RADIO COMMUNICATION

I. INTRODUCTION

The system does not use wire communications in perambatannya process, but uses air or space as a conducting material. Broadly speaking, this system is a transmitter Tx transmitting power using an antenna towards a goal, the signal emitted electromagnetic wave-shaped. On receiving the electromagnetic waves are received by a corresponding antenna. Received signal is then passed to a receiver Rx plane.

Electromagnetic waves was first derived by Maxwell in his equations. Later developed by Hertz, who showed that energy can be channeled in the form of an electromagnet. Elektromangnet wave is characterized by its frequency. Where the average speed penjalarannya 300,000 km / sec. Wavelength can be calculated:

(F in Hertz)

Based on the properties perambatannya, radio frequencies can be divided into several areas or bands in the following table:

Nama

Frekuensi

Panjang Gelombang > 10 km 1 10 km 100 1.000

Nama

Very Low Frequency (VLF) Low Frequency (LF) Medium Frequency (MF)

< 30 kHz 30 300 kHz 300 3.000

GelombangMyriametrik Gelombang kilometer Gelombanghektometer

kHz High Frequency (HF) 3 30 MHz 30 300 MHz 300 3.000 MHz 3 30 GHz 30 300 GHz

m 10 100 m 1 10 m Gelombangdekameter

Very High Frequency (VHF)

Gelombang meter

Ultra High Frequency (UHF)

10 100 cm 1 10 cm 1 10 mm

Gelombang decimeter

Super High Frequency (SHF) Extremely High Frequency (EHF)

Gelombangsentimeter Gelombangmilimeter

II. THEORY

II.A. MODULATION SYSTEM

Energy as electromagnetic waves with frequencies above 10 kHz can be transmitted without using a wire-wire conductor. It turned out that at frequencies below 30 kHz is very expensive and inconvenient to channel electromagnetic waves (radio waves), because it takes an enormous power to spread abroad, and also because the installation of an antenna of the transmitter with frequency is very large. To radiate energy efficiently, the length of the transmitting antenna must be less mutually wavelength of the frequencies in question. Suppose that at a frequency of 10 kHz, the antenna must be sized 7500 meters, By calculation: = c/f = 3 x 108/104 = 3 x 104 meter. The length of the antenna is = / 4 = 7500 meters. From the above fact is very difficult to distribute the signals and musical sounds at low frequencies as a radio wave. But at frequencies higher or with a wavelength shorter, easier and more economical to distribute the radio waves. Because of this fact on the system used radio

frequencies itnggi to carry signals with frequency information to a destination. In this case the information signals is deposited or inserted on the carrier signal at the end of the sender or transmitter equipment with a process called modulation. At their destination, the information signal issued from the carrier frequency laagi with a process that is opposite from the sender process called demodulation. Modulation of the carrier wave can be obtained by varying some characteristics of the carrier wave is performed by the information signals. Alternating sinusoidal waves or electromagnetic waves has important characteristics such as amplitude, frequency, and phase, and to information that can be set to change all the characteristics of each of these carrier waveform. So information can be brought by changing the frequency, amplitude or phase on the radio waves emitted and perform the reverse process at the receiver, the signal information can be recovered at the receiver.

a. Amplitude Modulation

In amplitude modulation, it is stated that how to make a way so that the amplitude of the carrier wave is changed according to the waveform of the information to be sent.Signals or information to be brought is called the modulating signal and the radio waves that carry, in general should be higher than the frequency modulation signal, called a carrier wave.

Modulated carrier wave that has not had a price fixed maximum amplitude and frequency more than high modulating signal (information signal), but when the modulating signal has been inserted, then the price of the maximum amplitude of the carrier wave will vary according to the prices of a signal moment modulating, and waveforms outside or cover of the prices which have been amplitude modulated wave is equal to the signal waveform Yans original or the same information in other words the wave modulating signal has been inserted in a carrier wave. Mathematically, the radio signal with the modulation amplitude can be written as follows:

where: ws = 2 fs t wc = 2 fc t

m = modulation index (0 m 1)

fs = frequency modulation

fc = carrier frequency

Furthermore, the equation can be decomposed into where called the carrier wave

is the lower side band

is the upper side band

b. Frequency Modulation

In frequency modulation, the signal information can be used to change the frequency pambawa, giving rise to frequency modulation. Frequency modulation has several specific advantages over amplitude modulation. Especially is the ratio S / N can be increased without having to add power emitted but must be offset by increasing the width-frequency channels are required, certain forms of interference at the receiver easier to hit, and modulation process can be done at low power levels at the transmitter, and thus no modulation power required is too large. If the information signal (modulating signal) has been inserted then the frequency of the carrier wave will rise to the maximum price, according to the amplitude of the modulating signal that rises toward the maximum price in a positive direction. Then the carrier wave frequency will fall back towards its original frequency rates according to the price of the modulating signal amplitude to zero. Then on the next half cycle, the frequency of the carrier wave will come down to a minimum price, according to the price of the modulating signal amplitude to the maximum price in the negative direction, then the frequency of the carrier wave will rise back towards the original price in accordance with the modulating signal amplitude prices fall back to prices zero. Can be noted that the maximum price or the amplitude of the carrier wave remains

constant. Changes in the frequency of the carrier wave depends on the price of ddr voltage or current amplitude modulating signal. em modulating signal is used to change the carrier frequency. For example, em may be used to change the capacitance of the carrier frequency oscillator circuit. For example, if em a sine wave, Seaat carrier frequency becomes

