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 Introduction
World energy situation has driven up energy prices which unavoidably affect
business operating cost. In order to make the best use of electricity and energy bills, it is
essential that the management of every commercial building put energy conservation
schemes into practice in the most efficient way. Moreover, from social point of view,
since commercial buildings are among top energy users therefore their effort in saving
energy will significantly contribute to reduce the country’s energy demand. In all
commercial buildings, Shopping Mall type has the highest growth in energy
consumption due to its spacious size and long service hours per day.

The Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), as

focal point in promoting the efficient use of energy, has carried out a study that aims to
develop a set of benchmarks of energy consumption in shopping mall typed commercial
buildings in Thailand. The energy consumption benchmark will then facilitate private
entities to systematically analyze their building’s energy efficiency as compared to the
industrial standard. The study also estimates energy savings potential as well as
suggests for energy conservation measures in shopping malls.

A Study on Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) in Shopping Mall Buildings

Disseminated Document is a comprehensive summary of the study in which commercial
building operators, related organizations, and interested public can learn about the
overview of shopping malls, economic and energy consumption data of shopping malls,
Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) analysis and benchmarks for the whole building and
separated major systems, appropriate energy conservation measures, energy savings
potential, together with applicable energy conservation programs.
 Content

1 Shopping Mall Overview ............................................................................. 1

1.1 Shopping Mall Typed Building 1
1.2 Economics Overview 2
1.3 Energy Consumption Overview 3
2 Categories of Shopping Mall........................................................................ 6
3 Specific Energy Consumption...................................................................... 8
3.1 SEC Benchmark 9
3.2 SEC Benchmark in Major Systems 12
3.3 Energy Intensity and Energy Elasticity 12
4 Energy Conservation Measures for Shopping Mall ..................................... 14

4.1 Energy-Efficient Building Design Concept 14

4.2 Energy Management for Building 16
4.3 Energy Conservation in Lighting System 17
4.4 Energy Conservation in Air Conditioning System 18
4.5 Energy Conservation in Refrigeration System 23
5 Energy Conservation Promotion in Shopping Malls.................................... 26
5.1 Energy Saving Potential 26
5.2 Suggested Energy Conservation Program 28
6 Summary .................................................................................................. 30
6.1 Shopping Mall’s Specific Energy Consumption 30
6.2 Shopping Mall’s Energy Saving Potential 30
 Shopping Mall Overview
1 Shopping Mall Overview
1.1 Shopping Mall Typed Building

“Shopping Mall” is a commercial center in which varieties of shops and other

facilities such as parking spaces and restaurants are available.

The Energy Conservation Decree identifies buildings with total transformer capacity
equals to or more than 1,175 kVA or 1,000 kW, and buildings with annual energy
consumption from 20 million MJ onwards as Designated Buildings where their energy
consumption must be closely monitored. Currently there are 1,646 Designated Buildings in
the country classified into 6 categories; office building, hotel, hospital, shopping mall,
school, and others. Among these, there are 13.7% or 226 “shopping mall” typed buildings
that consume energy, especially electricity, in a high range mostly to provide comforts for
their customers.

Distribution of each type of Designated Buildings (No., %)

149, 9.1%
161, 9.8%

636, 38.6%

226, 13.7%

214, 13.0%
260, 15.8%

Office Hotel Hospital Shopping Mall Academy Others

Figure 1 Number of Designated Buildings of various categories

In energy perspective, shopping mall category accounts for 36% of total energy
consumption, the highest among other Designated Building categories. Therefore in order to
realize significant energy savings, Shopping Mall typed buildings should be prioritized to
activate energy conservation measures immediately.

~3~ 1
 Share of Energy Consumption by different Designated
Buildings Categories
11%
10%
15%
17%

11%
36%

Office Hotel Hospital Shopping Mall Academy Others

Figure 2 Share of Energy Consumption by different Designated Buildings Categories

1.2 Economics Overview

From economic data, Wholesale and Retail Trade sub-sector accounts for 13.3 percent
of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or 492,000 million Baht in 2005. Although the
overall value is continuously expanding, the growth in this particular sub-sector tends to be
less than the GDP growth. During 2001 – 2006, growth of the national GDP and GDP
originated from wholesale and retail trade are:
� Average growth of GDP is approximately 5.3%
� Average growth of Wholesale and Retail Trade sub-sector is approximately
3.2%
� Wholesale and Retail Trade sector accounts for 13.3% of GDP

Table 1 Share of GDP by Wholesale and Retail Trade Sub-sector

GDP-Wholesale
GDP-Thailand
and Retail Trade
Ratio GDP-WS & RT
Year Millions of
Millions of Baht @ %�GDP/yr GDP-Thailand
Baht @ 1988 %�GDP/yr
1988 Price (WS & RT)
Price
2001 3,073,601 - 431,769 - 14.05%
2002 3,237,042 5.05% 440,494 1.98% 13.61%
2003 3,468,166 6.66% 453,963 2.97% 13.09%
2004 3,685,944 5.91% 473,696 4.17% 12.85%
2005 3,851,295 4.29% 492,124 3.74% 12.78%
2006 4,043,552 4.75% - - -
Average 3,559,933 5.33% 458,409 3.21% 13.27%
Source: Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB)

2 ~4~
1.3 Energy Consumption Overview

As for the energy aspect, shopping mall typed buildings consume around 2.5 percent
of the national electricity demand, with approximately the same annual growth rate of 6.2
percent.

