AMIE(I)

STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.)

A Focused Approach

Polar Notation
POLAR NOTATION
An alternate method of expressing sinusoidally varying
quantities is the polar notation whereby the magnitude
and phase angle is expressed as A. The magnitude is
A and the angle is as shown in figure.
B - is the vector OQ.
Angles are measured positive in the anticlockwise
direction.

COMPLEX NOTATION(J FORM)

Consider the phasor OP = 300. This is shown as a
horizontal line of magnitude 3 units as in figure. This
vector if rotated through 900(anti clockwise) becomes
OQ = 3900 and can be represented as j3. The
symbol j represents an operator whereby the phasor
300 is rotated through an angle 900(anticlockwise).
The phasor, OA can therefore be considered to have
two components a and jb and can be written as phasor
OA = a + jb.
a and b are the horizontal and vertical components of OA and incidentally fix the vector.
= tan 1

b
a

Also note that j2 = -1 i.e. j = -1 which is complex.

Two or more electrical quantities can be easily added or subtracted using the j notation. For example, if two
currents are a + jb and c + jd, then their sum is (a+c) = j(b + d). For multiplication and division of two
quantities, the polar form is more convenient i.e.
A x B = AB +
and

A A
=
B B

POST BOX NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com

TOTAL PAGES: 1

AMIE(I)

STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.)

A Focused Approach

Example
Express the following in j form(complex form)
(i)

12 30 0

(ii)

12-30 0

Solution
(i)

12300 = 12cos(300) + jsin(300) = 10.4 + j6

(ii)

12-300 = 12 cos(-300) + jsin(-300) = 12cos300 - jsin300 = 10.4 - j6

[cos(-) = cos and sin(-) = -sin]

Example
Express in polar form
(i)

-10 - j10

(ii)

-10 +j7.5

(iii)

8 - j6

(iv)

25.4 - j1.2

Solution
The respective vectors are shown in following figure.

To express ( -10 - j10) in polar form, we need to find the magnitude OP and the angle
OP = ( 10) 2 + (10) 2 = 14.14

= tan1

10
= tan 1 (1) = 450
10

P.B. NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com

AMIE(I)

STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.)

A Focused Approach
0

Because OP lies in third quadrant the angle will be 180 + 45 = 225 from OX(anticlockwise direction) or -1350
from OX(clockwise direction).

= 2250

Hence

-10 -j10 = 14.142250 or 14.14-1350

Similarly, other vectors evaluated in polar form are

10 + j7.5 = ( 10)2 + (7.5) 2 = 12.5

= tan1

7.5
= tan1( .75) = 36.90
10

Because OQ = -10 + j7.5 lies in second quadrant the angle will be -180 - 36.9 = -216.90 from OX(clockwise)
i.e. 143.10 from OX(anticlockwise)

= 143.10

Hence

-10 +j7.5 = 12.5143.10 or 12.5-216.90

Similarly,

8 j6 = 82 + 62 tan1

and

25.4 j1.2 = (25.4) 2 + (1.2)2 tan 1

6
= 10 tan 1( .75) = 10 36.90
8
1.2
= 25.43 2.7 0
25.4

Example
Perform the following operations. Express in polar form.
(i)

530 0 + 8-30 0

(ii)

(3 + j4) + (-7 - j8)

(iii)

10 45 0 - 8 60 0

(iv)

(8 +j6) x (-10 - j7.5)

(v)

1030 0
5 60 0

(vi)

4 j3
3 + j4

(vii)

1030 0 x 5 -60 0

Solution
(i)

5300 = 5(cos30 + jsin30) = 4.33 + j2.5

P.B. NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com

AMIE(I)

STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.)

A Focused Approach

8-30 = 8(cos30-jsin30) = 6.93 - j4

0

530 + 8-30 = (4.33 + j2.5) + (6.93 - j4) = 11.26 - j1.5 = 11.36-7.60

(ii)

(3 + j4) + (-7 - j8) = -4 - j4 = 5.6572250

(iii)

10450 - 8600 = (7.07 + j7.07) - (4 + j6.93) = 3.07 + j0.14 = 3.0732.60

(iv)

(8 + j6) x (-10 - j7.5) = 8(-10) - (8)(j7.5) +(j6)(-10) + j(6)(-j7.5)

= -80 - j60 -j60 -j2(45) = -80 - j120 + 45
= -35 - j125 =
angle = tan 1

[j2 = -1]

( 35)2 + ( 120)2 = 125

120
= tan 1 (3.428) = 73.730
35

now -35 - j125 lies in third quadrant hence angle from OX will be 180 + 73.73 = 253.730 from
OX(anticlockwise direction) or -106.270 from OX(clockwise).
Hence (8 + j8)(-10-j7.5) = 125253.730 or 125-106.270.
(v)

1030 0
= 2 [30 ( 60)] = 2 90 0 = 2(cos90 + jsin90) = j2
0
5 60

(vi)

4 j3 (4 j3)(3 j4) 12 j16 j9 12 j25 1

=
=
=
= ( 0 j25 )
3 + j4 (3 + j4)(3 j4)
32 (j4) 2
25
25

=
(vii)

1
25
0 2 + ( 25)2 tan 1
= 1 90 0 = j1
25
0

10 30 0 x 5 60 0 = 50 [30 + (60)] = 50 30 0 = 50(cos30 jsin30) = 43.3 j25

P.B. NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com

AMIE(I)

STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.)

A Focused Approach

ASSIGNMENT
Q.1 Express in polar form
(i)

-12 +j6

(ii)

700 + j200

(iii)

-69.4 - j40

Answer: 20126.90, 726160, 802100

Q.2 Express in rectangular(complex or j) form
(i)

12300

(ii)

20-450

(iii)

0.022100

Answer: 10.4 + j6, 14.14 - j14.14, -0.0173 - j0.01

Q.3 Perform following operations
(i)

(3 - j2)(1 - j4)

(ii)

(105.310 ) + (4 + j2)

(iii)

(5 + j5) / (1 - j1)

(iv)

(3200)(8-650)

Answer: -5 - j10, 10 + j10, j5, 24-450

P.B. NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com