NAME Period 4 10/26/11 Chapter 4 Vocabulary 1.

Design Process: a systematic problem-solving strategy, with criteria and constraints, used to develop many possible solutions to solve a problem or satisfy human needs and wants and to narrow down the possible solutions to one final choice. 2. Architecture: The profession of bringing together a group of machine or handmade parts that fit together to form a self-constrained unit. 3. Scientific Method: A body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge; steps include observation, experimentation, and forming and testing hypotheses. 4. Design: an iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs and wants or solve problems. 5. Technologist: a person who uses knowledge and resources to meet needs and wants, either as a career or in daily life. 6. Sketching: creating a rough draft drawing representing the main features of an object or scene, often as preliminary study. 7. Freehand: done manually without the aid of instruments such as rulers. 8. Draftspersons: a skilled craftsperson that produces accurate representations of objects for technical, architectural and engineering needs. 9. CAD: the integration of computer-aided design with computer-aided manufacturing to improve efficiency 10. Perspective: a form of pictorial drawing in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye; perspective drawings can be drawn using one, two, and three vanishing points. 11. Documentation: the documents that are required for something, or that give evidence or proof of something. 12. Designer: a person who designs any of a variety of things; usually implies the task of creating drawings or in some ways uses visual cues to organize his or her work. 13. Graphic Artist: a designer who uses the art of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, ect. 14. Layout: arrangement on a page of the elements of a drawing. 15. Engineers Notebook: also referred to as an engineers logbook, a design notebook, or designers notebook. 16. Patent: a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to the inventor of a unique product or process for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of the invention or innovation. 17. Portfolio: a set of pieces of creative work intended to demonstrate a persons ability or to document the development of an idea over time. 18. Inventors log: a very detailed diary of an inventors progress in the design or a new device or system. The logbook should be bound, with entries consecutively dated. The logbook provides proof of priority of the idea for patenting purposes.

19. Technology: a person who uses knowledge and resources needs and wants. 20. Visualize: to imagine the visual form of an object or situation that one cannot see. 21. Techniques: a procedure used to accomplish a specific activity or task 22. Visual Thinking: the use of visual system to gain information from external sources and the interpretation of that sensory data nonverbally. 23. Verbal Thinking: : a method of information processing in which ideas are represented by words; sounds and images perceived are interpreted and expressed as words, both spoken and written. 24. Right brain: the right hemisphere of the cerebellum where it is believed simultaneous, holistic, spatial, and relational information processing are favored 25. Left brain: the left hemisphere of the cerebellum, where it is believed linear, verbal, analytical, and logical information processing are favored. 26. Spaces: a free or unoccupied are or expanse 27. Proportions: the relationship of one thing to another in quantity 28. Spatial Relationships: the perceived interaction among objects or elements in space. 29. Contour Drawing: drawing a line that represents the edge of a form or a group of forms. 30. Cartography: mapmaking; the study and practice of making representations of the Earth on a flat surface. 31. Negative Shapes: the area around positive or object shapes; the background. 32. Shading: the representation of light and shade on a drawing or map. 33. Texture: the feel, appearance, of a surface, substance, or fabric. 34. Element of Design: a basic visual component or building block of designed objects, e.g.., line, shape, form, value, color, texture, or space. 35. Shape: the two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area, in contrast to three-dimensional form. 36. Two-dimensional: having the dimensions of height and width, height and depth, or width and depth only. 37. Organic: in design, a shape or form suggesting objects in nature, usually without straight lines or regular angles. 38. Rectilinear Shapes: shapes with straight edges 39. Form: having the three dimensions of length, width, and depth. 40. Prismatic: a solid geometric figure whose two ends are similar, equal, and parallel rectilinear figures, and whose sides are parallelograms. 41. Three-Dimensional: having the dimensions of height, width, and depth. 42. Values: fundamental truths and beliefs that an organization or individual uses as a guideline while accomplishing a mission. 43. Photoreceptors: structures on the retina of the eye that are sensitive to light and transmit information to the brain that allow us to see value and color and to interpret spatial cues. 44. Rods: a type of photoreceptor in the retina of the eye that detects light and transmits information about lightness and darkness. 45. Cones: a type of structure in the retina of the eye that detects light, distinguishes among wavelengths, and transmits information about color 46. Hue: refers to a specific color, like red