Table 2 Share of Total Electricity Consumption by Shopping Malls

Total Electricity Shopping Malls Electricity

Consumption Consumption (TSIC 62101) Ratio of Electricity
Year Consumption:
%�Growth %� Growth / (Shopping Malls / Total)
GWh GWh
/ year year
2002 100,173 - 2,471.64 - 2.47%
2003 106,959 6.34% 2,704.28 8.60% 2.53%
2004 115,044 7.03% 2,834.78 4.60% 2.46%
2005 121,229 5.10% 2,999.04 5.48% 2.47%
Average 110,851 6.16% 2,752.43 6.23% 2.48%
Source: Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA), Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA),
Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE)

In compiling a list of shopping malls, there are 277 of which considered as

Designated Building or a building which can be divided into different categories (as
classified in Chapter 2) as following:

Table 3 277 Shopping Malls classified as Designated Buildings

Shopping Mall Categories Numbers

1. Department Store 99
2. Discount Store 131
3. Shopping Plaza 47
Total 277
Source: Energy Conservation Database, Department of Alternative Energy Development and
Efficiency (DEDE)

According to the Designated Building database during 2003 - 2005, there are
numbers of shopping mall typed building with complete information of energy
consumption and area that can be shown in Table 4.

~5~ 3
 Table 4 Energy Consumption Data of Shopping Mall typed Designated Buildings

Numbers of Building
Energy Consumption
with complete Area (x 103 m2)
Categories (GWh/yr)
information
2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005
Department Store 55 60 54 957 1,069 946 3,843 4,425 3,923
Discount Store 95 96 103 747 735 801 2,191 2,149 2,297
Shopping Plaza 29 32 30 269 310 321 1,245 1,528 1,452
Total 179 188 187 1,974 2,113 2,067 7,279 8,102 7,672

Source: Energy Conservation Database, Department of Alternative Energy Development and

Efficiency (DEDE)

From the information, Department Store category evidently has highest annual
energy consumption, followed by Discount Store, and Shopping Plaza. Furthermore,
distribution of numbers of shopping malls of various energy consumption sizes can be
analyzed as following:
� Department Store – 30% of Department Stores consume energy less than 5
GWh/year while stores with ranges of 5 – 10 and 10 – 15 GWh/year
consumption are equally distributed (17 – 18%)
� Discount Store – Most of the Discount Stores (38%) has annual energy
consumption in the range of 8 – 10 GWh/year while 20% of them consumes 6 – 8
GWh/year
� Shopping Plaza – 57% of Shopping Plaza consumes energy less than 5 GWh/year
whereas 13% is in the range of 5 – 10 GWh/year, and 10% is in the range of 10 –
15 GWh/year

Department Store
18
16
14
No. of Buildings

12
10
8 Department
6 Store
4
2
0
0 -5
5 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
20 - 25
25 - 30
30 - 35
35 - 40
40 - 45
45 - 50
50 - 55
55 - 60
60 - 65
65 - 70
70 - 75
75 - 80
80 - 85
85 - 90

Annual Electricity Consumption (GWh/yr)

4 ~6~
 Discount Store
45
40
35
No. of Buildings

30
25
20
15 Discount Store
10
5
0

8 - 10

10 - 12

12 - 14

14 - 16

16 - 18
0 -2

2 -4

4 -6

6 -8
Annual Electricity Consumption (GWh/yr)

Shopping Plaza
18
16
14
No. of Buildings

12
10
8
6 Shopping Plaza
4
2
0
5 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
20 - 25
25 - 30
30 - 35
35 - 40
40 - 45
45 - 50
50 - 55
55 -60
60 - 65
65 - 70
70 - 75
75- 80
80 - 85
85 - 90
0 -5

Annual Electricity Consumption (GWh/yr)

Figure 3 Energy Consumption Distribution of each category of Shopping Malls

~7~
5
 Categories of Shopping Mall
2 Categories of Shopping Mall
By definitions and business classification, shopping mall can be categorized into 4
main groups as following:

1) Discount Store – a modern trade retail store

that specializes in wholesaling / retailing of numerous
consumer products especially foodstuff with bargained
price. Target customer is middle to lower economic class.
Discount store typed building usually consists of main
store’s space, food court, restaurants, and rental space /
shops. There are more than 193 discount stores in the
country such as Big C, Carrefour, and Tesco Lotus.
The study includes wholesale store with “cash &
carry” concept with low price and self-service where
their customers are retail business such ask Makro.

2) Department Store – a large retail store that

sells numerous goods. Its name suggests for
the way the store separates different kinds
of goods for various consumer groups in
different sections. Target customer is middle to
upper economic class. The building consists of the
main “department store”, food court, restaurants,
rental space / shops, and perhaps entertainment
complex such as cinema or bowling alley. Central
department stores, the Mall, Siam Paragon,
Robinson, the Emporium, Tang Hua Seng, Pata
are classified in this group.

3) Shopping Plaza – a building that

allocates almost all space for rental shops. There are
specialized plazas like Panthip Plaza that concentrates
in computer and software goods, and plazas that
combine different kinds of shops and goods for
different needs such as The Old Siam Plaza.

4) Supermarket - a
retail shop that
focuses on groceries
of all kinds and some necessary goods for home, thus the
location is mostly in suburbs near residential area. Many
6 ~8~
 of the supermarkets are isolated buildings with
car park area, and some are located on the
ground floor as a part of the shopping mall.
Examples of this group are Tops supermarket
and FOODLAND.

