A submarine is an underwater vessel. A very early type of submarine was built by the American Robert Fulton, but the
submarine was not used extensively until World War I, when the Germans built a fleet of U-boats, as they called them,
to attack British merchant ships. In World War II, the Germans built an even more formidable fleet of U-boats. A type
of one-man or midget submarine was also developed. Today's submarines are powered by nuclear energy, are much
faster and can stay underwater for an indefinite period of time. Many are equipped with ballistic missiles which can fire
at targets from beneath the waves.
The solar system is the name for the Sun, and the planets with their own satellite moons, which revolve around it. It
also includes the asteroids, which constitute belt of several thousand minor planets or planetoids, and various comets
and meteorites, Nicolas Copernicus was the first to suggest the basic arrangement of the solar system, in contradiction
to the previously held belief that the Earth was the
centre of the universe. Most astronomers now believe that if our sun can support a system of planets, then it is
mathematically probable that many other suns or stars also have planets.
9- The belief held by many astronomers today is that our sun and its planets…….. .
A) are definitely unique in the entirety of all creation
B) are probably not the only such system in the universe
C) could support many more planets if they had to do so
D) are in relation to each other according to mathematical principles
E) cause doubts as to the validity of Copernicus' theory
As soon as early men learnt how to write, they developed a way of putting down numbers. The ancient Egyptians used
a hieroglyphic (pictorial) method of representing numbers for counting, weighing and measuring. The Greeks used an
alphabetical system: alpha for 1, beta for 2 and so on. The Romans used simple stroke marks for the first three
numbers, but for 5, they used a 'V' sign, which may originally have been represented as a hand; 10 was two Vs, linked
together as a cross, forming the symbol X. Primitive tribes today still count by fives because there are five fingers on
each hand: Eskimos still count in twenties. In the Middle Ages, twenty, known as a score, was a much used number; in
fact, we still keep the word 'score' in such games as football, tennis and cricket.
Military rockets filled with gunpowder were first used in 1312 by the Chinese against the Tatars. The idea caught on in
the West, too, and rockets lit up the sky in 1380 in battle between Venice and Genoa. Th Indians used them against the
British at the end of the 18th century. The British were impressed and Colonel William Congreve set to work on the
Congreve rocket, with a rang of 1,800 metres. In 1806, during the Napoleonic wars, some 200 Congreve rockets set fire
to Boulogne. This had no been part of the plan: they had actually beer aimed at shipping in the harbour. Rockets have
since been also used to fire lifelines from ship to shore, to fire harpoons into the backs of whales, and of course, to
launch humans into space.
13-It is clear from the passage that, originally, rockets were ……. .
A) created by western inventors
B) invented before gunpowder
C) used exclusively in warfare
D) developed by the Tatars
E) unsuccessfully used in battle
14- The author informs us that Sir William Congreve ………… .
A)set fire to the French town, Boulogne
B) was the inventor of the first effective rockets
C) played a major role during the Napoleonic wars
D) commanded and lost the war against the Indians
E) was inspired by the Indians to develop his own rockets
Aspirin, the most common pain relieves known today, was first produced commercially in 1899. The Bayer AG, now
of Leverskin. Germany, manufactured Aspirin in powder form. Aspirin, a trade name, or acetylsalicylic acid, however.
had first been synthesised In 1853 by Karl Gerhardt, an Alsatian chemist. Unfortunately, its value as a pain reliever
was not recognised until 1899, when Heinrich Dresser published a paper about its effectiveness. Thereafter, Dr. Felix
Hoffman, who worked for Bayer, succeeded in manufacturing it in a form pure enough to be used as a medical remedy.
First available only on a limited scale as a prescription medicine in Germany. Aspirin gained wide usage when Bayer
began retailing it in tablet form in
1915.
17- It's clear from the passage that Aspirin's medical value
A) was made known by Heinrich Dresser
B) was available to the public from 1853
C) was publicised by Karl Gerhardt
D) led to the creation of a newspaper
E) as a painkiller was widely recognised in 1853
The Sahara desert in north Africa stretches eastwards from the Atlantic to the Red Sea and southwards from the
Mediterranean to the grasslands and tropical forests of equatorial Africa. It has an area of about 8 million square
kilometres and is the world's largest desert region. The world’s highest temperatures have been recorded in the Western
Sahara. The traditional inhabitants have been the nomadic Berbers and Arabs moving from oasis to oasis: but vast areas
remain totally uninhabited. There is the evidence of recent severe draughts in parts of Nigeria and neighbouring
countries to suggest that the Sahara is expanding southwards. On the other hand, there are plans to irrigate some areas;
also, the desert has valuable deposits of oil, iron ore phosphates and uranium.
