Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

NV-College

Time available 120 minutes. Thursday 2 October 2009, 14:20-16:20

Warning: There are more than one versions of the test.

In the multi-choice problems below, i.e. problems 2-8 write the answer clearly in the space provided under the problem as alternative: ________. In some of these problems you may need to explain or show the details of your solutions. All explanations and solutions to these problems must be written clearly under the problem in the space provided to. The solutions to the problems 9-16 will be written in separate sheets available. Problems 14 and 15 are extremely important for the highest possible grade, MVG. You need at least an hour to solve these problems. Maximum score: 48/28/ G: 16 points VG: 32 points/ at least 9 VG points: MVG: 33 points/ at least 19 VG points; MVG-quality work
Elev nr: 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10a 10b 11 12 13a 13b 14 14 14 15a 15b 15 15 15 Sum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G vg G vg G vg G vg G vg G vg G vg G vg 3 G 3 3 3 vg vg vg 2 G 3 vg 2 4 1 G vg mvg 1 G 1 vg 1 3 1 G vg mvg 2 mvg 48 g&vg 16 32 33 Summa varav 28 vg 9 19 X Ej deltagit Betyg enligt MVG VG G

Only the marked problems in the box below will be graded.

Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

What are conservative and none-conservative forces? Explain. Give an example for each case. [2/0] Suggested answer: The work done by a conservative force is path independent. Gravitational force is a conservative force. [1/0] The work done by a none-conservative force is path dependent. Friction force is a none-conservative force. [1/0]

1.

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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2.

A hill has a height h = 50.0 m . A child on a sled slides down from rest at the top of the hill. The velocity of the sled at the bottom [1/0] a. b. c. d. depends on the angle of the hill if the surface of the hill is icy and there is no friction. does not depend on the angle of the hill if the surface of the hill is icy and there is no friction. depends on the angle of the hill if the surface of the hill is deep snow and therefore there is friction. does not depend on the angle of the hill even if the surface of the hill is deep snow and therefore there is friction. Answer: Alternative: b and c

Why? Motivate your answer. [0/1] Suggested solution: If the surface of the hill is icy and therefore frictionless, the kinetic energy of the child on the ground level is only a function of the height of the hill and the weight of the child: 1 mgh = mv 2 v = 2 gh / / 2 On the other hand, in the presence of friction force, due to the fact that friction force is a none-conservative force, childs kinetic energy on the ground level is both a function of the height of the hill h as well as the distance she slides, and therefore it is dependent on the angle of the hill:
1 1 h v = 2 gh1 mv 2 + f f x mgh = mv 2 + mg cos / / / 2 2 sin tan h sin = x mgh =

tan =

sin cos

v = 2gh1 tan

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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3.

Two springs of different spring constant are compared in a physics lab. Spring A is stiffer than spring pendulum B , i.e. k A > k B . In each of the following cases, compare the work done on spring A and on spring B. Describe in each case, on which spring more work is done? [1/0] a. If they are stretched using the same force. b. If they are stretched the same distance. c. If they are stretched the same distance using the same force. Why? Motivate your answer. [0/1] Suggested solutions: a. If they are stretched using the same force, due to the fact that the spring A is stiffer, it is stretched shorter. Therefore, the work done on the spring B is more than the work done on the spring A: k A > k B k k A x A = k B xB x A = B xB kA FA = FB F
WA = k k 1 1 1 2 k A x A = F x A = F B x B = B WB W A < WB 2 2 2 kA kA
k A > k B WB > W A FA = FB F

b.

If they are stretched the same distance, then the force required to stretch the spring A is more all the time. Therefore, the work done on the spring A is more than the one on the spring B: k A > k B 1 1 k A x A > k B x B k A x x > k B x x W A > WB 2 2 x A = xB x
k A > k B W A > WB x A = xB x This case is impossible. Since spring A is stiffer than spring B, there is no way to stretch spring A and spring B the same distance with the same force!

c.

4.

Two identical arrows, one with twice the speed of the other, are fired into a bale of hay. Assume the hey exerts the same constant retarding (friction) force on the arrows [1/0] a. b. c. d.

The faster arrow will penetrate four times further than the slower one. The faster arrow will penetrate twice further than the slower one. They both will penetrate exactly the same. None above. Answer: Alternative: a Why? Motivate your answer. [0/1] Suggested solutions: The faster arrow will penetrate four times further than the slower one: x1 = 4x2
v1 = 2v2 E1 = 1 2 1 1 2 2 mv1 = m(2v2 ) = 4 mv 2 = 4 E 2 W1 = 4W2 f x1 = 4 f x2 x1 = 4 x2 2 2 2

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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5.