As of May 2007, there are at least 326 buildings of Shopping Mall typed of different
categories are as following:

Shopping Malls Category Numbers

1) Discount Store 193
(1) Big C Supercenter 47
(2) Tesco Lotus 93
(3) Carrefoure 22
(4) Siam Makro 31
2) Department Store 53
(1) Robinson 11
(2) CR (Thailand) - affiliate of Robinson in upcountry 8
(3) Central 14
(4) The Mall Group 6
(5) Others 14
3) Shopping Plaza 17
4) Supermarket 63
(1) Tops Supermarket 47
(2) FOODLAND 10
(3) Siam Jusco 6

7
~9~
 Specific Energy Consumption
3 Specific Energy Consumption
In each of several kinds of shopping mall typed buildings, the energy is consumed for
different purposes and areas as can be shown in the diagram below:

Grid Electricity

M Central Meter

Main Building
Others

Air-Conditioning Lighting System,

System of the excluding Rental Space
whole building (Lighting) (Lighting)
Indoor Outdoor
Mi Meter for Rental Space
Parking Parking
Lot Lot

Rental Space
(Lighting, Display,
Refrigerator

other appliances)
Freezer,

Figure 4 Energy Consumption Pattern in Shopping Malls

From the survey of 22 shopping malls typed buildings, excluding energy use in
rental space, the energy consumption is distributed in different major systems i.e. air-
conditioning (53.7%), Others (22.5%), Lighting (19.6%), and Refrigerator and Freezer (4.2%).
However, ratios of different systems are varied upon business type of the mall and also
architectural and engineering design of such building, which can be summarized as
presented in Table 5.

Table 5 Energy Consumption in Different Systems in Shopping Malls*

Air- Freezer /
Types of the Mall Lighting Others
Conditioning Refrigerator
Department Store 55.32 19.77 1.93 22.98
Discount Store 47.48 20.75 11.26 20.51
Shopping Plaza 57.74 13.60 4.01 24.66
Supermarket 35.93 19.89 27.10 17.09
* Rental Space is excluded.
8 ~ 10 ~
 Proportion of Energy Consumption of each System in 22 Shopping Mall
(exclude rental space)

Others
22.53%
A/C System
Refrigeration
53.69%
System
4.22%

Lighting System
19.56%

Figure 5 Energy Consumption in different Systems in 22 Shopping Malls

3.1 SEC Benchmark

Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) Benchmark is derived from DEDE database of

energy consumption of Designated Buildings (shopping mall typed Buildings) together with
a survey conducted in 22 shopping malls. A survey performed to analyze energy
consumption in different systems, i.e. air conditioning, lighting, and refrigerating systems,
with consideration of other factors that could affect SEC such as the building’s service hours,
space and volume of the building. Thus 10 different SECs of each system have been
identified in Table 6.

Table 6 Summary of Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): total area and major systems

Energy Usage Specific Energy Consumption Symbol Unit Data Source

Gross Energy SEC per service area SEC � kWh / yr � � Electricity bills in Year
Consumption � �
� m
2
� 2006
� Size of service area,
excluding parking
space
SEC per service hours per service SECOH � kWh / yr � � Electricity bills in Year
area �� 2 ��
2006
� m .hr / yr �
� Size of service area,
excluding parking
space
� Total service hours in 1
year

~ 11 ~
9
 Energy Usage Specific Energy Consumption Symbol Unit Data Source
Energy SEC in A/C system per air- SEC-ACAREA � kWh / yr � � Energy consumption in
Consumption in conditioned area � �
� m
2
� A/C system: Surveyed
A/C System � Air-conditioned area
SEC in A/C system per air- SEC-ACVOL � kWh / yr � � Energy consumption in
conditioned volume � �
� m
3
� A/C system: Surveyed
� Air-conditioned
Volume
SEC in A/C system per annual SEC-ACAREA- � kWh / yr � � Energy consumption in
service hours per air-conditioned �� 2 ��
OH A/C system: Surveyed
� m .hr / yr �
area � Air-conditioned area
� Total service hours in 1
year
SEC in A/C system per annual SEC-ACVOL-OH � kWh / yr � � Energy consumption in
service hour per air-conditioned �� 3 ��
A/C system: Surveyed
� m .hr / yr �
volume � Air-conditioned
Volume
� Total service hours in 1
year
Energy SEC in Lighting System per SEC-LT � kWh / yr � � Energy consumption in
Consumption in service area, excluding parking � �
� m
2
� lighting system:
Lighting System and rental space Surveyed
� Size of service area,
excluding parking and
rental space
SEC in Lighting System per annual SEC-LTOH � kWh / yr � � Energy consumption in
service hours per service area, �� 2 ��
lighting system:
� m .hr / yr �
excluding parking and rental space Surveyed
� Size of service area,
excluding parking and
rental space
� Total service hours in 1
year
Energy SEC in Refrigerating System per SEC-RF � kWh / yr � � Energy consumption in
Consumption in refrigerated volume � �
� m
3
� refrigerating system:
Refrigerating Surveyed
System � Refrigerated Volume
SEC in Refrigerating System per SEC-RFOH � kWh / yr � � Energy consumption in
annual service hours per �� 3 ��
refrigerating system:
� m .hr / yr �
refrigerated volume Surveyed
� Refrigerated Volume
� Total service hours in 1
year

Out of 10 different SECs above, there are a set of SEC values that have been chosen to
use as benchmarks in representing energy consumption pattern, and for comparing energy
efficiency of shopping malls, with respect to these criterion:
(1) Must be of common use, for example, energy consumption per area
(2) Must cover major systems with high energy consumption in each and every type
of shopping malls

10 ~ 12 ~
 (3) When calculating SEC of the whole building, major systems, and service area by
using Linear Regression method, the Level of Confidence must be high (R2
approaching 1)

There are 4 appropriate SECs chosen as shown in Table 7.