19- The passage tells us that the Sahara desert …… .
A) contains grasslands and tropical forests
B) is between two oceans to the east and west
C) lies to the south of equatorial Africa
D) covers one eighth of Africa
E) has the Red Sea on its eastern boundary
21- We can assume from the passage that the Sahara may prove useful in the future because…… .
A) It is growing and expanding towards the south
B) there are large amounts of necessary minerals there
C) it may be uniting with Nigeria and other countries
D) it may be used to irrigate neighbouring countries
E) it will probably continue to remain uninhabited
Relativity is the name for two theories of physics presented by Albert Einstein in 1905 and 1915 respectively, as the
Special and General Theories of Relativity. Through them he showed that speed and position are relative things and that
there are no absolute measurements for time and space. He also stated that matter and energy are interchangeable, a
concept that has had considerable bearing on the development of nuclear physics. In this century, Einstein's Theories of
Relativity have revolutionised ideas about the nature of matter and the universe, as Sir Isaac Newton's laws of gravity
had done to scientific thinking two centuries earlier.
Native Americans are often called “Indians”. This is one result of Columbus’s mistaken belief that he had landed in
India. His successors passed down many other inaccurate descriptions of the Native Americans. They were described
as savages, though it was whites who slaughtered hundreds of thousands of them. They were called lazy, although it
was whites who forced them to give up their traditional occupations. These false ideas about Native Americans were
strengthened by the ways whites described themselves. White settlers were known as .'pioneers' though they were really
invaders and thieves; when they stole the Native Americans' land, it was called "home steading". not robbery.
25- According to the author, the words used to describe whites.
A) do not reflect reality
B) actually describe the Arneric8n Indians
C) are a little exaggerated
D) are no longer valid in modem times
E) are now being questioned by some whites
27- Anyone reading the page can understand that the author …………………… .
A)is himself an American Indian
B) is a historian who specialises in American History
C) favours the American Indians
D) is a white who resents his own race
E) blames Columbous for the sufferings of the American Indians
Although there was scientific evidence linking smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s, acceptance was slow. Each
decade brought more evidence and more forceful warnings. Now It is absolutely clear that tobacco is truly a "killer
weed", and is a bigger public health threat than all other drugs combined, including alcohol. For example, though lung
cancer is not a common disease, almost all lung cancers occur in smokers. Smoking is also estimated to be related to
about 30% of all other types of cancer, to about 30% of deaths resulting from heart disease, and 80-90% of deaths from
chronic obstructive lung disease.
29-Tohacco…………… .
A) was known to cause lung cancer even before the 1950s
B) has become more dangerous every decade since the 1950s
C) is less dangerous to the health than alcohol
D) causes more illness than all other drugs
E) is related to most cases of heart disease
In Japan there is a custom called miai. It is a meeting between a man and a woman on the understanding that they may
choose to marry one another. This meeting is arranged by a "go-between". Usually an older person who knows both
partners. For example, a teacher may try to match a former student with a relative. First of all, photographs and family
backgrounds are exchanged. After that, if they agree, the couple meet either at the go-between's house or at a restaurant.
The go-between introduces them, then leaves them to talk by themselves. They might go to a movie or a coffee shop.
Later they report to the go-between on whether they want to meet again. Ideally, they will agree to marry after several
meetings.
32- If, after the first meeting, the couple decide to meet again, ………. .
A) this is a sure sign that they will get married
B) the next thing they'll do is to contact their go-between for a second meeting
C) they will no longer need the assistance of another person
D) they have to choose a luxurious place where they'll come together again
E) it is the custom to have the second meeting at the go-between's house
Tourism often has negative results for local communities. Tourists go to museums, buy souvenirs, enjoy the beaches
and See the sights without interacting with the local people. For this reason, local people often see visitors only as a
source of money. There is no interaction at all except over money, and so there is no mutual respect. When young
people see visitors with plenty of cash they may grow unhappy with their traditional way of life. There may be
environmental changes as homes and villages are often destroyed to make way for hotels. Although tourism brings in
money, it leaves behind problems like discontented young people and environmental damage.
Readers of factual material should bear in mind this aspect: their authors, like authors of fiction, have beliefs and
theories that affect the way they present their subject matter. For example, a British professor's account of the American
Revolution would be different from the version written by a professor from the United States. Because of national
loyalties, the two scholars might look at the events from different angles: the former as a colonial rebellion on a distant
continent, and the second as a struggle for personal freedom. The two authors would write from different points of view
and express certain opinions because they have different ways of looking at the subject.