Peak deviation of the signal is defined as

So the above equation becomes Where c = 2 f c = a constant angular frequency in rad / s, and is a constant phase angle in radians. The equation above is a special form of a more general formula: Corner frequency of this general formula is the speed of change in time from (t), and only when the frequency is constant then the special form of equations apply.

c. Phase Modulation

In phase modulation, the phase of the carrier wave propagators are changed in accordance with information transmitted signal. Form of radio waves similar to a frequency modulated (FM), and was almost the same mathematical formula is: So for m the same price, both in FM and AM will be obtained the same number of side bands. The difference between FM and AM only in the element factor modulation index m. From the equation: sin (t) where (t) = magnitude and phase can be written as (t) = it Can be obtained that the momentary angular velocity: In FM the instantaneous frequency which changes with the modulating signal: where:

 f = maximum frequency deviation so it will be acquired for the price of momentary phases: Is in the PM can be written: Instantaneous angular velocity: obtained: And the frequency obtained for seaat: so that: Can be concluded that the PM is the FM frequency deviation which is proportional to the frequency modulation. II.C RADIO WAVES PROPAGATION Propagation is the behavior of the radio wave propagation and the direction of how perambatannya. Each band (band) frequency has its own characteristics.

1 Low Frequency Propagation

Which includes the low frequency group here is very low frequency (VLF), Low Frequency (LF) and Medium Frequency (MF). In general, this frequency group, spreading the shape or curve of the earth's surface. Since it is known as the Earth's Surface Waves (Ground Wave). The distance that can be taken to striking along the surface of the earth, depending on the power generated by the radio transmitter. Coverage of the area to be served depending on the strength of the transmit power of the transmitter system are made.

2 High Frequency Propagation

For frequency-frekusni this, the earth's surface waves dserap or decrease rapidly, but the radiation reaches a height of ionosphere. Heights can be achieved approximately 50-400 km above the Earth's surface. At that altitude, the ionosphere, the gases are experiencing ultra-violet radiation from the sun. Molecule-molekunya releasing electrons to become positively charged ions. Therefore, in this layer, the radio waves refracted by certain angles so that it will be returned back to earth. This type of radio wave is often called Waves jg Space (Sky Wave).

By using a transmitting antenna can be directed, gelobang space can be directed to achieve certain goals sustu. At the same distance even with a small day bangdingkan with power that is used for the wave surface of the earth at the same distance. Gelobang is widely used for longdistance telephone as a communication from point to point.

3 Very High Frequency Propagation

For these frequencies, the energy emitted radio waves through space in straight lines, as light energy. By using an antenna that can be directed (directional), enrgi signal can be routed directly to kanki sky (hrison), so it is a propagation path that follows the lines correspond to the eye. These waves are also easy to be reflected by the earth's surface.

II.D PART OF RADIO

Transmitters take some kind of message (can someone's voice, pictures for television, radio modems for data or whatever), encodes it into a sine wave and transmits the radio waves. The receiver receives radio waves and decode messages from the sine wave it receives. Both the transmitter and receiver antennas used to radiate and capture the radio signals.

The main components of radio systems:

a.Transmitter b.Penerima c.Antena

a. Transmitter

The transmitter can be a separate part of the electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit in other electronic devices. A transmitter and receiver combined in one unit called a

transceiver. Transmitters term is often abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical documents. The purpose of transmitting information mostly long-distance radio

communication. This information is provided to the transmitter in the form of electronic signals, such as audio signals (voice) from microphone, a video (TV) signals from TV cameras, or in a wireless network device is a digital signal from the computer. The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried by a radio frequency signal that generates radio waves, often called the operator. This process is called modulation.Information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitters. In amplitude modulation transmitter (PM), information is added to the radio signal by varying its amplitude (strength). In the transmitter frequency modulation (FM), it will be added by varying the radio frequency signal slightly. Many types of modulation used.

b. Receiver

A radio receiver converts the signals from the radio antenna into a usable form. Using electronic filters to separate the wanted radio frequency signal from all other signals, electronic amplifier increases the level suitable for further processing, and finally recover the desired information through demodulation and decoding. Information carried on radio signals that can represent voice, images or data.lDalam consumer electronics, radios and a radio receiver terms are often used specifically for receivers designed for voice signals are transmitted by radio broadcast services - historically the first massmarket commercial radio applications.

