HOPE'87 Livelihood Assessment

Livelihood Assessment Report
(Tehsil Charbagh and District Swat)
Livelihood
Assessment Report
(12-18 January 2010)
0/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan
Webpage: www.hope87.org

Post conflict

Tehsil Charbagh, District Swat, N.W.F.P., PAKISTAN.
12th 18th January 2010
Conducted by:
Hundred of Original Projects for Employment (HOPE87) Apartment No.AF - 1, Midcity Apartments, Near Fazaia Colony, Off Islamabad Expressway, Rawalpindi / Islamabad - Pakistan. Phone: (92-51) 4479311. Email: ahmed@hoe87.org
Report Prepared by:

Ahmed Abbas Director Operations (HOPE87 Pakistan) Syed Israr Ali Monitoring Officer (Field Office Mingora, Swat)
Supervised by:
Shoaib Haider Islamabad Representative (HOPE87 Pakistan)
Special Thanks to;

UQAB Welfare Society, Charbagh, District, Swat.
1/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Acronyms:
PLA PRA CBO ECHO HOPE87 KPO UC MIS IT HHD PHED
Participatory Learning Approach Participatory Reflex Action Community Based Organization European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department Hundreds of Original Projects for Employments Key Punch Operator Union Council Management Information System Information Technology Household Public Health Engineering Department
2/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Contents:
Acronyms 1 1.1 Introduction: Executive Summary 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3 Background Purposes Methodology
Methodology Stakeholder consultation Secondary data analysis Preliminary field work Site selection Design of tools and sequencing Training and implementation Analysis Key Findings 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Human Capital Social Capital Natural Capital Financial Capital Physical Capital Relief received and Priority setting
4.
Recommendations
Annexure
3/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

01:
Introduction
1.1
Executive Summary: HOPE87 conducted a Post Conflict Livelihood Assessment in its
operational area of the project Hope for the victims of conflict in Pakistan1 i.e. Tehsil Charbagh (Consisting of four union councils, Charbagh, Gulibagh, Talegram and Kishawra), between 12 January 2010 to 18 January 2010 with an estimated population of 0.12 million people. The objective of this assessment is to develop an understanding of the impact of conflict on livelihood patterns and measures necessary for rehabilitation of livelihood in medium term to the level of pre conflict. This study is composed of two main components. The first is a background
study, focused group discussions, stakeholders consultation, secondary data analysis, oral testimonials and usage of PLA/PRA techniques, providing a picture of the pre-conflict socio-economic situation, in addition to emergency and recovery responses in the area. The second is a participatory rapid assessment (PRA)/Key informant interviews providing a qualitative account of the experiences of populations affected by the conflict. The 20 villages surveyed during the assessment were selected according
to three pronged criteria: severity of the damage, poverty clustering and diversity. 40 focus groups discussions and 239 in-depth interviews were undertaken at two levels: stakeholder level (focusing on five aspects of livelihoods indicators Physical Capital, Human Capital, Natural Capital, Financial Capital and Social Capital) and at vulnerable group level (assessing
1
The project is funded by European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) with start date of 1 November 2009 and closing date of 30 April 2010, with a mandate of water, hygiene and sanitation promotion at household and community level.
4/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

their livelihood conditions during and after the conflict). A total of 1,570 people (including 34 % women) were consulted in various stages of this study. Income groups were divided into four groups primarily based on cash
income, education & skills and numbers of people working in one household. The first income groups main sources of income are formal employment and foreign remittances (earning PKR 16,000 per month and upwards). The second income group includes households whose primary income source is agriculture, livestock, orchards, shop keeping & small businesses or skilled casual labour (carpenters, masons, etc.) and by doing small jobs in other cities of Pakistan (earning PKR 8,000 10,000 per month). The third income group is predominantly unskilled casual labourers working either in urban centres (e.g. in hotels/ restaurants, construction, or factories) or in the villages e.g. carrying loads, or doing agricultural work (earning PKR 4,000 - 6,000 per month). The fourth and the poorest income group consist of female-headed households with limited support from extended family and rely on income from child labour, zakat2(mandatory religious tax) and small amounts of casual work by the women (earning PKR 1,800 - 3,500 per month). A basic minimum food and non-food basket for a household of 8 people
was estimated to cost around PKR 4,000 per month in the assessment area. The major findings of this assessment are as follow: o 15% male respondents take active role in decision making at
village/community level while this ratio for women is only 5%. o Majority (85%) of the inhabitants are dependent on income from orchards, farming and livestock, 7% are unskilled labours, 4 % are
Zakat/Charity: the government has a department known as Pakistan Bait ul mal (Currently the chairman is Zamrud Khan), the department pay amount (PKR 4,000) on yearly basis to the registered destitute and vulnerable families through local Zakat Committee members.
5/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

government employees and 4% are running their own small and medium enterprises3. o The main source of income of the assessment area i.e. farming, orchards and livestock was badly affected by the conflict with a decrease of 81% in income levels. The decrease in other sources of income is either nil (Government employees) or negligible (7% un-skilled labours, 4% small & medium entrepreneurs). o On average 66.9% decrease in production of crops & vegetables was reported during the assessment. The decrease value (76%) in off road lands (fields far away from the main roads) fields is far higher than on road lands/fields and settled areas (58%). The decrease in production value for each crop is respective wheat (64%), maize (65%), rice (70%), tomato (75%), onion (71%), pea (51%) and miscellaneous4crops/vegetable (66%). o Average land holding per household is 15 Kanal (1 Kanal = 500 sq.m
approx.), out of which 78% (about 11.7 Kanal) is cultivable. 53% of cultivable land is water channel/canal irrigated while the remaining is rain-fed. The assessment shows that both types of lands have year round cultivation cycles5. o 69% decrease in livestock occurred during the conflict as the
villagers sold their livestock due to unavailability of feed for these livestock. The cultivation of agriculture lands results in availability of feed for the livestock and thus a decrease in production of crops directly resulted in
3
Small and medium enterprises include home based workers (artisans), tailors, street hawkers and small shopkeepers etc.
Miscellaneous crops/vegetables include lady fingers, potato, chilies, turnip, radish, spinach, cabbage, cauliflowers, Aborigine.
See annexure VIII: the farming schedule
6/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

decrease in livestock rearing and holding. During the conflict people also sold their livestock to arrange money for migration and for managing daily life expenses. o 42% people associated with agriculture have fruit orchards on their
land and have lost two seasons of yield with no or negligible returns from these orchards. Whilst the orchards require regular maintenance like cutting (includes thinning, topping, general cutting), pesticides spray, uses of fertilizers & manures and hoeing, which was not done during the past two seasons (due to conflict), with an estimated 72% decrease in fruit production (projected for next harvest season). This loss can be substantially brought down by facilitating the owners by providing paid labour, use of fertilizers, pesticides and proper cutting. o The community prioritizes the agricultural inputs (including orchards)
as their foremost need for the rehabilitation of their sustainable livelihood. Provisions of quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, small livestock, trainings, infrastructure rehabilitation (irrigation channels) and cash for work were the key remedial actions identified by the community. o Capacity building of local farmers on packing of fruits and value
addition, its proper storage and marketing was also the key thrust areas identified during this study.
1.2
Background:
In 2009, Pakistan experienced the worst internal displacement crisis of its history when up to 2.7 million individuals were forced to leave their homes in Malakand Division and FATA as a result of insecurity and hostilities. Thousands of Pakistani host families, the Federal, Provincial and District Government and the national and international humanitarian community provided food, shelter and other
7/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

