Referencing
A Students Guide to Harvard Style
Third edition
Please note: This booklet outlines when and how you can include references in your writing. It is not an exhaustive guide to every aspect or all the styles of referencing and you are encouraged to consult a range of texts to aid your development in this area. In particular the Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, published by the Wiley & Sons, is highly recommended.
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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 2 Referencing quotations.......................................................................................................... 2 Using paraphrases and summaries .................................................................................... 3-5 Avoiding plagiarism................................................................................................................ 5 Ten tips for summarising and paraphrasing ........................................................................... 6 Emphasis: author vs. idea...................................................................................................... 7 In-text referencing: paper-based sources ........................................................................... 7-9 In-text referencing: electronic sources ................................................................................... 9 List of references for paper-based sources..................................................................... 10-14 List of references for electronic sources ......................................................................... 15-16 Abbreviations commonly used in citations ........................................................................... 16 Sample list of references ..................................................................................................... 17
This booklet outlines when and how you can include references in your writing. It is not an exhaustive guide to every aspect or all the styles of referencing and you are encouraged to consult a range of texts to aid your development in this area. In particular the Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, published by the Australian Government Publishing Service, is highly recommended. . Acknowledgements This guide, originally compiled by Lyn Benn, Learning Support Co-ordinator, Student Services, University of the Sunshine Coast and changes/amendments made by Dr. James Bell, on exchange from University of Northern BC, Canada, has been revised by Margot Reeh, Academic Skills Adviser, University of the Sunshine Coast. Non-original materials contained in this guide have been used with permission: Excerpts from Summarising and Paraphrasing by Pam Mort available on www.macarthur.uws.edu.au/ssd/ldc/summpara.html. [1997] Excerpts from Referencing APA Style by Janice Catterall and Pam Mort available on www.macarthur.uws.edu.au/ssd/ldc/quotref.html. [1997] Excerpts from Referencing Resource Sheet (APA) Style by Reynolds, Bligh and Nines available on www.macarthur.uws.edu.au/ssd/ldc/refhlth.html. [1997] Excerpts from OWL (On-line Writing Lab), a project of the Purdue University Writing Lab, funded by the School of Liberal Arts at Purdue available at World Wide Web site owl.english.purdue.edu
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1. Introduction
Understanding and using referencing systems is an important part of your academic reading and writing. Referencing can be defined as acknowledging the author or source of information in a text. Referencing is a valuable tool for any academic writer because understanding referencing can help you to find additional information for your research. it gives credibility to your interpretations because you can demonstrate how they fit into the field of knowledge about which you are writing. it enables you to acknowledge your sources and avoid charges of plagiarism. Please read the Universitys policy on Academic Integrity and Plagiarism (http://www.usc.edu.au/University/AbouttheUniversity/Governance/Policies/StudentRelated/Integrit yPlagiarism.htm). The reference system used on these pages is based on the Harvard Style of referencing as presented in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers,6th edn, published by Wiley & Sons, and often referred to as the AGPS Style Manual. It is the most popular author-date system in Australia.
You use referencing in your assignment writing when you refer to quotations and ideas from your sources of information (in-text referencing). The sources of information that you take your references from are listed in your Reference List at the end of your assignment. The textual references you make within your assignment must be consistent with the information in the Reference List.
Make an in-text reference when you directly quote a source you want to support and validate your argument you are using ideas from a particular source you need to demonstrate that you have researched the subject adequately
In-text references-called citations-require the authors surname and the year of publication. Page numbers are always shown for direct quotations. In some disciplines, page numbers are shown for paraphrases. Always check with your lecturer.
2. Referencing quotations
The in-text citations direct the reader to the reference list for the source material. Quotations are the exact words taken from any published or unpublished material. If a direct quote, it receives single quotation marks. Short quotations are written within the text.