Medieval Christians confronted Muslims chiefly in military crusades, in Spain and the Holy land, and in theology.
From this encounter came the restoration of ancient learning to the West. The Reconquista in Spain gradually pushed
the Moors south from the Pyrenees, and among the treasures left behind were Arabic translations of Greek works of
science and philosophy. In 1085 the city of Toledo, with one of the finest libraries in Islam, fell to the Christians.
Among the occupiers were Christian monks who quickly began the process of translating ancient works into Latin. By
the end of the 12th century, much of the ancient heritage was again available to the Latin West.
41- Some of the books in Arabic that Christians captured with the conquest of Toledo……… .
A) also had copies written them written in Latin
B) contained invaluable information about the birth of Christianity
C) had originally been translated from Greek
D) had been seized from the Spanish by Muslims
B) helped Christians progress faster than the Islamic world
42- The passage implies that, over the years, ancient Europe ……….. .
A) had become the most advanced part of the world
B) had adopted the Islamic science and philosophy
C) had surpassed the Islamic world in many areas
D)had had its heritage of ancient Greek science and philosophy stolen
E)had used Toledo as a centre of science and knowledge
As a biological concept, race refers to a large group of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics.
These characteristics may include particular skin colour, head shape, hair type, nose shape or blood type. One common
classification of races recognises three groups: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroids, all of whom have different
coloured skin and other differing characteristics. However, there are at least two important problems with such a
classification of races. First, some groups fit into none of these categories, like people of the Indian subcontinent who
have Caucasoid features but dark skin. The other problem is that, with so many intermarriages, there are no pure races
today.
America is almost completely dependent on the automobile, and this has been a terrible mistake. Even in the 1950s, a
large percentage of Americans used public transport. But the big car manufacturers wanted them to buy cars, and local
governments cooperated with the manufacturers, with the result that countless excellent tramway and rail systems were
destroyed. Today, the entire American lifestyle is dictated by the motor car. Homes are far from work, and shopping is
far from everything. In between there is nothing but ugly stretches of concrete or asphalt roads for the motor car.
In the world we live in, the aggressive person, the one who is forceful in his or her demands, is usually the one who
gets the biggest salary and the best job. Since men are traditionally trained from an early age to be aggressive, they are
the ones most often picked for the most important positions. Many people criticise this situation, and feel that women
have an equal contribution to make in science and industry.; Some have gone so far as to suggest that girls should be
given aggression lessons in school. This does not mean that every little girl should take boxing lessons. One suggestion
is for games that teach competition.
50-One conclusion we can derive from the page is that women …..
A) have to fight the prejudice held against them in society
B) should not be employed in extremely competitive sectors
C) have already taken part in science and industry despite their lack of aggression
D) are less successful than man even at school
E) are presently at a disadvantage when it comes to getting the top jobs
53-From what is stated in the passage. we can assume that most people study for a Ph.D.… .
A)to become researchers at universities rather than teachers
B)so that they can be hired as teachers by universities
C)so as to acquire teaching skills
D)for the express purpose of spending years acquiring a qualification
E)in order to be able to communicate with a wider range of people
54- It is implied in the passage that, considering the situation at American universities today
A)a PhD is useless for practical teaching purposes
B)it is not worth trying to get employed at a university
C)university teachers are no more knowledgeable than ordinary college teachers
D)getting a PhD is not as difficult as it would look
E)anyone with enough time can get a PhD
At a recent performance of Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice", school children who had been given free tickets
were accused of misbehaving. They chatted, laughed. threw rubbish, and walked in and out during the performance.
Legitimate theatre-goers were outraged and some even demanded their money back. Yet a little reflection should
remind us that this is the way audiences usually behaved during the original performances of Shakespeare's work. In
fact, the playwright himself would probably be more comfortable with the unruly teenagers than with the more sedate
audiences thought of as normal today.
When men first went into space in the late 1950’s, everyone expected that space trave would develop far faster than it
actually has within ten years of the first man orbiting the Earth, men were actually walking on the surface of the Moon.
It was at that point that more problems arose. A series of disasters led to the highly publicised deaths of number of
astronauts and cosmonauts Added to that, the cost of manned space flight became literally "astronomical". While there
are manned space stations orbiting the Earth today, most people in the 60s would have expected a moon base, and
certainly manned landing on Mars by this time.
The potato plant is native to the Peruvian Andes. It was cultivated in Peru and Bolivia and, along with corn, was the
main food of the Incas. It was introduced into Europe by 16th-century Spanish explorers. Initially, the potato was
avoided as a food by Europeans. It was supposedly endowed with powers such as the ability to cure certain illnesses,
and so long as the plant remained rare in Europe, its price often reached astronomical heights. By 1573, however, it
was being grown in Spain, and shortly thereafter in the Netherlands and in Switzerland.