humanitarian assistance to the internally displaced persons (IDPs). By the end of 2009, humanitarian assistance was still provided to 1.1 million IDPs, host families as well as to 1.6 million returnees.6 Before the crisis district Swat had been a fertile valley with adequate pure spring water, blooming fruit orchards, good year round crop harvests, gift of natural beauty, beautiful gorges promoting tourism and even skiing slopes and natural resources. Swats main economy has been based on three specific sectors agriculture, mining for emeralds and fruit orchards. When the military operation against Taliban started in May 2009, the wheat crop and the fruits, mainly apricots and plum, were ready for harvest, which could not be done. Upper Swat is one of the most affected zones of the conflict area. Due to close proximity and clear coverage of illegal FM radio of Mulla Fazl Ullah, the area was badly under the influence of Talibinization, leading to the pre-conflict collateral damages of demolishing of schools, burning/demolishing of politically elected people representatives residence, offices and shops etc. In Tehsil Charbagh (union councils of Kishawra, Talegram and Gulibagh of Tehsil Charbagh) the political activists were targeted particularly, either murdered or were forced to migrate from the area. The police forces, social workers, women
workers/employees, schoolgirls were major targets of Taliban brutality. These union councils not only suffered prior to the conflict but also during the conflict due to heavy fighting. Tehsil Charbagh is a rural area with a majority of inhabitants belonging to ultra poor and marginalized class. With the gradual improvement of the situation in district Swat, following the military operation the areas of lower Swat were first opened up for relief and rehabilitation activities. The military operation having
UN OCHA, Humanitarian End of Year Review 2009, 13th January 2010.
End of Year
8/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

continued in upper Swat for a longer duration, and the ban imposed on farmland cultivation to prevent miscreants hiding in the fields further aggravated the situation and led towards deprivation of the area from relief work and thus the affected people of these four union councils remained in the penal complex again. HOPE87, WFP and Mercy Corp are the first few relief agencies to have started working in this area but mainly in the field of WASH and Food aid, however the essential livelihood component to Link Relief Rehabilitation and Development work is still being neglected. Mainly inhabitants of this area may be put in stayees (inhabitants who could not leave during military operation), as both the check posts i.e. Fizagat and Khwazakhella were blocked at the time when displacement occurred and majority of the people could not leave the area. Keeping in view this background and the presence of HOPE87 in the area for the project Hope for the victims of conflict in Pakistan, HOPE87 conducted a livelihood assessment of the area from 12th January 2010 to 18th January 2010. 1.3 Purpose
To understand the current situation of livelihood means and to identify the main livelihood restoration and rehabilitation needs to Link Relief Rehabilitation and Development of Tehsil Charbagh of District Swat. 1.4 Objectives
The assessment was conducted to explore pre and post conflict socioeconomic conditions and the impact of conflict and displacement on livelihood means and economy of the targeted area (Tehsil Charbagh). With the main focus on the inhabitants daily livelihood activities, problems they are facing in performing those activities, identify remedial measures and measures for livelihood rehabilitation per priority needs identified by the inhabitants.
9/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

02:
Methodology
The methodology for this assessment was designed by keeping in view the humanitarian SPHERE Standards for food security and livelihood assessments in disaster struck areas. A qualitative approach was used, with primary data collected using household or key informant interviews, plus a number of focus group discussions. Enumerators carried out semi-structured interviews using a basic checklist of livelihood issues to be covered, covering livelihood patterns before and after the conflict, considering differences between geographical areas, livelihood groups and seasonal patterns. Information was analyzed and interpreted using a combination of the Household Economy Approach7 and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework8. Secondary data was used to complement primary information where available. The periodic and systematic methodology may be narrated as follow below.
Household Economy Approach (HEA): The Household Economy Approach describes how
different households live, what risks they are vulnerable to and how they cope in a shock. It describes the assets and resources accessible for different types of households, and how these resources are exploited in the daily, seasonal and long-term process of making ends meet. Specifically HEA considers the value of different assets, how households access their basic needs (including food, social services etc) and how they derive the income used for basic needs, for investment or social obligations. It looks particularly at access to markets, including employment opportunities, and considers the relationship of households and communities with the wider economy. With this baseline information we can predict what is likely to happen when livelihoods are disrupted. For details: http://www.odi.org.uk/hpg/papers/SCF_HEA.pdf
8
The DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Framework was the first and is still the most widely recognized
and used SL framework. For details http://nzaidtools.nzaid.govt.nz/sustainable-livelihoodsapproach/sustainable-livelihoods-framework
10/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

2.1
Stakeholders Consultation:
As a first step the assessment team led a stakeholder consultation process that included individual meetings with a range of humanitarian agencies and other institutions9. The primary stakeholder at field level that included farmers and community based organizations, local agriculturists, field staff of humanitarian agencies and government line departments10 were also consulted.
Representation in consultation for the study design, field observations, community needs and final reporting was put in place from these primary stakeholders at field level. Whilst at district level the key stakeholders, the Government line agencies for agriculture, livestock, small industries and banks 11 were also consulted at each level of the study.
2.2
Secondary Data analysis: Having roots in community through a local partner UQAB Welfare Society12, the team was facilitated with detail secondary data. The significance of the data may be rated as the most appropriate to be used as secondary data, as it was fresh, complete and updated data. These include, list of villages, list of households in all villages with socioeconomic situation, social maps, wealth ranking, community activists
Mercy corps (Field officer for UC Gulibagh Ijaz Khan) , Deedar Ali (Field officer Lasoona), Nadeem Khan(Senior Social Organizer - DDF), Zubair (Livelihood Expert CRS), IMRAB (WFP)
10
Livestock Department (Dr Jamal Khan), Agriculture (Amjad Khan), Fisheries (Noor Rehman), Social Welfare (Hamid Khan), Amjad (UNDP Environment Coordinator), Imran (FAO), Abdullah Shah (EDO Education) MCB Madyan Road Mingora Branch and Sharif Khan (United Bank) Tita Butt
11
12
UQAB is a registered organization and is implementing partner of HOPE87 for ECHO funded project. UQAB has community based organizations in all four union Councils of Tehsil Charbagh, out of which 80% is made during the project for project implementation.
11/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

details, village rehabilitation and development plans. All these materials were used, analyzed and a sample size was developed as follow: 2.3 239 respondents for key informant interviews/in-depth interviews. 40 focus group discussions. Preliminary Field Work:
Prior to designing the assessment methodology, the assessment team spent several hours reviewing secondary data, discussing the expected outputs of the study with a range of stakeholders, and discussing field visits reports13. The purpose of the visits and the day-long discussions was to have a sense of the appropriateness of participatory methodologies in a post-conflict situation and to gauge the following: Is it feasible to expect people to meet in groups? How approachable are households? What types of questions may be appropriate and not appropriate? What are the best ways to approach communities? Who are the community leaders that could make the introductions and bring people together for discussion? 2.4 Site Selection:
The 20 villages were selected according to three pronged criteria: severity of the damage, poverty clustering and diversity. These villages include Landay, Maira, Titai Walay, Cham and Wali Abad (in UC Gulibagh), Kot, Kamelpur, Shabadin, Hafizabad and Sarra Cheena (in UC Charbagh), Rorrya , Pakhtoon Abad,
13
Prior to this study execution and designing of tools, the Director Operations Ahmed Abbas has paid two visits on 23-24 November, 2009 and on 17-18 December, 2009 to the area and conducted meetings with certain stakeholders and project staff of local implementing partner UQAB, which are directly tied up to the communities via many links including the project of HOPE87 funded by ECHO.
12/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Kishawra, Speenay Oba and Malam (in UC Kishawra) while Jehan Abad, Talegram (Upper), Makkad, Talegram (Lower) and Sair (in UC Talegram). 2.5 Tools designing and sequences:
The outcome of the stakeholder consultation and the initial field visits of Director Operations (HOPE87 Pakistan) resulted in development of tools for the participatory livelihood assessments, to capture the elements of the livelihoods framework that had not been covered in previous studies or by the secondary data review. The participatory component of the study was designed to portray a picture of the situation in Tehsil Charbagh from the perspective of its inhabitants themselves. In addition, by using local development professionals as facilitators and analysts, the qualitative study benefited from the skills and interpretations of those currently active in helping the affectees to improve their living. The methods used were intended not simply to collect data but to provide a structure for community members and facilitators to analyze their own vulnerability, assets, livelihoods and coping strategies and priorities in an interactive fashion. The tools were designed to build on each other in an analytical sequence that explored the various elements of the livelihoods framework, then synthesized them into a holistic understanding of livelihoods at each site and, when combined with the secondary data review, across the district. While designing the tool due consideration was given that tools used in participatory analysis will not stand alone; in combination they will paint a holistic picture of livelihoods at the household and community levels and will allow facilitators to validate information through triangulation. Thus flexible tools were designed to provide a framework for dialogue and discussion and hence additional information will arise, depending on participants priorities and
13/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

