PHYS 1220 Laboratory

Student Name: __________________ Partners: _____________________________ Student Number: __________________ Day and Time: __________________ Date: ________ Week: ________

LABORATORY 4 OPTICAL LENSES

Specific Safety Precautions Optical Lenses Experiment
Below is a list of risks and controls specific to this experiment. Please read it carefully before commencing the experiment and refer to it as necessary during the course of the experiment. Further details can be found in the Standard Operating Procedure and Risk Assessment document for this experiment, which is available in the laboratory.

Risk
Eye damage due to focused light. Burns received from hot incandescent lamp bulb and housing. Exposure to dangerous voltages from faulty equipment.

Control
Do not stare into focused beam. Be aware of and do not touch hot surfaces on lamp and lamp housing. Do not use faulty equipment. Report faulty equipment to demonstrator immediately. Check all power cords for visible deterioration prior to use. Keep bags under benches to avoid obstructions.

Trip hazard due to obstructions in walkways

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. Ray diagram for a simple converging lens. A typical thin lens consists of glass or plastic that has been ground so its two surfaces are segments of spheres. They are commonly used to form images by refraction in cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical instruments. Figure 1 shows the ray diagram for locating the image of an object a distance s from a thin converging lens. The image distance s' is related to s and the lens focal length, f by 1 1 1 . (1) + = s s' f When s + s' > 4f, the lens can be moved to two positions to form an image for the same value of s + s'. These are known as conjugate positions and are illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Conjugate lens.

positions of a converging

In this situation, the lens forms an image at an object: image distance, L for two different object distances s 1 and s 2 .

OBJECTIVES
To study the formation of images by convex and concave lenses. To determine the focal lengths of convex and concave lenses.

KEY WORDS
Convex and concave lenses, focus, focal length, image, object

D.C. Giancoli, Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, New York, 2000.

REFERENCES

APPARATUS
Optical bench Convex lens on stand Ground glass screen on stand Metre stick Spherometer Light source Concave lens on stand Slide with arrow Trammel bar

PREPARATION (Homework)
(a) Read the sections of the text that discuss images formed by convex and concave thin lenses. (b) Draw labeled ray diagrams, illustrating the formation of images for each of the following cases. Show ray directions on all diagrams. For all cases, f=10 cm.

(i) Converging lens with s = 4f

(ii) Converging lens with s = 0.5f

(iii) Diverging lens with s = 2f

YOUR WORK IN THE LABORATORY

Part I: Focal length of a converging lens. Approximate Focal Length (i) Hold a sheet of paper as a screen to view the image formed by the lens of a distant object (e.g. a window). Obtain an approximate value of the focal length of the lens. If the object distance, s is large, then s'=f and the image is formed at a distance from the lens equal to the focal length (see equation 1).

The approximate value of the focal length:

Optical Bench Determination of Focal Length. (ii) Place the light source near one end of the optical bench with the slide (object) close to the light. Using the approximate value just obtained for f, place the lens approximately 4f from the object. Place the screen on the other side of the lens and with the light source switched on to illuminate the object, move the screen along the optical bench to obtain the sharpest, focused image of the object. When the image is located, carefully measure and record s and s' in Table 1. f (m)

s (m)

s(m)

f (m)

MPE

Table 1. Measurements for the converging lens (iii) Leave the object and image positions as found in (ii) fixed and by moving the lens, locate the conjugate lens position where a sharp image is again obtained on the screen. Measure and record s and s'. Starting with a different object-image distance repeat (ii) to (iii) inclusive above. This should give a total of 4 values for f.

(iii)

Calculate f (equation 1) and f (equation 2) for each position

(iv)

All the values of f should agree to within about 10%. If they don't, consult a demonstrator. Calculate and record the average focal length. Average focal length:

(v)

Errors for quantities can be calculated in two ways, either by using the MPE obtained from multiple measurements as above, or by calculating the error from the errors in a single measurement. Use the first approach by calculating the maximum deviation of your experimental focal lengths from the average focal length.

Part II: Focal length of diverging lens using a virtual object. The focal length of a diverging lens can be determined from the lens equation if a virtual object is used. The setup is shown in Figure 3 and the procedure is as follows: (i) Position the converging (convex) lens ~25cm cm from the object and move the screen so that a sharp image of the object is formed (at D in Figure 3). Record the position of the lens and the screen. This image will serve as a virtual object for the diverging (concave) lens (C).

Figure 3. Arrangement for determining the focal length of a diverging lens.

(ii)

Place the diverging lens on the optical bench as shown in Figure 3 making |s 2 | approximately 0.75 s 1 '. What is the sign of s 2 (positive or negative)?

(iii)

Move the image screen to locate the focused image and record s 2 ', together with uncertainties for s 2 and s 2 '. The uncertainty for s 2 ' is set by the error in s 1 plus the error in measuring s 2 . The error in s 2 ' is obtained by noting the range over which the image remains sharp. Calculate f 2 , the focal length of the diverging lens, from s 2 and s 2 ' and equation (1).

(iv)

(v)

Calculate the uncertainty in f 2 from

1 f f 2 = 2 1 f2 f2

(2)

1 1 1 = + f s s' 2 2 2

(3)

Part III: Determination of the converging lens focal length using a spherometer (i) The focal length of a thin symmetrical lens is given by 1/f = (n-1) 2/R , (4)

where n is the refractive index and R is the radius of curvature of the glass. (ii) Use the spherometer to measure the radius of curvature of the lens as shown in Appendix A. If n=1.5 for the glass, calculate f and compare with your experimental value above.

(i)

APPENDIX A The spherometer has 3 fixed legs and a centre leg which can be moved by turning a screw. The distance, h, through which the centre leg moves is shown on main and circular scales. Check the zero error of the instrument by noting the scale reading when all four legs touch a plane surface. Record your measurement of the zero point then adjust the centre leg so all legs touch the surface of the lens. For d, the distance between two of the fixed legs, the radius of curvature is given by d2 h2 + 3 . (5) R= 2h

(ii)

APPENDIX B Derivation of expression for error in focal length 1 1 1 = + f s s' 1 1 1 = + f s' s Fractional errors in
1 1 and s s'

and

1 1 s s = s so = 2 s 1 s s s 1 1 s ' s ' = s ' so = 2 s' 1 s' s' s'

1 f

Fractional error in 1 f f = 1 f f

1 so f = f f

1 Substitute for from Eq (3) f 1 1 f = + f s s'

2

1 1 Substitute for and from Eqns (4) and (5) s s'

s s ' f = 2 + 2 f s s'

Final Report
Based on your experimental data write a brief (~2 page) report in the following format: Title Name Date

Lab No.

Partners Week

Use the following headings in your report: Abstract (Present BRIEFLY: what you have done and what have you obtained) Experimental Procedure (Short (may be dot-point) instruction-like description of how to carry out the experiment and what to measure) Final Results (Present BRIEFLY final results (quantitative and qualitative) of your measurements with errors) Discussion and Conclusions (Do your measurement agree with the expected value of the measured quantities?) Comment on the errors; which ones are the greatest and how they might be reduced)

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