Table 7 SECs as Benchmarks of Energy Consumption in Shopping Malls

Specific Energy Consumption Symbol Calculation Unit

Annual Electricity Use

� kWh / yr �
1. SEC per service area SEC � �
Size of service area, excluding � m
2
�
parking space

Annual Electricity Use in A/C system

2. SEC in A/C system per air- SEC- � kWh / yr �
� �
conditioned area ACAREA � m
2
�
Air-conditioned area

Annual Electricity Use in lighting system

3. SEC in Lighting System per
� kWh / yr �
service area, excluding SEC-LT � 2
�
parking and rental space Size of service area, excluding � m �
parking and rental space

Annual Electricity Use in

refrigerator system � kWh / yr �
4. SEC in Refrigerating System
SEC-RF � �
per refrigerated volume Total refrigerated volume � m
3
�

Then SEC values were calculated to represent energy consumption behavior of each
category of shopping malls, as summarized in Table 8

Table 8 Actual SECs of Different Categories of Shopping Malls

Type Numbers SEC �� kWh �� Data Source

� yr.m 2 �
� �
Department Store 169 240.6 DEDE
Discount Store 294 336.4 DEDE
Shopping Plaza 91 204.2 DEDE
Supermarket 3 418.4 Survey

~ 13 ~ 11
 3.2 SEC Benchmark in Major Systems

Detailed analysis of Specific Energy

Consumption (SEC) in major systems is obtained
from a survey of 22 shopping malls as shown in
Table 9.

Table 9 Specific Energy Consumption in Major Systems

No. Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) Symbol Value Range Unit

1 SEC for Air Conditioning System per SEC-ACAREA 144.4 109.7-284.5 � kWh / yr �
Air-Conditioned Area � 2
�
� m �

2 SEC for Lighting System per Service Area, SEC-LT 56.3 17.8-149.2 � kWh / yr �
excluding parking and rental space � 2
�
� m �

3 SEC for Refrigeration System per Refrigerated SEC-RF 11,548 6,959-19,601 � kWh / yr �
Volume � 3
�
� m �

3.3 Energy Intensity and Energy Elasticity

Energy Intensity (EI) is an index of overall energy efficiency as comparing gross energy
consumption to its ability to create economic growth; the more Energy Intensity value, the less
efficient energy is being consumed.

In order to analyze the energy efficiency of shopping malls, Energy Intensity is

measured in the period of 2002-2006 by using data of Wholesale and Retail Trade sub-sector.
The findings are that Energy Intensity is continually increasing which show the decline of
energy efficiency over time.

E
EI �
GDP (wholesale & retail trade)

where E is electricity consumption

(toe)
GDP (wholesale & retail
trade) is GDP of Wholesale-
Retail Trade sub-sector (unit:
million Baht using 1988
Exchange Rate basis)

Figure 6 Wholesale and Retail Trade/Shopping Mall Business Energy Intensity (EI): 2545-2549

12
~ 14 ~
 In addition, the Energy Elasticity (EE) is determined to find
the percentage change of energy consumption required
�E
( ) to achieve one percent change in the sub-sector’s
E
�GDP
economic performance ( ). By using data during
GDP
1999 - 2005, the result shows that the Wholesale and Retail
Trade business Energy Elasticity is approximately 1.31,
which means its energy demand is highly sensitive in
order to create economic growth or business expansion. Ideally, the EE value should be less
than 1 if the business has high efficiency in energy management. Therefore it is crucial that
the shopping malls buildings should take energy conservation measures immediately and
effectively in order to have a better operational cost management.

Figure 6 Wholesale and Retail Trade/Shopping Mall Business Energy Elasticity (EE)

~ 15 ~ 13
 Energy Conservation Measures
4 Energy Conservation Measures
forforShopping Mall
Shopping Mall
Energy conservation measures which are suitable for implementing in Shopping
mall buildings can be categorized as following :
� Design of Energy-Efficient Building
� Energy Management in Buildings
� Energy Conservation in Major Systems, i.e.
� Energy Conservation in Lighting System
� Energy Conservation in Air Conditioning System
� Energy Conservation in Refrigeration System

4.1 Energy-Efficient Building Design Concept

Main concept of energy-efficient building comprises of following components:

1) Site selection building configuration and placement are cautiously designed
and arranged
2) Building envelope must be designed to resist solar heat gain by choosing
suitable material and shading device, at the same time, the building must
utilize day lighting properly
3) HVAC system must match with cooling load demand, with high cooling
efficiency
4) Elevator and escalator system must be designed to obtain high efficiency
5) High efficiency appliances and equipments are used in the building
6) Suitable renewable energy is utilized whenever possible

1) Site Selection and Surrounding

When building orientation is effectively done or the landscape surrounding the
building (microclimate) is properly arranged, the energy consumption for lighting and
cooling can be reduced significantly. The improvement of buildings’ microclimate is aimed
to cool down the temperature around the building compared to normal ambient
temperature; examples of such improvement are:
� Utilizing shades from trees and plants to avoid direct sun light. It is far
better to prevent solar energy from reaching a building than to manage it
once it enters. Trees are effective when located next to windows, walls,
and air conditioned area, especially at the side where exposes to sunlight
the most. Shade to the southwest and west is especially important for
blocking peak solar gain in the late afternoon.
� Taking advantage of natural breezes (evaporative cooling) from trees,
water pond, or lawn. This effect will cool down the wind blowing
towards the building.

~2~
14
 Figure 8 Microclimate Utilization

2) Design Proper Building Envelope

Most of the building’s cooling load (approximately 60%) comes from heat gain
through building envelope, so the design of building that can highly resist the heat gain is
the key factor for energy saving in air conditioning system. Heat transfer qualification of
construction materials, both opaque and transparent that are generally used as a part of
wall, window, roof, etc., must be taken into consideration in the designing phase.