interests. Though the design of the methodology cannot prescribe or predict all the possible information that will emerge. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the teams were trained and sensitized about the fact that the validity of information is proportional to the quality of interaction between facilitators and participants. If participants (and facilitators for that matter) do not understand the objectives of the assessment or trust the facilitators, then the information that emerges may not present the real picture. 2.6 Team composition, Training and implementation:
Team Composition: Four field teams were constituted, where each team was led by professional developmental workers having sociology or social work as the key qualification. Each team consisted of five members (One woman, and four men). An office based team of three professionals (One Program development, one agriculturist and one IT professional) for data cleaning, consultation with the stakeholders, trends and aspirations compilation, data analysis and report writing was also instituted. Data punching was outsourced and assisted by a consulting firm The Cyber world while the appropriate checking/data cleaning was done by the IT professional and the program development specialist. Training: All the team members were briefed about assessment objective and were trained on effective interview techniques and assessment methodologies. Moreover the team member's existing knowledge of PRA/PLA techniques was updated and integrated with the needs of this study. Norms setting for completion of the assessment and submission of report was done during this training session. A work plan (attached as annexure II) was tabulated after norm setting and area allocation.
14/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Implementation: The assessment was conducted in 20 villages by four teams. Each union council was deployed by one survey team, which conducted survey and focus group discussions in their respective union councils in three days. The key informant interviews were conducted in a very dynamic way including initial consultation with the entire family members, including females and listing of pre and post conflict assets as well as income sources and major expenses of a household. The entire family members were than included in prioritization of needs & actions for the re-instating/rehabilitation of their livelihood sources/means. Later a detailed key informant interview was conducted based on the findings of detail discussions with them, following by re-confirmation from the same family members. Moreover, it was endorsed by the family head by his/her signature or thumb impression. 2.7 Analysis:
At the end of each site assessment, the facilitation team came together to prepare their site reports and to compile a summary, based on the key themes used in the original design of the assessment methodology. At the end of each day, facilitation teams came together in base camp to present and discuss their findings. They analyzed differences and similarities between the four teams sites studied during the day, thereby taking the first step in aggregating findings across the different sites. These various analytical processes built into the methodology itself, served to increase the validity of data through cross-referencing and engaging the facilitation team in interpretation and analysis of the community-level data. The teams participated in a day-long analysis workshop that began with a presentation and discussion of the findings from the literature review and macroanalysis. The field teams then presented their findings from each site based on a livelihoods framework, compared differences and similarities between sites, and made presentations based on key themes across all sites. The final assessment
15/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

report represents the final level of analysis that draws the macro, meso- and micro-level findings together.
Team Organ gram
Team Leader
Supervisor at HOPE87
(Shoaib Haider - Islamabad Representative HOPE87Pakistan)
(Director Operations HOPE87 Pakistan)
Field Supervisor
(Monitoring Officer HOPE87 Pakistan)
Field teams
Sector Specialist
KPOs (Consultants)
For Conducting survey and focus group discussion
For focus group discussions, reporting & analysis
For data punching, data security and data cleaning
16/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

03: Overview:
Key Findings
A total of 1,570 individuals (239 persons as key informant interviews, 706 in households consultations, 57 in PRA/PLA mapping and 568 in focus group discussions) were consulted during the study. 240 community volunteers participated in basic profiling of households and villages. The basic profiling of villages (up to small hamlets) and households has been done for the 92% of the area that leads towards a very clear and comprehensive picture of the area. The study contains very specific and precise information in some cases while projection in other cases is based on sample size but was complimented with these basic profiles, to overcome any short-comings of sampling study. 3.1 Human Capital:
During the study 6,400 households basic profiles (92% of the total HHDs in Tehsil Charbagh), 72 village profiles (92% of the total villages) were developed and analyzed through MIS. Based on these inputs and key informant interviews results may be shown as follows.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Less Then Five Years From 05 to 18 Years From 18 to 30 Years From 30 to 50 Years Above 50 years 5.5 12.7 14.7 9.3 5.0 8.3 13.9 16.6 8.1 5.9 Total Woman Man 13.8 26.6 31.3 17.4 10.9
The above chart shows that the women between the age of 18-30 are in larger proportion (16.6%) than men (14.7%). The above chart also depicts that the larger population of the area is young. Family Size:
17/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Average family Size in the area is 8.1 individuals while a variety of family size exists in the area varying from 2 members to 20 members in a single household having the same roof for residence and the common stove. The following chart illustrates the various family sizes that exist in the community.
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
HHDs
43.4 30.4 22.6 `
8.1 3.6
UP to Six 06 to 10 11 to 16 17 & Above Average Family Size
Skills analysis: The ratio of unskilled people was found 45% of the total. The ratio of unskilled females is as high as 75%, while the percentage of unskilled men is 28%. Farming is the main skill and is used as the main income source on men side (70%) while for women crafts are the main source of income (12%) contributing to overall household income. Skills and occupation analysis is given as follow: Skill Farming Handicrafts Tailoring Artisans Orchard Management Men 70% 5% 6% 7% 3% Women 4% 64% 16% 0% 0%
(skilled labour) Information Technology Driving Mechanics 1% 7% 1% 0% 0% 0%
18/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Education: Though the area is rural, having limited opportunities and facilities, yet education trend on men side may be seen very obvious. However the ratio of literacy among women is dismal due to a host of different reasons, including the socio-cultural limitations and lack of facilities in the area. The study depicts that 73% of the population (above 5 years) are either literate or attending the schools and 27% are illiterate, including mainly the aged members of the society and the child labours in women headed households. The following self explanatory table illustrates and analyzes the situation more clearly. Literacy ratio out of the total population
Level of Education Illiterate Primary Middle/High FA/BA Above Men 11.2 % 6.5 % 8.8 % 20.8 % 22.9 % Ratio 11.2 % Women 15.3 % 7.1 % 2.9 % Ratio 15.3 % Total 26.5 % 13.6 % 11.7 % Ratio 26.5 %
59.1
2.9 % 1.5 %
14.4
23.7 % 24.4 %
73.5
Literacy level analysis (men in men and women in women population)

Level of Education Illiterate Primary Middle/High FA/BA Above Men 15.9 9.3 12.5 29.6 32.6 Ratio 15.9% Women 51.6 23.8 9.9 Ratio 51.6%
84.1
9.9 4.9
48.4
The assessment shows that discontinuation of education of (68%) girls after primary education, is resulting in lesser number of educated and qualified women in the area. The socio-cultural barriers to women employment in the area also result in lack of interest in women education. This indicator is also
19/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

affecting the social capital for women i.e. role of women in decision-making, mobility of women within the village and support of community towards them.
3.2
Social Capital:
Traditionally decision making of the village is in hand of a few village elders numbering three to four. The role and influence of these personalities in decisions such as construction of schools and health facilities etc. for pursuing personal agendas has resulted in many villages lacking facilities and thus remained backward. During the 80s and 90s, due to sustained efforts of civil society and donor agencies, the livelihood of the common person improved due to interventions in education, agriculture and livelihood extension programs resulting in a diminished role for these dominant personalities. In the lower Swat areas the lower middle classes are more active in community social work and developmental initiatives. However in upper Swat rural areas like Kishawra and Talegram, the poverty levels leave room for the dominancy of such Khans to varied degrees. Development in these areas may be graded very low as compared with the development of other areas. But this change in the lower Swat areas i.e. transition of decision making power is not uniform and planned and thus a single Khan is replaced by a Khan from each house. This situation leads towards disarray and the unity of the area badly affected at the same time giving rise to several discrepancies within the society. These discrepancies includes the influx of Talibanization, Militancy and other social and political instabilities. Social institutions are rarely seen in operation here. In the past, efforts for collective decision making was launched by select communities to overcome the gaps of decision making in the area and to replace the role of single Khan by a community organization and participatory decision making. The influx of
20/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

talibanization organisations.
adversely
affected
the
role
of
village
and
community
At the same time, traditionally, community participation is very strong amongst the villagers i.e. the organization and arrangements of social events such as funerals and weddings is managed by village committees. These committees are very pro-active since last 8-10 years, except for the last two years during Taliban influence. One important aspect of social connectivity is activities related to irrigation channels. Participation in cleaning, dredging and maintenance of irrigation water channels is voluntary. However, at the same time, the collective decision among the villagers is deficient in the society, though number of decision makers is increased; some facts are as follow.
Support of the community towards families
Role of Men in Decision Making
21.3 38.1 Active Passive Moderate No-Support 26.8 13.8
20.1 32.6 Active Passive Moderate No Role 33.1 14.2
Role of women in Decision Making
Participation of HHDs in Social Institution
2.1 0.8
10.9 Active Passive Moderate No Role