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For example: Health research is an important concept for the health profession. However, for health research to be acceptable the health researcher must use considerable ingenuity in designing valid investigations, while maintaining ethical values (Polgar & Thomas 1995, p. 35). As Polgar and Thomas indicate, ethical considerations play a definite role in research planning. When quoting about 30 words or more you need to use a free-standing, indented, single line block and omit the quotation marks. Start the block quotation on a new line: For example: Polgar and Thomas (1995, p. 35) state that: A responsible investigator is required to take into consideration ethical principles and to plan research projects accordingly, so that no harm is caused. Therefore, the health researcher must use considerable ingenuity in designing valid investigations, while maintaining ethical values. One of the roles of ethics committees is to guide investigators on complex issues, and to ensure that research is conducted in accordance with accepted community principles. Quotations can be used to give a definition of technical and key words or concepts you will use in your assignments. Usually definitions appear early in the assignment in the introduction or first few paragraphs. A definition may be quoted either using the idea first or referring to the authority first. For example: Culture is defined as non-biological phenomena that are acquired after birth, shared with others and learned during social interaction in society (Short, Sharman & Speedy 1993, p. 7). or Short, Sharman and Speedy (1993, p. 7) define culture as non-biological phenomena that are acquired after birth, shared with others and learned during social interaction in society. Quotations and paraphrases can also be used to restate or elaborate on a main idea or generalisation. Usually these are placed in the middle or near the end of a paragraph. For example: Other outside factors, such as the governments decision on routes and fuel costs, and economic factors such as recession, would hit airlines hard. The sobering fact was that an airline could be extremely well managed and still not make money (O'Brien 1995, p. 72). You can also illustrate your generalisations with examples. These may be in the form of quotations or a summary. For example: Language is much deeper and wider than the spoken or written word. It includes gestures, facial expressions and other body language (Pease 1992, p. 155).
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A direct quotation would appear as: Smoking is an outward manifestation of an inner turmoil or conflict and has little to do with nicotine addiction (Pease 1992, p. 155). or Pease (1992, p. 155) points out that smoking is an outward manifestation of an inner turmoil or conflict and has little to do with nicotine addiction. When paraphrased, the ideas could be written as: Smoking is not totally a result of nicotine addiction, but could be a sign of inner feelings (Pease 1992, p. 155). or Pease (1992, p. 155) points out that smoking is not totally a result of nicotine addiction, but could be a sign of inner feelings. If the information comes from more than one page, the pages are abbreviated as follows: pp. 2426. The following examples of referencing are taken from the Trade Union section in Australian Encyclopaedia on Problems and Change pp. 2892-2893. Quoting directly from the section will look like this: In recent years, unions have not sought increased wages to the exclusion of all else (Ross, Gollan & Davis 1988, pp. 2892-3). or Ross, Gollan and Davis (1988, pp. 2892-3) comment that in recent years, unions have not sought increased wages to the exclusion of all else. or, you could paraphrase the points and refer to the source. In recent years, unions have taken on broader interests, restructured their organisations, and involved more women in unions (Ross, Gollan & Davis 1988, pp. 2892-3). or Ross, Gollan and Davis (1988, pp. 2892-3) have stated that in recent years unions have taken on broader interests, restructured their organisations and involved more women in unions.
Summaries A summary relates only the key points of the information you are citing. A summary is a spoken or written account of an event, text, section of text, or visual in which the main idea is given, but details, examples and formalities are left out. Compare the following text and its summary.
Original text From Peters, P 1985, Strategies for student writers: a guide to writing essays, tutorial papers, exam papers and reports, Wiley, Brisbane, p. 88.
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The evaluative connotations of words are of considerable importance as you develop an argument or put forth an interpretation of some facts. Just a few are enough to signal your perspective in an otherwise neutral presentation of data. By introducing someones proposition with the work claim or assert, you imply a real possibility of challenging it and invite the reader to reserve judgement about it, if not to view it sceptically. (Such words are unfortunate if you really mean to endorse the proposition.) But appropriately used they prepare the reader for your counter arguments long before you get to them. By describing a set of predictions in passing as either optimistic or gloomy, you can very simply indicate both your criticism of them and the direction in which you think they err. The connotations of words can provide an interim commentary in a discussion before you communicate the ultimate evaluation or argument.
Example summary According to Peters (1985, p. 88), words not only carry meaning but they also carry a positive or negative tone. She also explains how this aspect can be exploited by the writer to signal a judgement or opinion about the data or source material. It can also assist in laying the ground work for the upcoming arguments by acting as a preliminary discussion.
