Blackboard Academic Suite™

Migrating Small Scale

Oracle® 8i to
Small Scale Oracle® 9i
Blackboard Learning System - Basic Edition™
Oracle Migration (Doc #163008) Publication Date: January 18, 2005

W ORLDWIDE H E ADQU ARTERS I NTERN ATION AL H E ADQU AR TERS

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 Blackboard Learning System—Basic Edition Upgrading Oracle 8i to Oracle 9i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents 3

Getting Started 4

Backup the existing database 6

Backup the existing database 6

Export Oracle data 8

Install Small-Scale Oracle 9i 13

Import Blackboard Data 16

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 Blackboard Learning System—Basic Edition Upgrading Oracle 8i to Oracle 9i

GETTING STARTED

Overview

Oracle is ending support for its Oracle 8i (version 8.1.7) RDBMS product. Error correction support will end
on December 31, 2004 and extended support will end on December 31, 2007. This information is provided
in Oracle support note 148054.1. Oracle will end error correction support on July 1, 2005 and extended
support on July 1, 2008 for Oracle version 9.0.2. This information is provided in Oracle support note
283326.1. To ensure that Blackboard is running on a database that is both supported and patched when
errors are discovered, Blackboard is encouraging all customers to move to the Oracle 9i (version 9.2.0.0.0).
This document covers how to move a Blackboard Oracle 8i database to Oracle 9i.

The migration process will involve a period of database unavailability. The old database must be stopped
and connections restricted while moving data to the new database. The length of the outage is dependant
on the amount of data and performance of the disk subsystem.

This document assumes that the old and the new database will exist on the current server hardware. The
procedures for moving the database to new server hardware is very similar to what is described in this
document.

Migration Description

This document is for Administrators who are migrating from Small Scale Oracle 8.x.x to Small Scale Oracle
9.x.x.x. There are several methods to migrate from Oracle 8i to Oracle 9i. The method selected for this
document provides the most protection for the existing data. The method is to backup the database, export
the data, install the new database and import the data into the new database. If there is problem or a desire
to return to the Oracle 8i database, the previous database can be restored.

Technical skills

Performing a database migration requires specific technical skills. This document is written with the
assumption that the Administrator performing the migration has the following skills:

 Experience managing Oracle databases

 Accessing databases and running SQL scripts
 Online and off line database backup and restore

Prerequisites

Before starting the migration process there are certain prerequisites that have to be met before the upgrade
can occur successfully.

 Ensure that the database server meets Oracle’s minimum hardware requirements and
Blackboard’s minimum hardware requirements. Blackboard requirements can be found on the
Behind the Blackboard Web site (http://www.blackboard.com/products/services/support.htm)

 Ensure that there enough disk space to hold three times the existing used space. The method
described in this document produces a backup of the current installation, an export of the existing
data and a complete install of Oracle 9i. If disk space is a concern then the existing database
backup can be moved off the system.

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Shutdown Blackboard Services and backup

All Blackboard services must be shutdown before the upgrade procedure can begin. This will close all
Blackboard database connections and will prevent the Blackboard application from trying to re-establish the
connections to the databases during the upgrade process.

To shutdown Blackboard services, execute the following commands as root.

#cd /usr/local/blackboard/tools/admin
#./ServiceController.sh services.stop

This command will backup all the files and subdirectories in the Backboard directory:

# tar cvzf blackboard_backup.tar.gz /usr/local/blackboard/

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 Blackboard Learning System—Basic Edition Upgrading Oracle 8i to Oracle 9i

BACKUP THE EXISTING DATABASE

Overview

The first step in the migration process is to back up the current database. To backup an Oracle 8i database
all the Oracle software, data files, log files, control files, password and initialization files must be backed up.

Instructions

Follow the steps below to backup the existing data:

STEP 1
Log on to the database server as Oracle.