21.3
8.8
1.7
No Membership Member GC Member Executive Member 68.2
86.2
3.3
Natural Capital:
85% of the total population sustain their livelihood from natural capital directly (farming and orchards) or indirectly (livestock-depending upon the existence of rich natural capital). The conflict has had a bad affect on these natural capitals. The main source of income of the assessment area i.e. farming, orchards and
21/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

livestock (85% of the total) was badly affected by the conflict and a decrease of 81% in income from these sources has been recorded. Some major findings regarding natural assets are as follow: Land Holding: Average land holding per household is 15 Kanal (1 Kanal = 500 m2 approx.), out of which 78% (about 11.7 Kanal) is cultivable. 53% of cultivable land is water channel/canal irrigated while the remaining is rain-fed. Both type of lands have year round cultivation cycles and the farmers of this area are busy in the fields for the whole year. For details see annexure III Farmers year and annex VIII for crop cycles. For over a year now, majority of the fertile lands remained un-touched by the farmers, resulting in decrease in yield and production. Furthermore these lands now require extra efforts in terms of ploughing and fertilizers for rehabilitation and completely re-instating to the pre-conflict levels. Orchard: 42% people associated with agriculture have fruit orchards on their land and have lost two consecutive seasons of yield with no or negligible returns from these orchards. Whilst the orchards require regular maintenance like pruning (includes thinning, topping, general cutting), pesticides spray, uses of fertilizers & manures and hoeing, which was not possible during the past two seasons (due to conflict), with an estimated 72% (projected for next season) decrease in fruit production. Facilitating the owners by providing paid labour, use of fertilizers, pesticides and proper pruning/cutting can substantially bring down this loss. On average a single orchard has 400 to 450 trees in it. Crops & Vegetables: The area is very popular for its crops and vegetable production due to its excellent climate, rich irrigation sources and fertile cultivable lands. A variety of
22/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

crops/vegetables like wheat, maize, rice, onion, pea, tomato, bell pepper, turnip, chilis, radish, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, okra (lady finger), pumpkin, butternut squash, and garlic are the main crops/vegetables cultivated in the area. The upper most areas like Madyan, Kalam and Behrain etc of district Swat and the whole district Shangla & Kohistan are dependent upon the production of seedlings (Paneri)14 from other areas for certain vegetables otherwise the lands remained un-cultivated or the seedlings have to be bought from other distant markets like Hazara, which makes it comparatively costlier. A detailed exercise was conducted in Ala Abad a village of UC Gulibagh and it was found that only in Ala Abad seeds costing 1.5 Million PKR is cultivated for the production of seedlings for onions. Estimation depicts that these seedlings results return of 7.8 Million to the poor farmers of the single Ala-Abad village. Due to the conflict, intermittent curfews during the last quarter of 2009 resulting in no proper
ploughing of fields and lack of facilities in shape of seeds, cash and fertilizers these nurseries of onions and such like vegetables are rarely seen this year and same is expected in coming season too. The peoples priorities regarding the cultivation of vegetables and crops may be seen in detail in annexure VII and the recommendations. The impact of the current conflict on the production of crops and vegetables in the area can be gauged from the following figures. On average 66.9% decrease in production of crops & vegetables was reported during the assessment. The decrease value (76%) in off road lands/fields (at a distance of
14
These areas are climatically not suitable for the production of nurseries of vegetables thus they buy seedlings (locally called Paneri) from Tehsil Charbagh and other portions of Swat where the climate is suitable for production of Paneri and where it is regularly cultivated. Tehsil Charbagh is renowned for it and numbers of traders come here.
23/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

150 m or more from a main road) is far higher than on road lands/fields and settled areas (58%). The decrease in production value for each crop respectively is wheat (64%), maize (65%), rice (70%), tomato (75%), onion (71%), pea (51%) and miscellaneous15 crops/vegetable (66%). Details are as follow below in the table (the production is based on sample size data).
Annual Production in kg Crop/Vegetables Pre Wheat Maize Rice Tomato Onion Pea Miscellaneous Total production/decrease 1,251,790. 567,800. 898,770. 394,400. 1,001,700. 323,200. 177,850. 4,615,510 Post 450,644. 198,730. 269,631. 98,600. 290,493. 158,368. 60,469. 1,526,935 Value of Decrease 801,146. 369,070. 629,139. 295,800. 711,207. 164,832. 117,381. 3,088,575 % of Decrease 64 65 70 75 71 51 66 66.9
The role of local agriculture shops: The local agriculture shops - 12 in number are playing a vital role in the development of agriculture and livestock in the area. They provide seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and other necessary agricultural inputs to the poor farmer on credit basis in the sowing season and get their money upon harvest and marketing of the agricultural outputs. These shopkeepers run their business on seasonal credits and thus help the farmers to cultivate their land without any hurdle. However due to decrease in cultivation in past three years as result of conflict in the area, these shops are closed and or non-functional, while the farmers owe heavy loans to these creditors as the farmers did not get any returns from their lands in the past two consecutive seasons particularly.
15
Miscellaneous crops/vegetables include lady fingers, potato, chillies, turnip, radish, spinach, cabbage, cauliflowers, brinjals.
24/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Water: Water the main source of life plays an important role in sustainable development of an agrarian economy. During the conflict the sources of water for drinking and agriculture purpose were severely affected by the militants activities and to some extent during the fighting between the Pakistan Army and the militants. Moreover community activities remained suspended during the past few years due to the sway of Talibanization and thus proper cleaning, maintenance and rehabilitation of irrigation channels and PHED Water supply schemes has not been done in an adequate manner. The locally elected public representatives and members of provincial and national assemblies remained outside their constituencies also for the last two years for security reasons, resulting in a delay in developmental initiatives. Some facts about water are as follow.
Water Available For Agriculture Use Water Available For Domestic Use
53%
66%
Pre
Post
68%
77%
Pre
Post
The post value includes the households, which were having water facilities before the conflict as well. The conflict and gap in developmental initiatives has resulted in decrease of 13% for agricultural and decrease of 11% for domestic water supply. It is worth mentioning here that the domestic water includes 22% water from dug wells and springs. 3.4 Financial Capital:
Livestock: Livestock is the integral and mandatory part of majority of households daily food intake as well as a source of income for the farmers. The livestock is an
25/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