Analysis of the example summary In the first sentence the source and main idea of the original text has been restated. The second sentence simplifies the original second and third sentence by omitting the examples and detailed explanations. While the last three sentences of the original text have been condensed by leaving out examples and simplifying detailed explanations, an important point is retained in the final sentence. The writer has used a variety of synonymous words and phrases to keep the original meaning (evaluative connotation = a positive or negative tone) and to accurately reflect the relationships between ideas (not only, but also, also).
4. Avoiding plagiarism
If you are going to include a summary or paraphrase in an assignment, there are two ways to ensure you do not plagiarise or misinterpret the original text: 1. Remember to acknowledge the source as you are presenting another author's idea. 2. Do not rely on just changing one or two words, as the text will result in an inaccurate, plagiarised version. Moreover such a narrow approach to your thinking and writing will guarantee little development or demonstration of your understanding of the information. Original text From Peters, P 1985, Strategies for student writers: a guide to writing essays, tutorial papers, exam papers and reports, Wiley, Brisbane, p. 88. The connotations of a word are aspects of its meaning that are implied in its use as distinct from the words core meaning. This is its denotation, what it denotes, or refers to. An example of an incorrect, plagiarised paraphrase The connotations of a lexical item are views of its meaning that are suggested in its use, and is different from its central meaning. This is called denotation, what it describes, or indicates.
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Analysis of incorrect, plagiarised paraphrase There are a number of problems with this paraphrase: The sentence structure is virtually identical, the synonymous words are not appropriate and result in an unclear statement, and there is no reference acknowledging the source of information. Perhaps because the original text is rather abstract, a better paraphrase would be longer so as to include a more detailed explanation of the concept connotation.
10. Always keep accurate bibliographic details for citations and your reference list. While you will spend most of your study time alone (reading, re-reading, taking notes forming interpretations, writing, and re-writing), do not neglect opportunities in tutorials and after classes to talk about your ideas or raise questions about the course material. Being able to verbalise ideas and their relationships improves your understanding of the course material, which will make the task of summarising and paraphrasing much easier. (Adapted from: Pam Mort 1997)
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Examples: Cognitive and humanistic research pointed more and more towards the importance of experience (Kelly 1997). A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers (University of Toronto 2002).
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______2006, Student voices in borderless higher education: The Australian experience. London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, viewed 15 November 2007, <http://www.obhe.ac.uk/products/reports>.
3.
If the book is sponsored by an institute, but lists the name of an author on its title page, the author is acknowledged Centre for Learning Studies 1988, Learning and language, by AB Smith, Studies Publication, Sydney.
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Published proceedings
Published proceedings are a collection of papers presented at conferences, seminars and meetings. Arthur, P 1990, Child care in the nineties, Proceedings of the third annual conference of the Australian Family Affairs Association Brisbane, AGPS, Canberra, pp. 42-49.
Unpublished material
Unpublished material includes papers presented at conferences, seminars, meetings, as well as manuscripts and theses which are not available as published proceedings. Present the title of the document in roman type and in quotation marks. Other details will vary according to the nature of the document. Smythe, J 1990, A study of the software requirement of small business in the Maryborough district, Associate Diploma of Business Project, Maryborough College of TAFE. Thomson, B 1942, Photo-history of the Darling Downs, Toowoomba City Council Heritage Library.
Include the location details of manuscripts. Maladay, G 1925, My recollections of Glenbury, in possession of F.D. Maladay, Toowoomba.
A thesis citation should include the university under whose supervision the study was undertaken. Blaquet, F 1988, Working class conditions in Brisbane, 1855-1900, PhD thesis, University of Queensland.
Government publications
Child Care Act 1991, AGPS, Canberra. Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975, Poverty in Australia, First Main Report (Prof. RF Henderson, Chairman), AGPS, Canberra. Industries Assistance Commission 1978, Wheat stabilisation, Report no. 175, AGPS, Canberra.
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Journals
1.
Author known Harris, C 1985, How the new banking regulations will kill small business, The New Economist, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 264-271. Roberts, J 1996, Best practice guide to reading instruction, Journal of Adult Literacy, vol. 22, October - December, pp. 101-121.
2.