To locate all the files associated with Oracle 8i, log on using SQL*Plus as sysdba and issue the following
command:

# su - oracle
# sqlplus “/ as sysdba”

SQL*Plus: Release X.X.X.X.X – Production on XXX XXX XX XX:XX:XX XXXX

Copyright © 1982, XXXX, Oracle Corporation. All Rights reserved.

Connected to:
OracleXX Standard Edition Release X.X.X.X.X – XXbit Production

SQL> spool oracle8i_files.lst

select file_name from dba_data_files;
select name from v$controlfile;
select member from v$logfile;
spool off

STEP 2
After getting a list of Oracle database files to backup, shutdown the database.

SQL> shutdown immediate

Database closed.
Database dismounted
ORACLE instance shut down.

If Oracle hangs on a shutdown it may be necessary to issue a shutdown abort, restart the database and
then shutdown the database.

SQL> shutdown abort

ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area XXXXXXXXX bytes

Fixed Size XXXXXXXXX bytes
Variable Size XXXXXXXXX bytes
Database Buffers XXXXXXXXX bytes
Redo Buffers XXXXXXXXX bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> shutdown
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
Oracle instance shut down.

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SQL>

It is important that the database server shuts down completely before migrating the databases.

STEP 3
Backup the databases after shutting down the Oracle server. The entire Oracle subdirectory should be
tarred and saved. To save disk space, this tar file can be moved off line. Use gnu tar and the z option to
create a compressed tar file which will save a significant amount of disk space. After backup, be sure to test
the restore procedure before migrating the databases.

This command will backup all the files and subdirectories in the directory specified by the $ORACLE_HOME
environment variable to a file called oracle_backup.tar.

# tar cvzf oracle_backup.tar.gz $ORACLE_HOME/

STEP 4
After backing up the Oracle software, review the oracle8i_files.lst file to ensure that the Oracle database files
were included in the tar file. If the Oracle database files where not included then they should be tarred as
well. Here is an example where the database files are located in the /u01/oradata and /u02/oradata
directories.

# tar cvzf oracle_database_files.tar.gz /u0*/oradata

or

# tar cvzf oracle_database_files.tar.gz /u01/oradata /u02/oradata

Once the Oracle installation has been backed up and the restore process tested, the rest of the migration
may continue.

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EXPORT ORACLE DATA

Overview

The next step in the migration process is to record tablespace information and export all user accounts
except sys and system. When the export file is imported it will expect a tablespace with the same name as
the tablespace that was exported. A list of tablespace names will be collected so that tablespace with the
same name can be created in the new database. To ensure that data is not modified, the database will be
started in a restricted mode. Only accounts that have been given restricted session privileges will be able to
connect. The default Blackboard accounts have not been granted this privilege.

Instructions

Follow the steps below to backup the existing data:

STEP 1
The database should be shutdown from the previous section, Backup the Existing Database. Restart the
database in restricted mode before continuing.

# sqlplus “/ as sysdba”

SQL*Plus: Release x.x.x.x.x – Production on XX XXX XX XX:XX:XX XXXX

Copyright © 1982, XXXX, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL> startup restrict

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area XXXXXXXXX bytes

Fixed Size XXXXXXXXX bytes
Variable Size XXXXXXXXX bytes
Database Buffers XXXXXXXXX bytes
Redo Buffers XXXXXXXXX bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL>

The startup restrict command will prevent most users from logging into the database server.

STEP 2
To create a SQL script for re-creating the existing tablespaces in the new server, execute the following
statements. For all of the following scripts that are created edit them to remove the first and last line that
begin with “SQL> “.

Furthermore, if you exit SQLPLUS and enter it again, execute the four set commands, for example set echo
off, before executing the commands to create the scripts. Otherwise, the scripts will contain non-SQL
statements that will cause errors when the scripts are run.