important source for getting milk and likewise products as well as manure for the fertility of their land. On average a farmer rears 6-8 big livestock animals of different types such as buffalo, cow, oxen, sheep, goat, donkey and horse. At the same time they keep 10-12 poultry as well. The military conflict has resulted in a huge decrease (69%) in livestock as the villagers sold their livestock due to unavailability of feed for these livestock and to get some cash for daily expenses during displacement. The cultivation of agriculture lands also provide feed for the livestock and thus decrease in production of crops also results in decrease of livestock rearing and vice versa. Priorities of people for livestock are attached as annexure IV. Facts and figures about the pre and post situation of livestock is given as follow (the number of livestock is based on the sample size of 239 interview respondents).
Livestock Goat Sheep Buffalo Cow Oxen Donkey Horse Pre Conflict 541 429 411 366 158 39 8 % in Total 27.7 22.0 21.1 18.8 8.1 2.0 0.4
Post Conflict
% in Total 19.1 24.9 24.9 20.4 8.6 1.9 0.3
Decrease 410 258 240 226 99 26 6
% Decrease 75.8 60.1 58.4 61.7 62.7 66.7 75.0
131 171 171 140 59 13 2
Moreover 73% decrease in poultry was also noted. The main reason behind this was the lack of care and poultry diseases during conflict / displacement and lack of facilities like poultry shed, water and medicine. The knowledge and skill of poultry vaccination is not found at village level that also results in vanishing of local poultry breed day by day.
26/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Household Income: The income and expense details of 239 households were analyzed in detail before and after the conflict. All the family members participated in this exercise for each household and the collective figures were tabulated in the interview schedule. It was found that no decrease in salaries, pensions, private jobs and daily wage labourers has occurred, a 10% increase in salaries of
Income Sources Salaries (Govt) Salaries Private Sector Pensions Self Employment Daily Wedges Milk Eggs Crops/Vegetables Orchards Annual Income Decrease 0% 0% 0% 22% 0% 64% 73% 67% 72% Increase 0% 10% 0% 0% 22% 0% 0% 0% 0%
private sector and 22% in daily wagers occurred due to commodity price increase across the country the presence of international organization and the relief operation (especially food programs) in the area. On other side the private employers and contractors are facing a heavy turnover and thus they are compelled for increase in salaries that will lead towards increase in prices at local level (including school fee). Post conflict a person earning 8 to 10 thousand rupees per month from a private employer is now getting 20 to 30 thousand per month from developmental agencies. Moreover daily wage workers, who were getting 200 PKR per day are now demanding a higher amount. The most affected class on economy side is the farmers dependent on agricultural for whom not only the local prices of miller, black smith, daily wages workers, educational institutions etc are going to be higher in nearest future as well as their crops production is in decline. Decrease and increase ratio (%) is as follow.
27/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

M ilk C Eg ro gs ps /V eg et ab le s O rc ha rd s Se cto Pe r ns Se io ns lf Em pl oy m en Da t ily W ed ge s (G ov t)
Increase Decrease
Sa la rie s
Other Assets (Jewellery): Traditionally the women of the area keep jewellery as marriage dowry. During the conflict jewelleries remained at home in many cases which were stolen by the militants and miscreants in the absence of the family. Moreover in some rare cases the people also sold the jewellery for their early relief and for the new start of cultivation of a part of agriculture land after return. Cash: The people rarely keep cash reserves within banks. However such reserves were spent for transportation and immediate needs of the family during the displacement to the host families. 3.5 Physical Capital:
The target areas were badly hit by the conflict in all its phases i.e. pre, mid and post conflict phases. The mid-conflict phase resulted in a huge collateral damage during the peace agreement between militants and Government of Pakistan. The militants not only brutally destroyed the valuable individual and community assets of the area but also burnt and demolished the public and private buildings and physical assets. Some facts about the physical assets of
28/46
Sa la rie s
HOPE'87 Pakistan
Pr iv at e

the area are as follow. House (Ownership & Type) The assessment shows that 70% of the people have their own houses for residence while 17% are living in rented houses (mostly migrated people from Kohistan District and other similar hilly areas) and 13% are tenants on lands of well off people. Out of the total buildings 44% are made of mud mortar, 30% are mixed (mud and cement mortar) and 26% are cemented buildings. Households (Basic Facilities) As earlier mentioned 77% households have no water facility for domestic use inside the house but the water is fetched from an approachable16 distance while 58% of the total households have no access to proper sanitation facilities. On average each household has 3 rooms for an average family size of 8.1 individuals. 64% farmers have cattle shed for their livestock while the remaining (36%) rear their cattle within their residential area. Structural damages During the conflict Tehsil Charbagh can be rated as the 2nd most affected zone regarding structural damage. An analysis is given below.
Structures Damages Statistics17 for Tehsil Charbagh

Description Tehsil Charbagh Total in District % of District Destruction Rate
16
Factory 0 21 0.0 6th
Hotel 4 12 33.3 1st
House 872 6,816 12.8 3rd
Market 0 12 0.0 3rd
Shop 228 869 26.2 2nd
Unit 38 269 14.1 2nd
Grand Total 1,142 7,999 14.3 2nd
Approachable distance refers to about 600 Meter from the source of water. Source - PaRSA/PDMA Peshawar
17
29/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

3.6. Relief received and priority setting by inhabitants:
Relief Received
Indicators Cash Grant Food Assistance Kitchen Accessories Hygiene Kits Water Storage Equipments Clothes Quilts & Blankets Health Sanitation Facilities Coverage 12% 58% 12% 85% 85% 20% 5% 72% 7%
World Food Program has a hub in Tehsil Charbagh located at Ala-Abad of UC Gulibagh. They are providing food to registered IDPs of Tehsil from this hub while CRDO (Partner of WFP) is providing food to non-IDPs of UC Gulibagh and Charbagh. People of Kishawra and Talegram are not included in this program. In the WASH sector HOPE87, IRC and Mercy-Corps are working in which no one is covering Talegram while HOPE87 is covering the Kishawra individually. On livelihood no one is working while 100 poultry and 16 goats were once distributed in UC Gulibagh by a local NGO. Medical camps are organized by CRDO, which is covering two union councils while
Peoples Priorities for Rehabilitation

High Indicators Agricultural Inputs Livestock Poultry Health Clothes Shelter Quilts & Blankets Sanitation Facilities Psycho-Social Support Skill trainings 68% 45% 81% 62% 16% 24% 48% 51% 32% 45% Medium 9% 25% 9% 19% 2% 16% 19% 24% 28% 9% Low 11% 9% 9% 19% 22% 2% 17% 5% 10% 16% No 12% 21% 1% 0% 60% 58% 16% 20% 30% 30%
30/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Recommendations: As an outcome of the study, it has emerged that predominantly 70% of the people have agriculture and livestock (including poultry) as the primary source of income. Analysis of the sources of income is as follow.
Primary Source of Income
Agriculture 5% 10% 2% 3% 4% Professional Employees General Employees Daily wedges Labour 4% Skilled Labour 2% 70% Overseas Small & Medium Enterprises Charity (As single source)
Agriculture Professional Employees General Employees Daily wedges Labour Skilled Labour Overseas Small & Medium Enterprises Charity (As single source)
70% 2% 4% 10% 5% 2% 3% 4%
For better understanding of the study recommendations the team divided the livelihood groups with the consultation of sector specialists and local community members, keeping in view the post conflict scenario, into four broader categories.
31/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

1. People getting wages/salaries (employees, skilled and un-skilled labours). 2. Self employed (shopkeepers, street hawkers and home based workers) 3. Farmers dependent on agriculture and livestock 4. The destitute families (having no source of income) Being in the context that the WFP is distributing food to IDPs and non IDPs in Tehsil Charbagh via its hub in Ala-Abad of UC Gulibagh, while many others organizations are planning distribution of non-food items like IRC. Therefore the study team concludes that priority should be given to the restoration/rehabilitation/improvement and development of livelihood in the agricultural and livestock sector along with the mandatory support to the destitute18 families so that they may stand on their own feet. USHR (Zakat on agriculture 'Ushr, the name for religious obligation/tax on land owners for distribution among deprived & marginalized classes), 10% in irrigated and 20% in rain-fed productions, is the main source of livelihood for the poor, deprived and marginalized classes of the society. During the regime of Wali19 Swat the Ushr was efficiently collected by the Ushri20 for the development of state. For this reason during the Wali Swat ruling period, eminent service infrastructure work has been done. Schools, hospitals and roads were
18
Destitute families have no income and pass their lives on charity from the government & the local community. Wali of Swat the official title of - Prince Mian Gul Jehanzeb the late ruler of Swat Valley, when Swat was still an independent principality/state within the geographical boundaries of Pakistan. Ushri in local dialect used for the revenue collector. They were responsible for the collection of Ushr from the farmers during harvesting season. These Ushries were paid in kind by the state of Wali in the form of crops.
19
20
32/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