A pendulum is launched from a point that is a height h = 10.0 cm above its lowest point. The pendulum is launched in two different ways. During the launch, the bob is given an initial speed of 2.0 m / s . On the first launch, the initial velocity of the bob is directed upward along the trajectory, and on the second launch it is directed downward along the 2 .0 m / s trajectory. [1/0]
upward

a.

b.

c. d.

The first launch, i.e. when the initial velocity of the bob is directed upward along the trajectory, the pendulum to swing the largest angle from the equilibrium position. 2 .0 m / s The second launch, i.e. when the initial velocity of downward the bob is directed downward along the trajectory, the pendulum to swing the largest angle from the equilibrium position. In both trajectory, the pendulum to swing the same largest angle from the equilibrium position. None above. Answer: Alternative: c

Why? Motivate your answer. [0/1] Suggested solution: Conservation of energy requires that the pendulum at any given moment have identical mechanical energy. Due to the fact that the kinetic energy is scalar and always positive, in both launch the pendulum swings the same largest angle from the equilibrium position. 1 mgh + mv 2 = mghmax = mgl(1 sin max ) = const 2

6.

80.0 kg Magnus runs up a flight of stairs in 20.0 s . The vertical height of stairs is 22.0 m . The power output of Magnus is: [1/0] 864 W a) b) 88.0 W c) 714 W 54.0 W d) Why? Show the details of your calculations: [0/1] Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative a W mgh 80.0 9.82 22.0 P 864 W P= = = 864 W t t 20.0

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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7.

At room temperature, an oxygen molecule, with mass of 5.3110 26 kg has a kinetic energy of 6.21 10 21 J . How fast is it moving? a) b) c) d) [1/0]

2.34 10

m/ s

1.16 10 m / s 342 m / s 483 m / s

5

Why? Show the details of your calculations: Suggested solution: 2 E KE 1 1 / E KE = mv 2 2 E KE = 2 mv 2 mv 2 = 2 E KE v 2 = / 2 2 m

2 E KE 2 6.21 10 21 J v= = = 483 m / s m 5.31 10 26 kg

[0/1] Answer: Alternative d 2 E KE v= m Answer: v = 483 m / s

8.

How much work is required to stop a proton moving at 6.5 10 5 m / s ? Mass of proton is 1.67 10 27 kg . a) b) c) d) [1/0]

3.53 10 6 J 3.53 10 22 J 3.53 10 16 J 3.53 J

Why? Show the details of your calculations: [0/1] Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative c 2 1 1 W = E KE = mv 2 0 W = (1.67 10 27 )(6.5 10 5 ) = 3.53 10 16 J W = 3.53 10 16 J 2 2

What happens to the gravitational potential energy when water at the top of a waterfall falls to the pool below? Describe the energy transformation in the process in a sufficient detail. [1/1] Suggested answer: The gravitational potential energy of the water at the top is transferred to its kinetic energy just before hitting the surface of the pool below. This energy is transferred to the heat as the atoms of the falling water collide with those of the pool. Is it possible to heat a pool by just falling water? [1/1] 9.

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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10. The x component of the force on an object varies as shown below. Determine the work done by the force to move the object i from x = 0.0 to x = 40.0 m , [3/0] ii from x = 0.0 to x = 120.0 m . [0/3]
600 500 400 300 200 F [N] 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 X [m] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Suggested Solutions: The work done by the force to move the object from x = 0.0 to x = 40.0 m is the area under the curve of force vs. displacement. In this case it is the sum of the area of a rectangle and two triangles: 500 10 500 20 [3/0] W040 = + 500 10 + = 2500 + 5000 + 5000 = 12 500 J = 12.5 kJ 2 2 Answer: W040 = 12.5 kJ Realizing that if the region of the interest is below x-axis, it is considered negative: 400 (120 60 ) [0/2] W60120 = = 12 000 J = 12.0 kJ 2 The total work done on the system is an algebraic sum of the values above: [0/1] Answer: W0120 = 500 J W0120 = W040 + W60120 = 12 500 12 000 = 500 J

11. A pump is to lift 1000. lit of water per minute through a height of 90.0 m . What minimum output power should the pump motor have? [0/3]
Suggested solution: Data: v = 1000. lit / min m = 1000. kg / min =