Various types of radio receiver may include: - Consumer audio and high fidelity audio receivers and AV receivers are used by home stereo listeners and audio enthusiasts and home theater systems and audiophiles. - Communications receiver, is used as a component of a radio communication link, characterized by high stability and reliability performance. - Simple crystal radio receiver (also known as a set of crystals) that operate using power received from radio waves. - Satellite TV receiver, used to receive television programs from satellites in geosynchronous

orbit communications. - Specific use a receiver such as telemetry receivers that enable remote measurement and reporting of information. - Measuring receiver (also: receiver measurement) are calibrated laboratory-grade devices used to measure the signal strength of the broadcasting station, elektromagnetikradiasi interference emitted by electrical products, as well as to calibrate RF attenuators and signal generator. - Scanner is a special receiver that can automatically scan two or more discrete frequencies, stopping when they find a signal on one of them and then continue to scan other frequencies when the initial transmission stops. They are mainly used for monitoring the VHF and UHF radio systems. - Internet radio device In the context of home audio systems, "receiver" a term often refers to the combination of a tuner, a preamplifier and power amplifier all on the same chassis. Audiophiles will refer to such devices as an integrated receiver, while a single chassis that implements only one of three functional components called component diskrit.Beberapa audio purists who still prefer the three secret unit - tuner, preamplifier and power amplifiers - but the receiver has been integrated, for several years, the main choice for music listening. The first integrated stereo receiver made by Harman Kardoncompany, and came to market in 1958. It has performance that is not special, but it represents a breakthrough for the concept of "all in one" recipient, and fast growing design gradually make the receiver market mainstay. Many radio receiver also includes a loudspeaker

c.Antena

Antenna is required by the radio receiver or transmitter to couple the electrical connection to the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves carry the signal over the air (or by room) on the speed of light with virtually no transmission losses. Radio transmitter and receiver are used to convey the signal (information) in the system, including broadcast (audio) radio, television, cell phones, wi-fi (WLAN) data network, trunk lines and point-to-point link communications (telephone, data networks) , satellite links, many such remoteperangkat controlled garage door openers, wireless and remote sensors, among many others. Radio waves are also used directly for measurement in technologies including RADAR, GPS, and radio

astronomy. In each case and each, transmitter and receiver are involved require an antenna, although this is sometimes hidden (such as in an AM radio antenna in a computer or laptop equipped with wi-fi).

According to the available applications and technologies, antennas generally fall in one of two categories: 1. Omnidirectional or only weakly directional antenna that receives or emits more or less in all directions. This is used when the relative position of other stations is not known or arbitrary. They are also used at low frequencies where the directional antenna would be too big, or simply to cut costs in applications where a directional antenna is not required.

2. Directional or beam antennas that are intended to preferentially transmit or receive in a certain direction or directional pattern.

In common usage "omnidirectional" usually refers to all the horizontal direction, usually with reduced performance in the direction of the sky or the ground (which is really isotropic radiator is not even possible). A "directional" antenna is usually intended to maximize the coupling of the electromagnetic field in the direction of other stations, or sometimes to cover certain sectors such as 120 horizontal fan pattern in the case of panel antennas at a cell site. One example of an omnidirectional antenna is very common vertical antenna or whip antenna consisting of a metal rod (often, but not always, a quarter of a wavelength long).A dipole antenna is similar but consists of two conductors such as extending in the opposite direction, with a total length of which is often, but not always, half of the long wavelengths. Dipole is usually oriented horizontally in this case the weak direction: a pretty good signal radiated to or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself, this region is called the antenna blind cone or null.

Both the vertical and the dipole antenna is simple in construction and relatively inexpensive. Dipole antenna, which is the basis for most antenna designs, are

seimbangkomponen, with an equal but opposite voltages and currents applied to the two terminals via balanced transmission lines (or to a coaxial transmission line through the so-called

balun). Vertical antenna, on the other hand, is a monopole antenna. It is usually connected to a conductor in a coaxial transmission line (or matching network), shielding the transmission line connected to the ground. In this way, the ground (or a large conductive surface) plays the role of the second conductor of the dipole, thus forming a complete circuit. [3] Since the conductive ground relied monopole antenna, called the foundation structure may be used to provide contact with the ground the better for the earth or that itself acts as a ground plane to perform functions that are independent of (or absence) of a direct contact with the earth.