constructed, even in areas where the inhabitants were very low in number. An old farmer aged 91, Haji Ithbar Gul of Village Dakorak shared that The regime of great Wali Swat was the most prosperous period I had ever seen. The state was playing the role of mother. Quality education21 facilities were provided free of cost and the Wali was so committed to education that he gathered the consultants for it from across the country, built many schools and a college, used to pay scholarship on regular basis. This all was done by him through the dynamic system of Ushr. However when the state was voluntarily merged into Pakistan, this system of Ushr halted. Now the people of Swat regularly distribute Ushr voluntarily by themselves to the poor and marginalized community. Orchards: Fruit orchards are very common in the area and people prioritize to have orchards on their land. This is the reason that in past decade the orchards have been increased to 42% of total agricultural lands. Thus a focus should be laid on the rehabilitation of the orchards and establishment of new ones. The following measures are required in response. 1. Rehabilitation of Orchards: The rehabilitation of the existing orchards would require the following measures; Providing of fertilizer (from 1.5 to 6.0 KG/tree). The fertilizers required are urea, single super phosphate and sulphate of potash. The quantities of each fertilizer, in relation to the age of the plants as recommended by PARC shall be provided in two batches. The first batch of fertilizer should
21
High Standards of quality education were maintanied at that time, the syllabus was of Oxford University and special consultants were hired to come and serve here. The high standards of education and service infrastructures were praised by no less than Queen Elizabeth during her several visits.
33/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

be applied in field one week before flowering (April for Apple and Peach trees) and the second batch applied upon formation of fruits (late May, June). The community may also be sensitized to use the natural manure/compost as well. Orchard Maintenance: Pruning (thinning, topping and general cutting); the local community should be informed about improved pruning/cutting to make the tree trunk healthier, good circulation of air around the fruit and sunlight penetration. Unskilled workers (4 to 6 per village) should be trained in Central Leader System and Modified Central Leader System, pesticide spray and fumigation techniques as per recommendations of PARC along with providing them tools and equipment (scissors/cutter, ladders, spray pumps) for cutting, trimming, pruning etc. and pesticide spray. The cutting and trimming should be done in the late winter season and pesticide spray as necessary at flowering or fruit formation stages. The skills training of unskilled agriculture sector workers (4 to 6) per village will provide livelihood to them as well have a positive impact on the orchard produce. 2. Creation of new orchards: The following measures will help the community to create/build new orchards. Provision of plants to the farmers for planting of orchards. The new trees should be planted in late winters (January/February) (One plant requires 20 square feet land for its cultivation thus it is recommended to provide plants to a farmer for the establishment of orchard according to plot sizes). For promotion of orchards bed nurseries may play a vital role, thus the planting of bed nurseries for fruits will help in this regard. As this activity is an entrepreneurial activity as well, with short-term returns as compared to
34/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

orchards therefore women headed households and ultra poor families should be focused for this activity. Crops and Vegetable Production: The study shows that 70% of the families are farmers with agriculture as their primary source of income, but 67% decrease has been reported as well as projected for the coming season in crops and vegetables yield, thus the following measures are recommended for the promotion and restoration of agricultural production. Household level Vegetable Gardening:
Though the dominant ratio of people (72%) have only 02 rooms in their houses, yet traditionally the people have large size lawn or space outside the house for home gardening, where they usually cultivate pumpkin, butternut squash and tomatoes etc. However no special seeds are purchased for it and neither new qualities nor verities of vegetables are cultivated. Because only traditional and local seeds are cultivated, this results into very small in-kind return. Also in general low price vegetables are cultivated and expensive vegetables are bought from the open market. Thus introducing other vegetable types and capacity building on cultivation of new vegetables including off season plantation will help especially women to subsidize their household expenses, generate small income and also reduce the ratio of diseases by providing fresh vegetables to the household members, as a source of essential nutrients and vitamins. For these kitchen gardens the waste water of the kitchens and/or washing may be easily used. The different vegetables can be planted from June till October. The quantities of seed, fertilizer and other necessary items shall be as per the recommendations of
35/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

PARC
(www.parc.gov.pk/urdu/Schedule/Schedule.html).
The
support
for
households would require: o Training on vegetable production (for women & young girls) o Seeds and fertilizer (One time) o Crop protection materials (one time - plastic sheets, bamboo shoots, rope, garden mesh) Provision of fertilizers and seeds:
The farmer community remains vulnerable in the coming season as they do not have steady incomes and have no stocks of food ration, whereas they do not have enough resources to cultivate their lands. The source of their organic
fertilizer i.e. livestock have been either sold by them or died during the conflict. The seeds they usually store for cultivation of the coming year were used by them for food during long curfews. The farmers lack spending capacity to rehab the land with extra efforts, buy fertilizer and seeds. Above all the local seeds shops, who provide the farmers with credits are no further available. Thus the farmers (70% of the livelihood portion of the area) should be assisted as follow: o Provision of seeds Wheat (50Kg per acre for irrigated and 45Kg per acre for rainfed areas planted in November/December) Maize (12-16Kg per acre for irrigated and 16-20Kg per acre for rain-fed areas planted in May/June) o Fertilizers (ratios are given in annexure VIII) Wheat (50Kg DAP(100% at cultivation)+37.5Kg(50% at
cultivation 50% at first watering) Urea+50Kg Potassium Sulphate(50% at cultivation 50% at first watering) for each acre of cultivated land)
36/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Maize (50Kg DAP+50Kg Urea+50Kg Potassium Sulphate (all 100% at cultivation) for each acre of rain-fed cultivated land). For hybrid qualities and irrigated lands 50Kg urea is required additionally when the crop is 45cm high (July / August).
o Pesticide / weedicide Wheat (1 t0 1.5ltr per acre at time of sowing) Maize (Round-up @ 2ltr per acre two weeks before sowing)
Rehabilitation of irrigation system:
The conflict has adversely affect over the irrigation system of the area. The irrigation channels require maintenance on regular basis that has been neglected in past two years, thus community led program of cleaning and rehabilitation of irrigation channels are required. The prominent irrigation channels Khairi Kaka, Kuza Wala and Bazar Wala22 require rehabilitation, which may also be done under a cash for work program. Moreover rehabilitation of culverts and small irrigation canals also require prompt action leading towards rehabilitation of agriculture land. o Geo Membrane for rain water harvesting: Use of Geo membrane for rainwater harvesting is an easy and cost effective mean for irrigation and livestock water availability. The fields and lands are terraced in the region. A pond like area dug in a small plot of land at higher altitude terrace level and lined with a plastic sheet is used to store water during the rains. The rain water stored is then used at critical watering/irrigation times in dry seasons. This activity may be easily done with provision in kind (plastic sheets and sacs) and cash for the labourers (in cash for work programme). This activity
22
The main irrigation channels of the area.
37/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

takes special significance in view of the lower than usual rainfalls and low levels of water reservoirs. Restocking Livestock: The key finding depicts clearly that livestock is the integral part of farming in the area. The conflict resulted in a 69% decrease in livestock and thus corresponds to a 64% decrease in income of the people, dependent on livestock as livelihood. The livestock also plays a significant role in the crop cycle by providing the essential manure for the fields and orchards thereby reducing the cash requirement for chemical fertilizers. The assessment team recommends the restocking of livestock as follow: o Provision of poultry for backyard poultry farming This activity will help in rehabilitation and development of ultra poor families livelihood. 20 birds per family will be ideal for an ultra poor family. Improved local breed will be beneficial in this regard. Provision of one time feed distribution will be a value added activity. o Provision of Goats to destitute women (One goat per family) o Provision of Oxen Pair: The agriculture lands require deep plough in many areas, which is possible only by oxen. With the lack of livestock, most farmers have to rent ploughing implements (a tractor+plough or oxen+plough). A pair of oxen and ploughing tools can be provided to 2 to 4 families of tenants of land per village who would be able to tend to the lands in the village using the pair of oxen and ploughing tools. This would help the tenants, who usually do not own any land, earn a livelihood as well make the facility of oxen+plough available within the village for the farmers.
38/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