SQL> set echo off

SQL> set feedback off
SQL> set heading off
SQL> set linesize 200
SQL> spool recreate_tablespaces.sql

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SQL> select 'create tablespace ' || tablespace_name || ' datafile extent

management local segment space management auto; ' from dba_tablespaces where
tablespace_name not in ('SYSTEM', 'SYSAUX', 'TEMP');
SQL> spool off

STEP 3
Execute the following statements to create a SQL script for re-creating existing users. All existing users are
re-created except; sys, system, dbsnmp, oe, qs_adm, qs_ws, qs_os, qs_cs, qs_cb, qs_cbadm, qs_es, qs,
scott, hr, pm, outln, odm, odm_mtr, wmsys, sh, ordsys, ordplugins, mdsys, ctxsys, xdb, anonymous,
olapsys, perfstat, aurora$jis$utility$, ose$http$admin, aurora$orb$anauthenticated, wksys, wkproxy, csmig,
wk_test, exfsys, sysman, dmsys, mgmt_view, si_informtn_schema, mddata, or dip.

SQL> spool recreate_users.sql

SQL> select 'create user ' || username || ' identified by values ''' ||
password || ''' default tablespace ' || default_tablespace || ' temporary
tablespace ' || temporary_tablespace || ' quota unlimited on ' ||
default_tablespace || ';' from dba_users where username not in (
'SYS', 'SYSTEM', 'DBSNMP', 'OE', 'QS_ADM', 'QS_WS', 'QS_OS',
'QS_CS','QS_CB','QS_CBADM','QS_ES','QS','SCOTT','HR','PM','OUTLN','ODM','ODM_MT
R','WMSYS','SH','ORDSYS','ORDPLUGINS','MDSYS','CTXSYS','XDB','ANONYMOUS','OLAPS
YS','PERFSTAT','AURORA$JIS$UTILITY$','OSE$HTTP$ADMIN','AURORA$ORB$ANAUTHENTICAT
ED', 'WKSYS', 'WKPROXY', 'CSMIG', 'WK_TEST', 'EXFSYS', 'SYSMAN', 'DMSYS',
'MGMT_VIEW', 'SI_INFORMTN_SCHEMA', 'MDDATA', 'DIP');
SQL> spool off

STEP 4
To create a SQL script for re-granting the same roles to the existing users, execute the following statements:

SQL> spool regrant_role_privs.sql

SQL> select 'grant ' || granted_role || ' to ' || grantee || ';' from
dba_role_privs where grantee in (select username from dba_users where username
not in (
'SYS', 'SYSTEM', 'DBSNMP', 'OE', 'QS_ADM', 'QS_WS', 'QS_OS',
'QS_CS','QS_CB','QS_CBADM','QS_ES','QS','SCOTT','HR','PM','OUTLN','ODM','ODM_MT
R','WMSYS','SH','ORDSYS','ORDPLUGINS','MDSYS','CTXSYS','XDB','ANONYMOUS','OLAPS
YS','PERFSTAT','AURORA$JIS$UTILITY$','OSE$HTTP$ADMIN','AURORA$ORB$ANAUTHENTICAT
ED', 'WKSYS', 'WKPROXY', 'CSMIG', 'WK_TEST', 'EXFSYS', 'SYSMAN', 'DMSYS',
'MGMT_VIEW', 'SI_INFORMTN_SCHEMA', 'MDDATA', 'DIP'));
SQL> spool off

STEP 5
To create a SQL script for re-granting the system privileges to the existing users, execute the following
statements.

SQL> spool regrant_sys_privs.sql

SQL> select 'grant ' || privilege || ' to ' || grantee || ';' from
dba_sys_privs where grantee in (select username from dba_users where username
not in (
'SYS', 'SYSTEM', 'DBSNMP', 'OE', 'QS_ADM', 'QS_WS', 'QS_OS',
'QS_CS','QS_CB','QS_CBADM','QS_ES','QS','SCOTT','HR','PM','OUTLN','ODM','ODM_MT
R','WMSYS','SH','ORDSYS','ORDPLUGINS','MDSYS','CTXSYS','XDB','ANONYMOUS','OLAPS
YS','PERFSTAT','AURORA$JIS$UTILITY$','OSE$HTTP$ADMIN','AURORA$ORB$ANAUTHENTICAT
ED', 'WKSYS', 'WKPROXY', 'CSMIG', 'WK_TEST', 'EXFSYS', 'SYSMAN', 'DMSYS',
'MGMT_VIEW', 'SI_INFORMTN_SCHEMA', 'MDDATA', 'DIP'));
SQL> spool off

After saving the scripts for recreating the tablespaces and users and the scripts for re-granting the roles and
privileges to the users, exit SQL*Plus.