Figure 9 Heat Gain and Demand for Cooling

To reduce the heat gain from outside, there are

options for designers as followings:
� Increase the heat transfer resistant of building
wall (High R or Low U-Value), by using
insulation, or double wall with air gap.
~3~
15
 � Avoid direct solar radiation through any building
opening and windows
� Minimize window-to-wall area ratio (WWR) as
least as possible
� Use shading device or trees to reduce solar
radiation
� Use light color or shining material to reflect solar
radiation from walls
� Design an air gap under the roof for a better
ventilation
� Increase R value of the roof by installing insulation underneath the roof, or
using reflective aluminum film below the roof
� Apply light color roof top
� Avoid using skylight, if necessary,
proper design should be done to
reduce heat gain through skylight
� Select windows with high LSG (Light-
to-Solar-Gain Ratio), and low SHGC
(Solar Heat Gain Coefficient)
� Please note that window that has low
U-value might be double glazing (with air gap or inert gas inside) or triple
glazing

4.2 Energy Management for Building

In order to carry out energy conservation measures in any organization, energy

management system is vital for improving management efficiency and preparing suitable
program for each organization. Based on Value Engineering concepts, the energy
management system has been developed and implemented for numerous buildings to
improve their operation process and find out the energy saving solutions which are suitable
for their conditions. In general, the energy management system is developed based on the
PDCA concept. It is often referred to as the “Deming Cycle”, as the name of the famous
Quality Management expert, Dr. W. Edwards Deming.

PDCA process comprises of:

� Plan to improve operations first to identify current problem, then come up with
solution for solving those problems.
� Do as planned to solve problems on a small or
experimental scale first. to minimizes disturbance
on routine activity while testing validity of the
change.
� Check whether small scale or experimental
changes can achieve the desired result. Also,
continuously evaluate to ensure the quality of the
output and be alert when any new problem
arises.
� Act to implement changes on a larger scale if the
experiment is successful. Making the change as a

16 ~4~
 part of your activity routine. Also act by inviting other parties (other
departments, suppliers, or customers) those who might be affected by the
changes who directly involved in the implementation, or who may simply
benefit from the program to share the experience and understanding.

4.3 Energy Conservation in Lighting System

1) High Intensity Discharge Dimming Technology (HID)

In all High Intensity Discharge lamps, light is

produced by passing electricity a current through a metal
vapor. An arc is established between two electrodes in a gas-
filled tube which causes a metallic vapor to produce radiant
energy. The wavelength (lighting color) of radiation depends
on the energy zone of the disturbed electron and on the type
of metal vapor used in the arc tube. These kinds of lamp are
suitable to use where high lumens are required or have high
ceiling to floor more than 3.5 meters. Examples of these kinds
of technology are High Pressure Mercury, Metal Halide, and
High Pressure Sodium.
High-intensity discharge (HID) lamp dimming has
grown in popularity in recent years. Dimming reduces energy
costs by reducing the input power to the lighting system by
using Lighting Power Controller (LPC). Generally the HID
dimming technology can provide:
(1) Reduce power up to approximately 30–40%,
depended on HID lamp technology
(2) Able to control at various dimming level, for
example, at rated voltage (100% rated lumens)
and lower voltage (lower lumens)
(3) No sine wave distortion
(4) No effect to power factor

Table 10 Testing result of implementing HID Dimming Technology

Lumens Flux
Case Power (kW) Reduced (%)
(Lux)
Full Lighting Capacity 4.21 - 12
Dimming Step 1 3.71 12 % 10
Dimming Step 2 3.46 18 % 9
Dimming Step 3 3.10 26 % 8
Dimming Step 4 2.96 30 % 7

No. Details Before After Saving % Saving

1 Energy Consumption (kWh/year) 70,300 50,470 19,830

28%
2 Energy Cost (Baht/year) 204,000 146,000 58,000

~5~ 17
 � Investment 130,400 Baht
� Saving 58,000 Baht/year
� Simple payback 2.24 years

2) LED Lamp (Light Emitting Diode)

LED is a type of solid state lighting (SSL) that utilizes light-

emitting diodes (LEDs) as a source of illumination
Benefits of LED:
� High durability - no filament or tube to break
� Long durability - LEDs last more than 35,000 hours
� Low power consumption - approximately 2 Watt/lamp
� Low heat consumption - very little dissipation heat loss, no
effect to room temperature rising
� Application - Produced to replace Halogen (Incandescent)
lamp

Example of investment return on using LED lamp, replacing

Halogen lamp:
Halogen lamp = 50 watt/lamp
LED lamp = 2 watt/lamp
Number = 1 lamp
Lamp using hours = 4,380 hours/year
Energy saving = ((50-2) / 1000) x 4,380
= 210.24 kWh/year
Average electricity price = 3.30 Baht/kWh
Energy cost saving = 210.24 x 3.30
= 694 Baht/year/lamp
LED price = 250 Baht/lamp
Simple payback period = 0.36 year

4.4 Energy Conservation in Air Conditioning System

1) Criteria for chiller selection based on Load Profile of a Building

To select appropriate chiller, the chiller efficiency (kW/Ton) is the major concern to
evaluate and select from various suppliers. However, the cooling load required for any
building is varied throughout the day due to variation of ambient temperature, solar
radiation, number of occupants, and others, therefore the efficiency of chillers at different
part loads should be taken into consideration instead of their rated capacity only.

18 ~6~
 Cooling Load Varies Over Time

Max.
Cooling
Load

Daily Temperature
Profile

Time in a Day
Figure 10 Cooling Load Variation (1 day)

The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) has developed the definitions
to calculate chiller efficiency at part loads, which is referred to ARI Standard 550/590-98 as
follows:
� IPLV (Integrated Part Load Value) is a single number; part-load efficiency
indicator calculated using the ARI method at standard rating conditions.
� NPLV (Non-Standard Part Load Value) is a single number; part-load
efficiency indicator calculated using the ARI method referenced to rating
conditions other than ARI standard.