o Livestock extension services: Due to lack of awareness about livestock as valuable assets, poor families do not see the importance of vaccination of poultry and livestock. However the provision of inputs (awareness sessions, veterinary treatment like droplets, vaccines etc) may cope with this lack. o Facilitate construction of sheds: The construction of sheds for cattle and poultry sheds will help the poor farmers in better rearing of livestock. Local materials like wood, shrubs, stones are easily available for construction. However facilitation of material to poor farmers will help them to construct the sheds on priority basis where required. The facilitation may be provided for following: Cement, sand for construction of feed area and drainage. CGI sheets for the top coverage over the mud mortar roof. Single steel beam and wooden planks & small beams. Inside insulations materials (especially for higher altitude).
Normally the structure of the cattle shed (locally called Bandi) may be erected in three days while insulation material installation and construction of feed and drainage area will take additional two days. Thus cash for work (cash grant to poor families as incentive) for five days per shelter will be a value added activity. Micro-Finance: Micro-financing may play an important role in rehabilitation of the area. Though the study team did not insist on a regular micro-finance program23 for the area, due to limited information about its feasibility. However the team strongly
23
In this study the feasibility of microfinance is not studied in detail.
39/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

recommend that the livelihood rehabilitation strategy should have this activity as integral part of the action plan for the following purposes: 1. Assisting community for linkages with financial institution. 2. Awareness raising regarding agriculture and livestock loans. Enterprise Development: The skilled and un-skilled labourers are the human assets of the area that may be further polished and sharpened for the restoration of their own livelihood as well as development of the local economic context. Therefore the study team recommends rehabilitation of the livelihood situation through enterprise development as follow: 1. Skill Development and Enhancement through trainings. Provision of tools kits. Exhibitions and galleries for product sale. Linkages development. Establish and maintain sale points. Skills enhancement events for the pre-existing skills for value addition will
help the entrepreneurs for good wages and appropriate economic return. The skill enhancement program should have some additional capacity building key thrust areas like o Hygiene promotion (For barbers, cooks and other relevant professions) o Safety measures (Working with fire, heights, flow of fast water and electricity etc). These are few examples and many other may be identified after having a detailed TNA (training need assessment) of the pre-existing skilled people.
40/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

The people getting salaries and wages are not as badly affected as compared to farmers/agricultural class. They are getting salaries and wages and their livelihood is already restored while the transitional support is being provided to them in shape of food and non-food items. Thus they have an opportunity to reach the pre-conflict livelihood level in short period of time. However the following measure for the unskilled workers and daily-wagers related to agriculture sector, will increase their earning potential and expedite the steady/timely restoration of their livelihood. i. Provision of tool kits to the trained workers (such as spray pumps, oxen+plough kits) ii. Capacity building of un-skilled labourers and provision of tool kits (such as spray pumps, oxen+plough kits,
cutting/trimming/pruning tools for orchards). Further more training of unskilled people (priorities are attached as annexure VII) will help them to get increase in their wages and will increase their social and economic assets simultaneously. The training duration may be varied from case to case like e.g. for candle making it will take a single day to make a person professional and the same time will be required for her/his value added portions of the training like colour, design and product quality management. However in some cases like tailoring, computing, banners making etc it will take time varying from one week to a single month. 2. Training should be followed by provision of tools kits, so that trainings are properly utilized for income generation and livelihood development of household. The tools kit again, can be of variety designs and will depend upon the skills requirement of the person trained. Focused should be laid on promotion
41/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

of traditional skills as well as skills having cost effectiveness, easy to learn, easiest to work on it and speedy return should be prioritized as people aspirations. These skills includes candle making, dying of scarf/Dupatta, banners making etc, 3. Once the trainings (especially on women side) are completed and
refresher trainings in shape of colour/design, quality management, product finishing and packing is done appropriately, arts and exhibitions like events will help for promotion of products at local level and introduction at various level (including national & international). Placing the products in shops (show rooms and boutiques) in big cities or institutions like Lok Virsa will help for promotion of local entrepreneurship. These may be done easily with effective linkages to developments and referral services. 4. Establishment of Sasta Bazar (a type of special market where products
are available at low prices) and sale points may also help in promotion of local entrepreneurs. The experience of a farmers market or Mela is very productive in the area. The people of this Tehsil go to the Mela of Matta on each Wednesday. Such like experience may be replicated with an improved version in Tehsil Charbagh where the local people may come, sell and purchase goods or demonstrate their products. 5. All over the world, interest in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is
increasing rapidly. At present there are numerous efforts to increase awareness of these products, their management and market potential. The world has experienced it as useful tool for the promotion of environment and bio-diversity. However in Swat, there is a shortage of information and resources available at local level and there are only few means effective in disseminating the information necessary for the sustainable management and marketing of these resources and products. Thus reliance on timber products and degradation of
42/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

natural resources for the households livelihood is still experienced in Swat and is increasing day by day. Therefore it is the dire need to introduce and capacitate the community on non-timber forests products, so that the conservation and promotion of environment is possible. Honey-bee keeping, mushrooms and medicinal plants/shrubs may be some examples for such activities. Conclusion: As mentioned in the context of recommendations and keeping in view the SWOT analysis (as shown in annexure V) of the four categories, the study team recommend a holistic early livelihood rehabilitation program for Tehsil Charbagh. The most vulnerable group is the agriculture class and the destitute families, which may be easily rehabilitated by the above-mentioned program. The program should support primarily the agriculture class by providing in-kind relief (in form of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agriculture tools and support for big and small livestock), cash grants (cash for work program for the rehabilitation of Geo membranes and rehabilitation of irrigation channels, culverts and dams) and capacity building (List is attached as annexure VI). For the second priority category, employees and self-employed, provision of trainings and equipment support will help the area in sustainable livelihood rehabilitation/restoration. Capacity building on small & medium enterprises (like candle making, honeybee keeping, surf/soap making etc) may help destitute families. Last but not least the remaining livelihood affectees (skilled and unskilled daily workers) may be supported in shape of capacity building (specialized trainings people priorities attached as annexure VII) and provision of off training support (tools kit, linkages, referral, personal plan) together with trainings in non-timber forest products.
43/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Annexures
Annexure I:: Indicators
(relative to eachother)
Well being (wealth) ranking at village level Ultra Poor Poor Better off
Well off
Category
Most Vulnerable 05% to 15% From 1,800 to 3,500/Month
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Less Vulnerable
% of total population Approximately income range in PKR Working adults
30-60% Between 4,000 to 6,000/month
25%-50% Between 8,000 to 10,000/month 1-2
10%-15% More then 16,000/Month
0 or child labour (Femaleheaded) - Domestic work - Unskilled casual labour - Child labour - Zakat
1-2
Main sources of income
- Unskilled casual labour -Remittances from family members working in other parts of Pakistan - Pensions
- Shop keeping/ trade/ small business - Skilled cas. labour - Remittances from relatives working abroad - Lower paid formal employment 6 to 14 Kanal Buffalo & Cows Literate and educated parents most children go above metric level
- Overseas remittances - Better paid formal employment - Larger business - Landlords
Land holder per family Livestock prior to conflict Human Capital
1-3 Kanal None - 01 Goat Illiterate and unskilled parents and children not attending schools
HOPE'87 Pakistan
3-6 Kanal 02 Goats 01 Cow Illiterate parents, children attend school up to metric level only
15 & above Buffalo & Cows Educated parents and children go to professional level of education
44/46