47. Wavelength: the length of the wavelength of light, and it determines the hue, red has the longest wavelength 48. Tint: light value of a hue 49. Chroma: brightness and intensity of a hue 50. Primary Color: basic colors from which all other colors are made 51. Additive primaries: primary colors of white light 52. Additive Color Theory: based on the principle that light energy is emitted from a source, such as the sun or an artificial 53. Subtractive Primaries: yellow, red, blue 54. Subtractive Color Theory: based on the principle that pigments absorb some wavelengths of light while reflecting others 55. Secondary Color: the result when two primary colors are mixed 56. Tertiary Color: the result of a primary and secondary color are mixed 57. Color Wheel: it is an illustration that shows all the possibilities of colors so far (twelve colors); handy tool for choosing colors 58. Analogous Colors: colors close to one another on the color wheel (blue, bluegreen, green 59. Complementary Colors: colors from the opposite sides of the wheel 60. Simulate: to modify or imitate some real thing, state of affairs, or process 61. Linear Perspective: in drawing, an approximate representation, on a flat surface, of an image as it is perceived by the eye; typically, objects are drawn smaller as their distance from the observer increases and items are somewhat distorted when viewed at an angle 62. Vanishing Point: the point of convergence if u draw a line along a roof and one along the ground and find that they meet 63. One-Point Perspective: Drawings that use only one vanishing point 64. Horizon Line: the vanishing point in a one-point perspective drawing 65. Front Face: in one-point perspective, the planar surface closest to the viewer, perpendicular to the line of vision 66. Two-Point Perspective: a realistic way of drawing objects in three dimensions using a horizon line, a key edge and two vanishing points 67. Key Edge: the closest edge in a drawing 68. "Bird's-Eye View": a picture or drawing where the horizon line is very high 69. Transparent Grid: placed over an image to make the image look like it is broken up into smaller parts 70. Engineering: using technology and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems 71. Crafting: the process of visualizing the object you to draw inside a box or a crate 72. Sighting: in drawing, measuring relative sizes by means of a constant measure; determining relative points in a drawing 73. Visual Measurement: the determination of size and distance relationships by comparing shapes and locations visually 74. Nonstandard Unit: a measuring tool unique to a specific object or situation that can be used to measure with that situation; in drawing, a person may be measured as seven heads high, but a "head" is not a standard measure 75. Isometric Drawings: do not show objects that way we actually see them

76. Orthographic Projections: show three different sides on an object as though seen head-on 77. Cutaways: use a jagged edge to show what is under a part of the facade of an object 78. Exploded Drawings: show how the parts of an object fit together 79. Sectional Views: show an internal slice of the object, much like a CAT scan image 80. Drawing Conventions: techniques used by draftspersons that have been agreed upon and taught to students or novices over time, and have become the rules for the drawings understand these rules, drafting functions as a graphic language 81. Transitions: a gradual change from one form or quality to another; for example, shading is used a transition between dark and lights areas of a drawing 82. Matte Surfaces: a type of surface that minimizes light reflection; matte surfaces are finely textured, rather than smooth; paper, glass, metal, and plastic surfaces can be made glossy matter; paint containing tiny particles can applied to a surface to achieve matte finish 83. Technical Drawing: a drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a product or system for manufacturing purposes 84. Modeling: creating a visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design, often smaller that the original. Modeling is often used to test ideas, make changes to a design, and to learn more about what would happen to a similar, real object 85. CAM: the integration of a computer-aided design with computer-aided manufacturing to improve efficiency 86. Spreadsheet: a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial, on which numbers can be compared and quantities computed 87. Preliminary Sketches: drawings made fairly rapidly and usually without drawing instruments, usual to work out relationships before doing detailed drawings 88. Visual Brainstorming: a method of ideation in which drawing (in contrast to verbalizing) is used to generate large numbers of ideas. First, an existing object is drawn, then variations on that object are drawn; then variations on of those ideas are drawn, and so forth 89. Annotations: notes about materials, fasteners, and other features 90. Annotated Sketch: the addiction of annotations; they are reminders to yourself about what you were thinking at the time you developed the idea 91. Developmental Sketches: drawing that are done early in the design process to explore how an envisioned object or system might look or be assembled when finish 92. Production Drawings: drawings that show how to manufacture a product 93. Scale: a comparison of two sets of dimensions used in the relationship of an object to its surroundings 94. Landscape: a.) a drawing of an outdoor scene, often featuring natural elements; b.) a horizontally oriented page 95. Title Block: a table located in the bottom right-hand corner of an engineering drawing that identifies, in an organized way, all of the necessary information that is not given on the drawing itself. Also referred to as a title strip

96. Logo: an emblematic design adopted by an organization to identify its product