Author unknown These bars are bull 1994, Choice, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 6-7. or These bars are bull 1994, Choice, vol. 35, June, pp. 6-7.
In many scientific works the titles of journals are often abbreviated using the most recently published bibliographic index in the relevant subject field, such as the Index medicus. Magazines Use the same procedure for citing a magazine article as for citing a journal. However, replace the volume and issue with the date day and month or other identifier. Beale, B 2004, Dam busted, Bulletin, 12 July, p. 30. Newspapers If the author of the newspaper article is known, follow the same procedure as for magazines. 1. Author known Birt, D 1989, Breakthrough in the battle for heritage status, Chronicle, (Maryborough), 14 November, p. 2.
2.
Author unknown There is no need for an entry in the reference list if the author is unknown as all details should be provided in the in-text citation. For example: (Courier Mail 11 February 2002, p. 32) in the Courier Mail (11 February 2002, p.32)
Personal Communications
Personal communications should not be included in a list of references but must be cited in the text. It is important to first gain permission from the person being referred to. In a telephone conversation held on 30 October 2003, Mr. J Brown stated that... It has been confirmed that the present site of the IGA supermarket was once the site of the first primary school in the district (J Brown [former student] 2003, pers.comm., 30 October).
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Clarity, accuracy and a description of the path to the source are as relevant to the citation of electronic sources as they are to the citation of paper-based material. It is also important to maintain as much consistency as possible between the referencing system used for paper-based texts and electronic based texts. Always check with your lecturer to see which particular style is preferred.
Electronic: databases
Follow the format appropriate for the work viewed, and add a viewing statement that gives the date viewed and the name of the database. An identifier or item number may also be included at the end of the citation. Check the requirements with your lecturer. Journals Riezman, R 1999, Can bilateral trade agreements help to induce free trade?, Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 32, no.3, p.751,viewed 20 July 2004, ABI/Inform Global, 43025606. Newspapers McPhedran, I 2004, Counter terror squads swoop on former Iraqi, Courier Mail, 17 July, p.7, viewed 20 July 2004, Proquest 5000, 665448231.
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Casting a cylinder block 1980, video recording, Adelaide College of TAFE, Adelaide. Distributed by South Australian Film Corporation. Quantum, 2004, television program, ABC television, Brisbane, 3 March. PM, 2003, radio program, ABC Radio, Brisbane, 11 March.
Electronic: CD-ROMs
The following citation elements are required: Title Date, Format, Publisher, Place. Example: Dangerous creatures 1994, CD-ROM, Microsoft Corporation.
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List of references
Ballard, B & Clanchy, J 1991, Essay writing for students, Longman, Melbourne Bate, D & Sharpe, P 1990, Student writers handbook: How to write better essays, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Sydney. Child Care Act 1991, AGPS, Canberra. Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975, Poverty in Australia, First Main Report (Prof. R. F. Henderson, Chairman), AGPS, Canberra. Gawith, G 1992, Power learning, Longman, Brisbane. Germov, J 1996, Get great marks for your essays, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW. Halliday, M 1968, Notes on transitivity and theme in English, Journal of Linguistics, vol. 4, pp.321. Inada, K 1995, A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics vol. 2, 9 paragraphs, viewed 21 June 1995, <http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html>. Industries Assistance Commission 1978, Wheat Stabilisation, Report no. 175, AGPS, Canberra. Lengefeld, U 1994, Study skills strategies, CRISP Publication, Brisbane. Marshall, L & Rowland, F 1995, A guide to learning independently, Longman, Brisbane. McEvedy, M, Smith, P & Packham, G 1985, Studying in Australia: editing assignments for content, syntax and presentation, Nelson, Melbourne. Pagurek, J 1984, Writing workshop: paragraph and sentence practice, Newbury House, London. Petelin, R & Durham, M 1993, The professional writing guide, Longman, Brisbane. Riezman, R 1999, Can bilateral trade agreements help to induce free trade?, Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 32, no.3, p.751, viewed 20 July 2004, ABI/Inform Global. Taylor, G 1994, The students writing guide for the Arts and Social Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Webb, C 1991, Writing an essay in the humanities and social sciences in Writing practice for university students, ed. C. Webb, Learning Assistance Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney.
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