Annexure II: Field Planning Purpose: Conduct focus group discussion & key informant interviews Date 12-01-2009 12-01-2009 12-01-2009 12-01-2009 13-01-2009 13-01-2009 13-01-2009 13-01-2009 14-01-2009 14-01-2009 14-01-2009 14-01-2009 Team 01 02 03 04 01 02 03 04 01 02 03 04 Team Leader Shah Aziz Nadeem Fayyaz Akhtar Hussain Shah Aziz Nadeem Fayyaz Akhtar Hussain Shah Aziz Nadeem Fayyaz Akhtar Hussain 1st Time * Talegram (Upper) Rorrya Kot Landay Jehan Abad Kishawra Shabadin Titai Waly Sair Malam Sarra Cheena Wali Abad 2nd Time ** Talegram (Lower) Pakhtoon Abad Kamelpur Maira Makkad Speenay Oba Hafiz Abad Cham Reporting and compilation of field reports & staff focus group discussion
* (09:00 AM to 01:00 PM) ** (02:00 PM to 06:00 PM)
Note: Working areas for Team 01, 02, 03 and 04 are UC Telegram, Kishawra, Charbagh and Gulibagh respectively.
45/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Annexure III: The below table/chart shows the perception of the respondents (based on history of rain pattern in the area) by using Participatory Reflex Action (PRA) techniques.
100
Rains ratio round the year & cultivation schedule
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Kathak Oct-Nov
Asoaj Sep-Oct
Bhadu Aug-Sep
Sawan July-Aug
Harre Jun-July
Jait May-Jun
Baisak Apr-May
Chaith Mar-Apr
Phagan Feb-Mar
Maahg Jan-Feb
Pooh
<= Months Name (Local)
Dec-Jan Julian Monts
5
<===== <=====
3
<===== <=====
5
<===== <===== <=====
80
<===== <===== Apple Peach 8#
25
Dhaan Maize Tomato Chilies Aloocha Peach 6#
8
<===== L. Finger Pumkin
10
<===== Keera
50
<===== <===== <=====
60
<===== <===== <=====
65
<===== <===== <=====
20
Wheat Onion Pea Lemon Malta
<= Rains (Rating in 100) <= Major Crops <= Major Vegetables <= Major Fruits
Persimon <===== Plum
Peach 4.5 Peach 4# Apricot
46/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Annexure IV: Livestock priorities of people Matrix scoring exercise
Matrix Scoring of people for livestock priorities

Indicators Milk Production Manure production Meat production Low expenses Good quality milky products Plough in the fields Low Price Load carrying Transport Reproduction/breeding Increase in income Total Buffalo Cow Goat Oxen Donkey Horse/Mule
10 7 9 2 7 0 1 0 0 4 8 48
7 5 6 6 8 4 3 0 0 5 5 49
4 3 4 8 5 0 8 0 0 8 6 46
0 5 7 7 0 10 2 0 0 0 9 40
0 2 0 3 0 2 4 8 5 0 4 28
0 2 0 3 0 0 1 9 8 0 5 28
47/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Annexure V: SWOT Analysis of livelihood categories: SWOT
People getting wages/salaries

Getting salaries/wages after conflict, income is coming Lack of skills is resulting in low wages for unskilled labourers
Self employment
Experience of business management, some assets. Lack of professional trainings, waiting for govt compensations WFP is subsidizing food need of the household and Govt is providing compensations Waiting for Govt compensation may spoil the business further.
The Agriculture Class Agricultural land and skilled human resources, enough experience No proper farming in past two seasons, lack of seeds, fertilizers, equipment etc. Loans are right off for agriculture loans taken from banks Production level will be low in coming seasons due to current low fertility of land
Destitute Families
Strength
Sympathy of people
Weaknesses
No skilled person at home, no male adult for income generation Benazir Income support Program (BISP) is functional for support, NGOs are giving priority May be neglected by community leaders during surveys.
Opportunities
Demand of labour is increasing, resulting in increasing wages
Threats
High paid staff in NGOs, INGO and UN may cause
48/46
HOPE'87 Pakistan

(Tehsil Charbagh District Swat)
Annexure VI: List of trainings for the improvement of agriculture and livestock farming: Soil management with focus on enhancing soil organic matter, green manuring and leaching methods, composting techniques Seed treatment techniques Pest Management Water saving irrigation methods Geo Membrane etc Improved breeds, feeding Systems and disease management (incl. vaccination) Fodder crops Bio-fertilizers and effective Microorganism (EM) usage Improved agronomic practices for groundnut cultivation Post harvest technology and value addition Orchard management Livestock extension worker training Agriculture extension worker training Backyard poultry management Backyard kitchen gardening Nursery raising Nature club
49/51
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Annexure VII:
The unskilled people of this area prioritized the following training needs. Tailoring, cutting and stitching Crochet Knitting Embroidery Beadwork Paper bags Book binding Pickle making Jam jellies Detergent, soap making Cooking Candle making Greeting cards Decoration pieces Wood work Electrician Plumbing Banners making etc. Driving Computer Orchard Management & Nursery raising
50/51
HOPE'87 Pakistan

Annex VIII Crop Cycle
S. no
Cultivation Saplings/Bed Nurseries Crop Cycle Seed Method Cultivation Harvesting Cultivation Harvesting Quantity (Kg 1 Wheat Direct N/A N/A Nov-Dec June-July 45-50 Direct N/A N/A May-early Oct-Nov 12 to 16 2 Maize Maize Direct N/A N/A May-June October 16 to 20 3 Paddy (Rice) Transplantm May June/July June/July September 5 1 Pea* Direct N/A N/A Dec-Jan Feb-Mar 20-25 2 Onion Transplantm Jan/Feb Dec-Jan Dec-Jan July-Aug 4 3 Tomato* Transplantm May-June June-July June-July Oct-Nov 0.5 4 Turnip* Direct N/A N/A March/April May-June 1 6 Lady Finger Direct N/A N/A Mar-April June-july 5 7 Cabbage Transplantm Mar-April May May June-july 0.75 8 Spinach Direct N/A N/A Nov-Dec Mar-May 5 Name * * * * * Pea Tomato Turnip Cabbage Spinach Direct Direct Direct Transplantm Direct N/A N/A N/A Aug N/A N/A N/A N/A Sep N/A June-July March July-Aug Sep June-July Aug-Sep June-july Oct-Nov Nov-Dec Oct-Dec 20 to 25 .5 KG 01 KG .75 KG 05 KG
Variety of Seeds Saleem 2000 Azam & Azam & JP-05 , Super Climax Local Rio Grand, Purple Top Local, Sabaz Cent Korea, Kandiari, Super Climax Rio Grand, Purple Top Cent Korea, Kandiari,
Urea DAP 37.5 50 Nil 50 50 50 50 50 50 Nil 25 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Nil 50 50 50
Fertilizer Quantity Potash Super Ammonium 50 50 50 Nil 50 75 150 100 75 50 150 150 50
50 75
75 50 150
51/51
HOPE'87 Pakistan

HOPE'87 Livelihood Assessment

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

HOPE'87 Livelihood Assessment

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Livelihood Assessment Report

(Tehsil Charbagh and District Swat)

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

12th 18th January 2010

Report Prepared by:

Special Thanks to;

Livelihood Assessment Report

PLA PRA CBO ECHO HOPE87 KPO UC MIS IT HHD PHED

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Executive Summary: HOPE87 conducted a Post Conflict Livelihood Assessment in its

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

UN OCHA, Humanitarian End of Year Review 2009, 13th January 2010.

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

and used SL framework. For details http://nzaidtools.nzaid.govt.nz/sustainable-livelihoodsapproach/sustainable-livelihoods-framework

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

(Director Operations HOPE87 Pakistan)

For Conducting survey and focus group discussion

For focus group discussions, reporting & analysis

For data punching, data security and data cleaning

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

43.4 30.4 22.6 `

(skilled labour) Information Technology Driving Mechanics 1% 7% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Livelihood Assessment Report

Literacy level analysis (men in men and women in women population)

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Role of Men in Decision Making

21.3 38.1 Active Passive Moderate No-Support 26.8 13.8

20.1 32.6 Active Passive Moderate No Role 33.1 14.2

Role of women in Decision Making

Participation of HHDs in Social Institution

10.9 Active Passive Moderate No Role

No Membership Member GC Member Executive Member 68.2

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

% in Total 19.1 24.9 24.9 20.4 8.6 1.9 0.3

Decrease 410 258 240 226 99 26 6

% Decrease 75.8 60.1 58.4 61.7 62.7 66.7 75.0

131 171 171 140 59 13 2

Livelihood Assessment Report

Livelihood Assessment Report

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Livelihood Assessment Report

Structures Damages Statistics17 for Tehsil Charbagh

Factory 0 21 0.0 6th

Hotel 4 12 33.3 1st

House 872 6,816 12.8 3rd