Maintainer of the dipole antenna or a vertical design is usually intended to enhance the directivity of the antenna and consequently profits. This can be achieved in different ways leading to a large number of antenna design. Most of the designs are fed with balanced line (unlike the monopole antenna) and is based on a dipole antenna with additional components (or elements) that enhance its directionality. For example, a phased array consisting of two or more simple antennas are linked together through the power grid. This often involves a number of dipole antenna parallel to a certain distance. Depending on the relative phase introduced by the network, the same combination of a dipole antenna can operate as an "array of leaflets" (normal direction to the line connecting the elements) or as an "end fire array" (the direction along the line connecting the elements). Antenna arrays can use any basic (omnidirectional or directional weak) type of antenna, such as dipole, loop or slot antenna. These elements are often identical. However, a log-periodic dipole array consisting of a number of dipole elements with different lengths to get a somewhat directional antenna has a very wide bandwidth: This is often used for television reception in rural areas. Dipole antenna up it's all considered "active elements" because they are all electrically connected together (and for the transmission line). On the other hand, similar shallow dipole arrays, Yagi-Uda antenna (or simply "Yagi"), has only one element of a dipole with electrical connections, the other called parasitic elements interact with the electromagnetic field in order to realize sufficient directional antennas but one that limited bandwidth a rather narrow. Yagi antenna has a similar look but a parasitic dipole elements act differently because they are somewhat different length. There may be some so-called "director" in front of an active element in the direction of propagation, and usually one (but possibly more) "reflector" on the opposite side of the active element.

Greater directionality can be obtained by using beam-forming techniques such as parabolic reflectors or horns. Since the size of a directional antenna depends on it being larger than the wavelength, highly directional antenna of this kind, especially in decent UHF and microwave frequencies. On the other hand, at low frequencies (such as AM broadcast) where practical antenna must be much smaller than the wavelength, significant directionality even impossible. A vertical antenna or loop antenna is small compared to wavelength is used, with the main design challenges is that of impedance matching. With the vertical antenna loading coil at the base of the antenna can be used to membatalkankomponen reactive impedance; small loop antenna is tuned by parallel capacitor for this purpose. Antenna lead-in is the transmission path (or feed line) that connects the antenna to the transmitter or receiver. The feed antenna can refer to all components that connect the antenna to the transmitter or receiver, such as impedance matching network in addition to the transmission line. In the so-called antenna aperture, such as horns or parabolic, which "feed" can also refer to the antenna base in the entire system (usually at the focus of a parabola in the neck or horns) which can be regarded as an active element in a microwave antenna system as well antena.Sebuah can be fed directly from the waveguide in place of (conductive) transmission line. Counterpoise or ground plane antenna is a structure of conductive material which enhance or substitute for land. It can be connected to or isolated from natural soil. In a monopole antenna, it helps in the functioning of natural soil, especially where variations (or limitations) of natural soil characteristics interfere with proper function. Such structures are usually connected to a connection back to an unbalanced transmission line such as the shield of a coaxial cable. An electromagnetic wave refractor in multiple aperture antenna is the component that because the form and function to delay or advance the position of selective parts of the electromagnetic wavefront passing through it. Refractor changing the spatial characteristics of the waves on one side relative to the other side. It can, for example, bringing a wave to a focus or alter the wave front in other ways, generally in order to maximize the directivity of the antenna system. This is the radio equivalent of an optical lens.

An antenna coupling network is a passive network (usually a combination of inductive and capacitive circuit elements) are used for impedance matching between antenna and transmitter or receiver. This can be used to enhance the standing wave ratio in order to minimize the loss in transmission lines (especially at higher frequencies and / or greater distance) and to present the transmitter or receiver with a standard resistive impedance (such as 75 ohms) which they expect to see the optimum operation.

II.E RADIO COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS

- Radio Broadcast - Two-Way Radio - Phone - Cellular Phone - TV Broadcast - Paging - Data Communications

a. radio Broadcast - FM radio frequency band occupies 87.5 MHz - 108 MHz - Radio AM (MW) occupies the frequency band 535 kHz - 1605 kHz

b. Two-Way Radio - CB (citizent band) who works at a frequency around 27 MHz or 11m band; under the organization RAPI - Radio Amateurs with the organization ORARI; worked in many frequency (HF, VHF, UHF), for example 80m, 2m band, 470MHz, etc.

c. phone - Using the concept of message-switched or circuit switched - The intensity of traffic on a circuit-switched network is the average number of simultaneous calls over a given period with the unit: Erlang

- 1 Erlang = average of a call for a period of time - Traffic intensity of the other units: CCS (hundred Second Call) - 1 Erlang = 3600 call seconds = 36 CCS - When the telephone traffic dense, inter-district could be directly connected using fiber optic or microwave or anything else.

d. mobile phones - Coverage of the service area shaped hexagonal cells (hexagons) - Each cell has a different frequency of service - Each cell is divided into several sectors or individual areas - The antenna will perform transmission of sig nals in each cell. e. Tv Broadcast