1000. kg / s , h = 90.0 m , P = ? 60

P=

dW W mgh m 1000. = = gh = 9.82 90.0 = 14730 W 14.7 kW dt t t t 60

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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Answer: The pump must have a minimum power of P 14.7 kW to lift 1000. lit of water per minute through a height of 90.0 m . [0/3] 12. If the speed of a car is doubled, by what factor will its minimum breaking distance be increased, assuming all else is the same? Ignore the drivers reaction time. [0/3] Suggestion solution: x Data: v2 = 2v1 2 = ? x1 1 1 2 2 mv2 2 mv2 = f B x2 (2v1 )2 = x2 4v12 = x2 x2 = 4 f x [0/3] 2 = B 2 1 f B x1 v12 x1 v12 x1 x1 2 1 mv 2 = f x mv1 B 1 2 1 2 Answer: If the speed of a car is doubled its breaking distance is quadrupled, i.e. if its speed is increased by 100% its breaking distance is increased by 300%: v2 = 2v1 x2 = 4 x1 .

13. A 55 kg trampoline artist jumps vertically upward from the top of a platform with a speed of 6.5 m / s a) How fast is she going as she lands on the trampoline, 4.0 m below? [2/0] b) If the trampoline behaves like a spring of spring constant 60.0 kN / m , how far does she depress it? [0/3]
Suggested solution: Data: h = 4.0 m , m = 55 kg , v0 = 6.5 m / s , k = 60.0 kN / m = 6.0 10 4 N / m Questions: v = ? x = ? a) Taking the potential energy of the surface of the trampoline as the ground zero level, E Pf = 0 , the conservation of the mechanical energy may be written as:
0 1 2 1 2 Ei = E f E Ki + E Pi = E Pf + E Kf mv0 + mgh = mv 2 v0 + 2 gh = v 2 / / / / 2 2
2 v = 2 gh + v0

[1/0] [1/0]

v = 2 9.82 4.0 + 6.5 2 = 10.99 m / s 11 m / s

The artists velocity at the moment she lands on the trampoline is v 11 m / s . b) If the trampoline behaves like a spring of spring constant k = 6.0 10 4 N / m , and it is depressed by x meter, keeping the same ground zero level above, we may use the conservation of mechanical energy as: 1 2 1 Ei = E f E Ki + E Pgi = E Pgf + E Pkf + E Kf mv0 + mgh = mgx + kx 2 + 0 [0/1] 2 2 2 2 mv0 + 2mgh = 2mgx + kx 2 kx 2 2mgx m(v0 + 2 gh ) = 0
2 m v0 + 2 gh 2mg x =0 x k k Using PQ-formula to solve the quadratic equation: 2

[0/1]

x=

2 2 2 mg m 2 g 2 + mk v0 + 2 gh mg mg m v0 + 2 gh or x = + k k k k

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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x=

55 9.82 55 2 9.82 2 + 55 6.0 10 4 6.5 2 + 2 9.82 4.0 = 0.3419 m 34 cm 6.0 10 4

The trampoline artist depresses trampoline x 34 cm as she lands on it. [0/1] Second method: We could use the information obtained in the first part, i.e. v = 11 m / s to solve the problem, namely: 1 1 Ei = E f E Ki + E Pgi = E Pgf + E Pkf + E Kf mv 2 = mgx + kx 2 + 0 [0/1] 2 2
2 mv 2 2mg mg mg mv kx 2mgx mv = 0 x x =0 x = + k k k k k 2 2 2 2

[0/1]

x=
x=

mg m g + mkv k
2 2

55 9.82 55 2 9.82 2 + 55 6.0 10 4 112 = 0.3422 m 34 c m 6.0 10 4 The trampoline artist depresses trampoline x 34 cm as she lands on it. [0/1]

At the aspect assessment of your work with exercise 14 and 15 the teacher will consider

the depth of understanding of physics you have demonstrated how well you have carried through the task how well you have explained your work and motivated your conclusions how well you have accounted for your work.

14. One car has four times the mass of a second car, but one-fourth as much kinetic energy. When both cars increase their speed by 10.0 m / s , they then have the same kinetic energy. What were the original speeds of the two cars? [2/4/]
Suggested solution: Data: m1 = 4m2 ; E K 1 =

1 1 1 2 2 E K 2 ; m1 (v1 + 10.0) = m2 (v2 + 10.0) ; Questions: v1 = ? , v2 = ? 2 2 4

Using the second and the first equations we may obtain a relationship between the original speeds of the two cars: 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 E K 1 = E K 2 m1v1 2 = m2 v2 2 m1v1 = m2 v2 4m2 v1 = m2 v2 [1/0] / / 4 4 4 2 4 2 1 2 1 2 v1 = v2 * v1 = v2 [0/1] 16 4
*

