figure 7:
Gram
8.7 Job flow in a grid
environment
Enabling an ap-
plication for a grid en-
vironment, it is import-
ant to keep in mind
these components and
how they relate and in-
teract with one another.
Depending on your grid
implementation and ap-
plication requirements,
there are many ways in
which these pieces can
be put together to create
a solution.
17
9. ADVANTAGES
Grid computing
is about getting com-
puters to work together.
Almost every organiza-
tion is sitting on top of
enormous, unused com-
puting capacity, widely
distributed. Mainframes
are idle 40% of the time
With Grid computing,
businesses can optimize
computing and data re-
sources, pool them for
large capacity work-
loads, share them across
networks, and enable
collaboration. Many
consider Grid comput-
ing the next logical step
in the evolution of the
Internet, and maturing
standards and a drop in
the cost of bandwidth
are fueling the mo-
mentum we're experien-
cing today. Virtualiza-
tion of the computing
environment .
10. CHAN-
LLANGES OF
GRID
 A word of cau-
tion should be given to
the overly enthusiastic.
The grid is not a silver
bullet that can take any
application and run it a
1000 times faster
without the need for
buying any more ma-
chines or software. Not
every application is suit-
able or enabled for run-
ning on a grid. Some
kinds of applications
simply cannot be paral-
lelized. For others, it
can take a large amount
of work to modify them
to achieve faster
throughput. The config-
uration of a grid can
greatly affect the per-
formance, reliability,
and security of an or-
ganization's computing
infrastructure. For all of
these reasons, it is im-
portant for us to under-
stand how far the grid
has evolved today and
which features are com-
ing tomorrow or in the
distant future
18
11. CONCLUSION
Grid computing in-
troduces a new concept
to IT infrastructures be-
cause it supports distrib-
uted computing over a
network of heterogen-
eous resources and is
enabled by open stand-
ards. Grid computing
works to optimize un-
derutilized resources,
decrease capital ex-
penditures, and reduce
the total cost of owner-
ship. This solution ex-
tends beyond data pro-
cessing and into inform-
ation management as
well. Information in this
context covers data in
databases, files, and
storage devices. In this
article, we outline po-
tential problems and the
means of solving them
in a distributed environ-
ment. .
12. BIBLIO-
GRAPHY
[1] www.ibm.-
com/grid/index.html
 [2] Foster, I. and
Kesselman, C.
(eds) (1999) The
Grid: Blueprint
for a New Com-
puting Infra-
structure.. San
Francisco, CA:
Morgan
Kaufmann
[3] Berman, F.,
Fox, G. and Hey,
T. (2003) Grid
Computing:
Making the
Global Infra-
structure a Real-
ity. Chichester:
John Wiley &
Sons.
[4] Web Site as-
sociated with
book, Grid
Computing:
Making the
Global Infra-
structure a Real-
ity,
http://www.-
grid2002.org.

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