To calculate chiller efficiency at IPLV, the calculation formula is:

1
IPLV �
1% 42% 45% 12%
� � �
A B C D
Where A, B, C and D is the chiller efficiency (kW/Ton) at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%
Load respectively
NPLV can represent part load efficiency of Thailand’s condition, while using
Thailand ambient condition to evaluate chiller efficiency as follows:
Part-Load Conditions for Rating
IPLV NPLV (for Thailand)
Evaporator
100% load Leav. Water Temp. 44.0 �F 45.0 �F
0% load Leav. Water Temp. 44.0 �F 45.0 �F
Flow Rate 2.4 gpm/ton 2.4 gpm/ton
Fouling Factor Allowance 0.0001 h�ft2��F/Btu 0.0001 h�ft2��F/Btu
Condenser
100% load Ent. Water Temp. 85.0 �F 90.0 �F
75% load Ent. Water Temp. 75.0 �F 77.5 �F
50% load Ent. Water Temp. 65.0 �F 65.0 �F
25% load Ent. Water Temp. 65.0 �F 65.0 �F
Flow Rate 3.0 gpm/ton 3.0 gpm/ton
Fouling Factor Allowance 0.0025 h�ft2��F/Btu 0.0025 h�ft2��F/Btu
~7~ 19
 2) Implementing Variable Speed Drive with Rotating Machine

Variable Speed Drive (VSD) is generally applied to improve efficiency of motor

equipped with centrifugal machine according to following affinity laws:

Flow � Rotating Speed (V) and Flow Area (A)

Head or Lift � Speed2 (V2)
Power � Speed3 (V3)
Flow V
Area

Diameter

VSD takes advantage of the affinity laws which state: As the speed of a centrifugal
load decrease, the horsepower requirement will decrease with the power three of the speed.
If the flow is 50% of rated capacity, the power consumption shall be 12.5% of rated
consumption at full load. Application of using VSD with Air Conditioning System
components are:
� Rotary chiller, such as, Centrifugal Chiller
� Chilled water & Cooling water system
� Fan at Air Handling Unit: AHU
80% Flow, 1360 GPM
Valve Operation versus Reduced Speed Operation
240
30 40 50 60
220 70 Throttled Operating
75 Point
200 78
80

Energy Savings
180
160

140
120 Reduced Speed
Operating Point
100
1400 RPM
80

60
Pump Output Head (Ft.) x Flow (GPM) x Specific Gravity
40 =
Power
20 3960
Figure 11 Energy
0
10 200 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
saving from
Flow (GPM) applying VSD with
pump

20 ~8~
 Since a centrifugal chiller is a volumetric device, which inlet guide vane is used to
create a flow restriction to reduce capacity, VSD is able to be used to reduce chiller capacity
while the chiller is still operating at high efficiency region.

Pre-Rotation Vane Control Variable Speed Control

ηmax

0.9ηmax
Lift
Lift
or
or 0.8ηmax 1.05ηmax
P/P
P/P
0.7ηmax ηmax N1
N2
50% Vanes
0.6ηmax 0.9ηmax N3
25% Vanes N4
Constant Speed Constant Vanes
10% Vanes N = Speed

Capacity (Tons) How It Works Capacity (Tons)

Figure 12 Centrifugal Chiller with Method of Decreasing Capacity

V ariable S peed V s. C onstant S peed C entrifugals

C.S. IK W /TON VFD IK W /TON

0.880
0.830
0.780
0.730
0.680
IKW/TON

0.630
0.580
0.530
0.480
0.430
0.380
0.330
0.280
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Percent Full Load T ons

Figure 13 Variable Speed VS Constant Speed Centrifugal Chiller

3) Emerging Technology: Variable Speed Tri-Rotor Screw Compressor

The screw compressor is classified a positive displacement compressor, which

simply means that a volume of gas is trapped with an enclosed space whose volume is then
reduced. Conventional rotary screw compressors are composed of two parallel rotors with
external helical profiles fit into a casing. Rotary screw compressors are well known for their
robustness, simplicity, and reliability. The advantage of screw compressor is the ability to
obtain high lift when speed is reduced, allowing energy savings without the possibility of
surge as the com

21
~9~
 Figure 14 Twin Rotor Screw Compressor
The continuous research and development of chiller manufacturer provide the
launching of Tri-Rotor Screw Compressor, which the compression processed are taking
place two position simultaneously. By using tri-rotor, the compression forces are balanced
and reduced huge of bearing load, which results the reduction of lubrication and friction
forces of the compressor.

Figure 15 Tri-Rotor Screw Compressor

For positive displacement compressors, speed is independent of lift, means the
compressor can develop the same amount of lift at any speed. Variable speed drives used
with screw compressors are new to the HVAC industry, but they have been used
successfully in various air compression and refrigeration applications. In these applications,
screw compressors coupled with VSD have been utilized to ensure efficient compression at
partial and full capacities. The part load efficiency of Tri-Rotor Screw Compressor (kW/Ton
at IPLV) can provide better efficiency compared with Screw Compressor and Centrifugal
Compressor.