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STEP 6
The next task is to set the ORACLE NLS_LANG environment variable. The following is an example of setting
the environment in the SH or BASH shell:

# NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8ISO8859P1; export NLS_LANG

The NLS_LANG variable should also be set in the .profile (for the SH shell) and .bash_profile (for the
BASH shell) files.

NOTE: The following is a description of the SH and BASH shells:

SH = bourne shell
BASH = bourne again shell

STEP 7
Estimate the size of the database. List all of the files that comprise the database to determine which
directories they are located in.

# sqlplus “/ as sysdba”

SQL*Plus: Release X.X.X.X.X – Production on XXX XXX XX XX:XX:XX XXXX

Copyright © 1982, XXXX, Oracle Corporation. All Rights reserved.

Connect to:
OracleXX Standard Edition Release X.X.X.X.X – XXbit Production

SQL> select file_name from dba_data_files;

FILE_NAME
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
/export/home/oracle/data/dbf/system01.dbf
/export/home/oracle/data/dbf/undotbs01.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/bbadmin_data_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/bbadmin_indx_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/bb_bb60_stats_data_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/bb_bb60_stats_indx_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/bb_bb60_data_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/bb_bb60_indx_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_DATA_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_INDX_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_USERS_DATA_file1.dbf

FILE_NAME
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_USERS_INDX_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_COURSES_DATA_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_COURSES_INDX_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_ORGS_DATA_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_ORGS_INDX_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_INST_DATA_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_INST_INDX_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_LIBRARY_DATA_file1.dbf
/export/home/oracle/bbdata/CMS_FILES_LIBRARY_INDX_file1.dbf

20 rows selected.
SQL>exit
Disconnected from Oracle XX Standard Edition Release X.X.X.X.X.X – Xxbit
Production
#

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Navigate to the common directories indicated by the output of the previous command and determine the disk
space being used in each directory. In this case, there are two directories of interest.

# cd /export/home/oracle/data/dbf
# du -sh .
454M .
# cd /export/home/oracle/bbdata
# du -sh .
1.1G .
#

Add the disk usage of both directories to determine how much space is required to back up the existing
database.

454M + 1.1G = 1.554G

STEP 8
After setting the NLS_LANG variable, export the data. To export the data use the Oracle exp command. Use
the system account to connect to the database. This is the only account that will be able to connect to the
database since it is running in restricted mode.

If the database is less than or equal to 2 GB in size, use the command below to export the data:

# exp system/password file=blackboard_data.dmp log=blackboard_data.log

owner=(user1, user2, …) rows=y indexes=y buffer=1000000 grants=y compress = y
consistent=n

Substitute the names found in the recreate_users.sql file in the owner=(user1, user2, …) clause. The
minimum set of users consists of bbadmin, bb_bb60, bb_bb60_stats, and bb_bb60_report.

If the database is greater than 2 GB in size, divide the size of the database by two to determine the number
of database export files that will be needed to store the data. For example, if the database is 6 GB, then
three export files would be required. Use the command below to export the data, specifying the filenames
that will be used for data storage:

# exp system/password file=(blackboard_data1.dmp, blackboard_data2.dmp, ...)

filesize=2G log=blackboard_data.log owner=(user1, user2, …) rows=y indexes=y
buffer=1000000 grants=y compress = y consistent=n

Perform the same substitution of names as in the example above for databases that are less than or equal
to 2GB. If enough filenames to store all of the data are not specified, Oracle will prompt for additional file
names. The filesize option for the Oracle exp command is available in Oracle versions 8.1.5 and
greater.