Note that due to the fact that we are interested of the speeds and not the velocities of the two car we are able to ignore the negative root of this equation. Sjdalsgymnasiet

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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Using the third and the first equations produces another relationship between the original velocities of the cars:

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 m1 (v1 + 10.0) = m2 (v2 + 10.0) 4m2 (v1 + 10.0) = m2 (v2 + 10.0) / / / / 2 2 2 2

4(v1 + 10.0 ) = (v2 + 10.0 ) 1 using v1 = v2 , this relationship may be written as: 4
2 2

[0/1]

1 1 2 4 v2 + 10.0 = (v2 + 10.0 ) v2 + 10.0 = 2 v2 + 10.0 [0/1] 4 4 1 1 v2 + 10.0 = v2 + 20.0 v2 v2 = 20.0 10.0 = 10.0 2 2 1 v2 = 10.0 v2 = 20.0 m / s [1/0] Answer: v2 = 20.0 m / s 2 1 20.0 v1 = v2 = m / s = 5.0 m / s Answer: v1 = 5.0 m / s 4 4 Check: 1 m1 = 4m2 ; E K 1 = E K 2 ; v1 = 5.0 m / s ; v2 = 20.0 m / s : 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 m1v1 = m2 v2 4m2 (5) = m2 (20 ) 100 = 100 OK ! / / / / 2 4 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 m1 (v1 + 10.0) = m2 (v2 + 10.0) 4m2 (5 + 10.0) = m2 (20 + 10.0) 900 = 900 OK! ; / / / 2 2 [0/1/]

15. If you stand on a bathroom scale, the spring inside the scale compresses 0.50 mm , and tells you your weight. You jump on the scale from a height of 120.0 cm . a) Describe the energy transformation in the process. [1/1] b) Calculate the reading of the scale at its peak. [1/3/] Suggested solutions: Data: Choose your weight: my mass is m = 62 kg ; x = 0.50 mm = 5.0 10 4 m ; k = ? ; h = 120.0 cm = 1.20 m ; maparent max = ?
Lets take the surface level of the scale as the reference level, i.e. zero potential. The energy is conserved all the way. Initially, standing at 120.0 cm above the level of the scale, I have potential energy. Just before hitting the surface of the scale the potential energy is totally transferred to the kinetic energy. As the scale is compressed the kinetic energy is gradually transferred to elastic energy stored in the spring of the scale, a very small portion is transferred to negative potential energy due to the fact that we then deal with the levels below the reference level. The maximum reading of the scale is associated with the maximum compression of the spring. Therefore, we may summarize it as: Gravitational potential energy Kinetic energy Elastic (spring) potential energy

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Solution V1 Ch6FyANVC07: Work, energy and the power

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First we may calculate the spring constant by using the balance of forces when we stand on an scale: [1/1] F = mg mg 62 9.82 [0/1] = = 1.218 10 6 N / m r r kx = mg k = 4 x 5 10 F = kx k = 1.218 10 6 N / m Lets denote the maximum compression of the spring by xmax . Conservation of energy requires: 1 2 2 2 [0/1] mgh = kxmax mgx max 2mgh = kxmax 2mgx max kxmax 2mgx max 2mgh = 0 2
2 x max

2mg 2mgh mg mg 2mgh = 0 xmax = xmax + k k k k k

2

xmax

[1/1/] kxmax 1.218 10 6 3.46 10 2 mmax = = = 4296 kg 4.3 ton g 9.82 The reading of the scale at its peak is 4.3 ton! Even though, momentary, this is the reaction of the spring in the scale to the real force associated with the depression of the spring to its maximum value. This can cause a serious damage to the scale. Unless you want to get rid of your old bathroom scale, do not jump on it from the top your dinner table! Of course most scales are scaled to a maximum of 200-250 kg and therefore, it is impossible to see this momentary peak reading. First approximation: Due to the fact that xmax h , in the first approximation, we may approximate:
mgh 1 2 2mgh 2 kxmax xmax xmax 2 k 2mgh 2mgh mmax = kxmax k 2mgkh k k

62 9.82 62 9.82 2 62 9.82 1.2 = = 3.46 10 2 m 3.5 cm + 6 1.218 10 1.218 10 6 1.218 10 6

mmax 2mgkh = 2 62 9.82 1.218 10 6 1.2 = 42182 kg 42 ton Note that the approximation is not valid! This is due to the fact that the spring constant is very large!

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