~ 10 ~
22
 Figure 16 Comparison Chiller Efficiency of each Technology

Case Study of Chiller Replacement

Figure 17 Comparison of Chiller Efficiency (Old and New)

(1) Investment for new chiller system 15,000,000 Baht

(Tri-Rotor Screw Chiller 500 RT + Centrifugal Chiller 2x500
RT)
(2) Energy saving from Chiller replacement 2,311,965 kWh/year
(3) Energy saving cost 6,935,895 Baht/year
(4) Simple Payback Period 2.16 Years

4.5 Energy Conservation in Refrigeration System

The energy conservation measures for refrigeration system can be implemented by

adapting suitable control system to control the Compressor, Condenser Fan, Refrigeration

~ 11 ~
23
 Lighting, Rail Heater (to prevent water condensation), and Night mode control. The
preliminary survey of refrigeration systems indicates that the potential energy saving of
refrigerators are:

Potential of Energy Saving

1) Floating Discharge Pressure: 2-3%
2) Floating Suction Pressure 5-10%
3) Inverter on Condenser Fans 2-3%
4) Light Control 2-3%
5) Night Setback 2-3%
Total 13-15%

By installation of monitoring & control system to monitor suction pressure (Po) and
discharge pressure (Pc) of compressor, will help faster response of compressor control and
avoid over-cooling during part load. The result of this technique will:
� Save energy especially during part load of refrigeration system;
� Provide higher efficiency (COP) of refrigeration system; and
� Reduce maintenance cost and expand life time due to the operation of
compressor at low load

Figure 18 Control Configuration

Result of monitoring and control of refrigerant pressure (Po) for energy saving is
presented as below:

24 ~ 12 ~
Avg Po -10 c
Avg Po - 35c Po Set Point - 38 c
Po Set Point -15 c

Part Load F u ll L o a d

Part Load
Po Pc Qo Pe COP
-15 45 44.82 20.28 2.21
-10 45 55.98 22.12 2.53
+20% +8.3% +12.65%

Full Load
Po Pc Qo Pe COP
-38 45 24.28 22.69 1.07
-35 45 27.39 23.61 1.16
+11.35% +3.9% +7.75%
Figure 19 Energy Saving from Po Control

~ 13 ~ 25
 Energy Conservation Promotion
5 in Shopping
Energy Conservation Malls
Promotion in
Shopping Malls
To identify the energy saving potential of shopping mall buildings, Specific Energy
Consumption (SEC) benchmarks derived from DEDE Designated Buildings database as
indicated in Chapter 2 will be used as reference. Shopping malls with higher SEC than the
benchmark are targeted as potential buildings to conduct energy conservation measures.

SEC Benchmark
700

600 Benchmark

500
SEC
SEC (kWh/m /yr)
2

400

300

200

100

-
- 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000

2
Service Area (m )

Figure 20 Target shopping malls with potential energy saving

5.1 Energy Saving Potential

When evaluating the energy consumption and SEC of 187 Designated Buildings
compared to SEC benchmarks, numbers of target buildings and overall energy saving
potential can be drawn as Table 7 below:

Table 11 Energy Saving Potential in Shopping Malls

No. of
Potential Energy
Energy Buildings with Energy Saving
Type of No. of Saving as
Consumption higher SEC Potentiall
Shopping Malls Buildings Percentage of
(kWh/yr) than (kWh/yr)
Consumption (%)
Benchmark
Department Store 945,541,321 54 28 124,840,924 13.2%
Discount Store 800,581,688 103 67 96,872,713 12.1%
Shopping Plaza 321,328,649 30 18 90,370,999 28.1%
Total 2,067,451,658 187 113 312,084,635 15.1%

Note: Data from DEDE’s Designated Building Database 2005

~ 14 ~
26
 In the other respect, from the study survey, the 22 shopping malls being assessed
show energy saving potential of 11,169,938 kWh/year or 37.4 million Baht if appropriate
immediate measures be carried out.
The results can be illustrated according to category of shopping malls as in Table 12.

Table 12 Estimated Energy Saving in 22 Shopping Malls

Energy Consumption
Estimated Energy Savings
(kWh/yr)
Type of
No. of Energy Saving
Shopping Average
Buildings (kWh/year as Percentage of
Malls (kWh/year) (kWh/year) (kWh/year/
/each mall) Consumption
each mall)
(%)
1 Discount Store 6 56,847,860 9,474,643 2,695,701 449,284 4.74
Department
2 9 278,898,722 30,988,747 6,059,518 673,280 2.17
Store
3 Shopping Plaza 4 21,895,692 5,473,923 2,016,694 504,174 9.21

4 Supermarket 3 5,303,672 1,767,891 398,025 132,675 7.50

Total 22 362,945,946 16,497,543 11,169,938 507,724 3.08

From the results as summarized in Table 7 and Table 8, there are two approaches to
examine total energy saving potential in shopping mall building;

1) From the survey, a projection is being drawn from average energy savings of
22 buildings to 187 Designated Shopping Mall Buildings throughout Thailand
and suggests for 88 GWh/year or 5.38% of energy consumed in 2005.

Table 13 Projected Energy Saving Potential in Shopping Malls

Energy Saving as
Energy Potential
Type of Shopping No. of Percentage of
Consumption Savings
Malls Buildings Consumption from
(kWh/yr) (kWh/yr) the Survey (%)

Department Store 945,541,321 54 20,612,801 2.18%

Discount Store 800,581,688 103 37,947,572 4.74%

Shopping Plaza 321,328,649 30 29,594,369 9.21%

Total 2,067,451,658 187 88,154,741 5.38%

Note: all data from 2005

2) Referring to SEC benchmark, there are 113 target Designated Buildings that
possess higher SEC than the benchmark (details as in Table 7). Their effort in
energy conservation suggests for energy saving potential of 310 GWh/year or
15% of energy consumption in 2005.

~ 15 ~ 27
 From the two approaches above, the study therefore assumes an average of 10% as a
Target for Energy Savings in Shopping Mall Buildings.