STEP 9
After export is complete, shutdown the Oracle database and database listener. To stop the database, use
SQL*Plus and connect to the database as sysdba:

# sqlplus “/ as sysdba”

SQL*Plus: Release X.X.X.X.X – Production on XXX XXX XX XX:XX:XX XXXX

Copyright © 1982, XXXX, Oracle Corporation. All Rights reserved.

Connect to:
OracleXX Standard Edition Release X.X.X.X.X – XXbit Production

SQL> shutdown
Database closed.
Database dismounted
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL>exit

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Disconnected from Oracle XX Standard Edition Release X.X.X.X.X.X – Xxbit

Production
#

Stop the Oracle listener:

# lsnrctl stop

LSNRCTL for XXXXX: Version X.X.X.X.X – Production on XX-XXX-XXXX XX:XX:XX

Copyright © 19XX, XXXX, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)))
The command completed successfully
#

STEP 10
After exporting the data and shutting down Oracle prepare to install Small-Scale Oracle 9i. The Oracle 8i
install can be removed by deleting the Oracle directories.

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INSTALL SMALL-SCALE ORACLE 9I

Overview

Blackboard Learning System – Basic Edition includes a version of Oracle designed to support the
Blackboard Learning System. This version of Oracle is smaller than a full license and can only be used to
support Blackboard Learning System – Basic Edition.

NOTE: These instructions are only intended for use with the Small-Scale Oracle
provided by Blackboard. Use the instructions provided with the database
management system for any other version of Oracle.

Set system parameters prior to installation (Solaris Only)

This section explains how to set the semaphores and shared menu configuration for Solaris.

NOTE: Red Hat Linux users should not change these parameters prior to
installing Small-Scale Oracle!

Before installing Small-Scale Oracle, parameters in the /etc/system file must be set as shown below.

set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax=294967295
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmin=1
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmni=100
set shmsys:shminfo_shmseg=10
*
*max number of semaphore identifiers:
set semsys:seminfo_semmni=50
*
*max number of semaphores per identifier:
*semmsl=largest number of processes of all instances < 512
set semsys:seminfo_semmsl=200
*
*max number of semaphores: semmns=semmni*semmsl
*semmns>=sum of all processes of all instances
set semsys:seminfo_semmns=10000
set semsys:seminfo_semopm=100
set semsys:seminfo_semvmx=32767

Changes to the /etc/system file do not become active until after a system reboot. Check the currently
active Solaris kernel parameters with the command sysdef.

Set system parameters prior to installation (Linux Only)

The commands in this section apply to Red Hat Linux 7.2, Red Hat Linux Advanced Server 2.1, and Red Hat
Enterprise Linux 3.0.

Before installing Small-Scale Oracle, check that the following parameters are set in the
/etc/sysctl.conf file:

kernel.shmmax=294967295

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# kernel.sem=SEMMSL SEMMNS SEMOPM SEMMNI

kernel.sem=200 10000 100 50

The active shared memory and semaphore configuration can be verified by executing the following
commands:

echo /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
echo /proc/sys/kernel/sem

To make the shared memory and semaphore configuration active without rebooting the system, execute the
following commands:

echo 294967295 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

echo 200 10000 100 50 > /proc/sys/kernel/sem

Installation

Follow the steps below to install the Small-Scale Oracle database software provided with the Blackboard
Learning System – Basic Edition.

NOTE: These instructions assume that the path to the directory for Small-Scale
Oracle is /usr/local/oracle. Do not install Small-Scale Oracle to
/usr/local/blackboard!

1 Select Settings under Learning System on the Administrator Panel.

2 Select Set Default Course Menu Display Options on the Settings page.
3 Select a default view for the Course Menu.

4 Verify that the server meets the hardware/software requirements for the
Blackboard Learning System – Basic Edition. Be sure that the correct version of
GNUTar is installed.

5 Download the Small-Scale Oracle package or locate it on the Blackboard

Learning System CD. The name of the package depends on the operating
system.