5.2 Suggested Energy Conservation Program

To achieve 10% energy savings target, there are energy conservation plan especially
for shopping malls which can be aimed in 3 different stages; short-term, medium-term, and
long-term; as following:

Table 14 Energy Conservation Programs and their Target

Target for Energy
Energy Conservation
Savings Energy Savings Savings Value
Programs for Shopping
(% of Energy (kWh/year) (Baht/year)
Malls
Consumption)
Short Term (1-2 years) 3% 62,023,550 186,070,649
Medium Term (3-5 years) 5% 103,372,583 310,117,749
Long Term (> 5 years) 10% 206,745,166 620,235,497
Note: 1) Savings value is estimated from 3.0 Baht/kWh electricity price
2) Shopping mall energy consumption data from 2005 Designated Building Database

The following are details suggested for each plan:

Short term Energy Conservation Program (1-2 years):

� Training – a series of training courses should be continually organized to
build up knowledge and skills of all technicians involved
� Awareness raising campaign – public relations activities to create awareness
on energy conservation issue, environmental impact from energy
consumption, and climate change / global warming for the management and
staffs and shop owners / keepers
� Consultation support – a subsidizing scheme can be established to encourage
shopping malls to engage experts or specialized consultants in planning and
executing energy management system and energy conservation program
� Effective monitoring system – there should be effective monitoring and
control system that Designated Buildings must regularly update their energy
database, consistently submit the energy report, including their energy
management target and planning on a regular basis
� Equipments and personal supports – some of the measurement instruments
are very costly and the building owner do not want to purchase, there could
be a new service function set up for equipment borrowings, technician
assistants with some service fees
� Information sharing and distribution –DEDE information center gathers
news and useful information and distribute to all concerned shopping malls

28 ~ 16 ~
Medium term Energy Conservation Program (1-2 years):
� Monetary subsidy for further actions – the government can encourage
private mall owners to take further step by investing in Proven Technology
and Emerging Technology of energy conservation with various monetary
subsidy programs such as partial investment subsidy, interest rate subsidy
� Energy efficient building labeling – set up a Labeling program to indicate
different levels of energy efficiency in all shopping malls. By this way, energy
efficiency assessment will be done annually and the label itself will help raise
awareness of all persons involved regarding the energy usage, CO2 release,
and all activities affecting energy - environment conservation
� Law and regulation update – law and regulation should be up-to-date for
encouraging energy efficient building from the designing step to daily
operation
� Establish ‘Energy Management Network’ – there should be a network of key
persons in charge of each shopping malls and related government offices so
that effective information flow, knowledge sharing, and other cooperation
can be assured

Long-term Energy Conservation Program (5 years onwards):

� Continue the labeling program and revise necessary standards to increase
energy efficiency
� Effective monitoring system - for Designated Buildings to act according to
the energy regulation

~ 17 ~ 29
 Summary
6 Summary

6.1 Shopping Mall's Specific Energy Consumption

Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) derived from DEDE database together with
a survey conducted in 22 shopping malls finds appropriate SEC per service area that can
be used as benchmarks to analyze energy consumption pattern or behavior of each
shopping mall as shown in a table below:

Table 15 Specific Energy Consumption per Service Area of Shopping Malls

SEC per service area

Building Categories No. of data Data Source
(kWh/yr/m2)
Designated building
Department store 169 240.6
database
Designated building
Discount Store 294 336.4
database
Designated building
Shopping Plaza 91 204.2
database
Supermarket 3 418.4 Surveyed data

Furthermore, from a survey of 22 malls, the study then identifies SECs in major
systems with high energy demand in each shopping mall, as illustrated in table 16.

Table 16 Specific Energy Consumption in Major Systems

No. Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) Symbol Value Range Unit

1 SEC for Air Conditioning System per Air- SEC-ACAREA 144.4 109.7-284.5 � kWh / yr �
Conditioned Area � 2
�
� m �
2 SEC for Lighting System per Service Area, SEC-LT 56.3 17.8-149.2 � kWh / yr �
excluding parking and rental space � 2
�
� m �
3 SEC for Refrigeration System per SEC-RF 11,548 6,959-19,601 � kWh / yr �
Refrigerated Volume � 3
�
� m �

6 .2 Shopping Mall's Energy Saving Potential

By using SEC findings as energy consumption benchmarks, shopping malls with

higher SEC than the benchmark are potential buildings for energy conservation
promotion. The estimated energy saving potential, as described in Chapter 5, is

30 ~ 18 ~
approximately 310 GWh per year or 15% of current energy consumption of all shopping
mall typed buildings.

On the other hand, average energy saving drawn from the survey suggests for 88
GWh//year or 5.38% of present energy consumed if energy conservation measures are
immediately put into action.

From the two approaches mentioned, the study then assumes an average of 10%
potential energy savings in shopping mall typed buildings, which is amounted to 206.7
GWh of energy per year or 620 million Baht. In order to reach the goal, short-term,
medium-term, and long-term energy conservation plan as discussed in Chapter 5 must
be undertaken.

In summary, a study suggests for immediate action of energy conservation

measures in shopping mall typed buildings as following:
� Encourage a replacement of high efficiency equipments, especially in intense
energy consumption systems such as air-conditioning and refrigerating
� Promote building envelope improvement or heat gain reduction to lessen
efficiency loss in air-conditioning system
� Motivate an effective monitoring and control system for Designated
Buildings to regularly update their energy database and consistently submit
the energy report in a regular basis as well as assigning accredited consultant
for random checking
� Take immediate action for energy conservation measures in air-conditioning
system of shopping malls, as it is the highest energy consumption unit
� Promote a switch of LED to replace Halogen lamps, for reducing electricity
needed as well as cutting the heat load in air-conditioned area of shopping
malls

~ 19 ~ 31
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