Linux:
small_scale_oracle_linux.bin

Solaris:
small_scale_oracle_solaris.bin

6 Login as Root.
7 Create the /usr/local/oracle directory.

mkdir /usr/local/oracle

8 Create the ORACLE_BASE and ORACLE_HOME environment variables.

export ORACLE_BASE=/usr/local/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=/usr/local/oracle/9i

9 Create the dba and oinstall groups, if they do not already exist.

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egrep “dba|oinstall” /etc/group

groupadd dba
groupadd oinstall

10 Create an oracle user, if one does not already exist.

Linux:
grep oracle /etc/passwd
useradd –g oinstall -G dba –c “Oracle Software Owner” –d
/home/oracle –m oracle

Solaris:
grep oracle /etc/passwd
useradd –g oinstall -G dba –c “Oracle Software Owner” –d
/export/home/oracle –m oracle

11 Grant the oracle user permission to access the $ORACLE_BASE directory.

chown –R oracle:oinstall $ORACLE_BASE

12 Move the installation package to the $ORACLE_BASE directory. (The example

below uses the appropriate package for Solaris. Modify the command for Linux
accordingly.)

mv /usr/local/oracle/small_scale_oracle_solaris.bin
$ORACLE_BASE

13 Change directories to the $ORACLE_BASE directory.

cd $ORACLE_BASE

14 Make the installation file executable.

chmod +x small_scale_oracle_solaris.bin

15 Run the installer.

./small_scale_oracle_solaris.bin

NOTE: When installing Small-Scale Oracle, do not use @ in any Oracle database
user passwords. To be sure that Oracle database user passwords do not violate
Oracle rules for passwords, use only letters, numbers, and the underscore.
It is permissible to use @ in passwords for Blackboard Learning System user
accounts.

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IMPORT BLACKBOARD DATA

Overview

After the Small-Scale Oracle 9i database software is installed, import the Blackboard data into the database.

The Oracle import utility will attempt to import data into the same table space from which it was exported.
Before the data can be imported, the tablespaces have to be created. Previously a spool file with a create
table statement for each of the tablespaces that existed in the Oracle 8 database was created. This file was
saved as recreate_tablespaces.sql.

Before the database import can begin, the Blackboard database files path must be added to the
init${ORACLE_SID}.ora file. This assumes that the Blackboard database files are located at
/usr/local/oracle/bbdata. This section assumes that the ORACLE_SID value is BB60. Restart the
database before importing the Blackboard data.

# su – oracle
# cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
# cat >> init${ORACLE_SID}.ora <<EOF
db_create_file_dest=/usr/local/oracle/bbdata
EOF
# sqlplus “/ as sysdba”
SQL> shutdown immediate
SQL> startup
SQL> exit

Instructions

Follow the steps below to import the Blackboard data:

STEP 1
Create tablespaces. The database must be running.

# sqlplus “/ as sysdba”

SQL*Plus: Release XX.X.X.X.X – Production on XX XXX XX XX:XX:XX XXXX

Copyright © 1982, 2004, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

SQL> @recreate_tablespaces.sql

STEP 2
After the tablespaces are created, all previous Blackboard Oracle users can be recreated by using the script
created in the previous step (Step 1).

SQL> @recreate_users.sql

STEP 3
Grant previous users them the same privileges that they had in the old version of the server, for example,
the privileges they had in Oracle 8i.

SQL> @regrant_role_privs.sql
SQL> @regrant_sys_privs.sql

STEP 4

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Blackboard Learning System—Basic Edition Upgrading Oracle 8i to Oracle 9i

Use the Oracle import utility to import the previously created dump file blackboard_data.dmp into the
database.

# imp system/password file = blackboard_data.dmp full=y

After the data is imported into the database, the migration of Oracle is complete. A cold backup should be
taken of the new database installation.

Once the import is complete the process is finished. Start and test the Blackboard Learning System to
ensure that it is working correctly.

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