61-The potato………….. .
A)was the favourite food of 16th-century Spanish explorers
B) used to be served with corn by the Incas
C) was spread to the rest of the world from the Peruvian Andes
D)has only been known to Europeans for less than five decades
E)is now more common in Europe although it was originally grown in Peru and Bolivia
63-We can infer from the passage that, in Europe, the potato
A)didn't grow as big as It was In Bolivia and Peru
B)began to be sold at reasonable prices only after It became more common
C)has only been grown in Spain, the Netherlands, and Switzerland
D)is the most common foodstuff today
E)was only eaten by the sick for a long time
Hand-made paper has been produced in Velke Losiny, North Moravia since the beginning of the 16th century.
Established by the Zevotin family, the actual manufacturing site used to be a unique wooden workshop built from the
remains of a flour mill. The written records state that this paper mill, which was soon followed by others, began its
operation between 1592 and 1596. Other documents, such as the remains of the oldest surviving paper samples, have
watermark imprints with the year 1596 and the Zerotin's family coat of arms. The production of hand-made paper didn't
prove very profitable for the Zerotins as there were a few similar paper mills in the area which stiffened the
competition.
66-The passage states that, because of the rivalry with the other paper mills, the Zerotins …………..
A)couldn't produce good quality paper
B)had to start producing machine-made paper
C)did not make much money
D)had to lower their prices
E)were forced to close down their mill
Herman Melville, known primarily as the author of Moby-Dick, the story of Captain Ahab's maniacal search for
revenge against Moby-Dick, the beautiful, white whale that had injured and left him disabled, is widely regarded as one
of America's greatest and most influential novelists. A major figure in that group of eminent pre-Civil War writers -
often called the American Romantics - who created a new and vigorous national literature, he is also one of the most
notable examples of an American author whose work went largely unrecognised in his own time and who died in
obscurity, believing himself a failure.
Traditional Slovakian folk instruments include the fujara, a two-metre long flute, the gajdy, or the bagpipe, and the
korukovka, a strident shepherd's flute. Folk songs helped preserve the Slovak language during the millennium of
Hungarian control. Even today, an aspect of Slovakian nationalism is pride in the mother tongue and Slovaks can get
angry when other Slavic languages are spoken instead of theirs. Another tradition, which keeps Slovakian culture alive,
is the dancing which accompanies the music. While the songs tell of love, grief, anticipation and celebration, vigorous
dancing removes the uncertainty of life.
Mata Hari was the stage name of a Dutch dancer, Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, who was accused of spying for the
Germans in France during World War I. An erotic dancer, she performed in Paris. Berlin, London, and Rome before the
war and, as a neutral, continued to move about freely and perform during the war. Among her many lovers were high-
ranking Allied military officers, from whom she is alleged to have gleaned valuable information that she passed on to
the Germans. Arrested in Paris in 1917, she was tried by court martial and sentenced to death. Opinion is divided as to
whether she was really a spy or not.
The term soap opera refers to serialised domestic dramas that were so named because, during the 1930s, when they
were first broadcast on radio, their principal sponsors were soap companies. The plots, which often take years to
unravel, usually focus on the romantic difficulties of stereotyped middle-class characters. During the 1960s, soap
operas virtually disappeared from radio, but the format proved so successful on television that much of daytime
programming is now given over to them. The soap-opera public, once restricted to housewives, has broadened to
include every part of the national audience.
78-One can conclude from the passage that soap operas on television………….. .
A) have proved very profitable for the companies that sponsored them
B) have nothing in common with the early radio programs
C) reflect characters from all parts of the society
D) would find more audience were they shown in the evening
E)are basically the same as the ones that used to be broadcast on the radio
The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbour in 1941 resulted in the immediate entry of the USA into World War II. In late
1941 more than 75 US warships were based at this base. On November 26, a Japanese force departed in secret from the
Kuril Islands. Observing radio Silence, it reached a launching point at 6 a.m., December 7. At 7:50 a.m., the first wave -
of Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbour, bombarding airfields and battleships. A second wave followed. The surprise
attack was over before 10 a.m. Approximately 2,400 Americans 'were killed, 1,300 wounded, and 1.000 missing.
Japanese losses were fewer than 100 casualties, 29 planes, and 5 submarines.
Ibuprofen is a mild drug used to relieve aches and pains and to reduce inflammation. Patented in Britain in 1964, it
became available there several years earlier than in the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration
approved its sale in 1984. It may produce the same reactions experienced by people allergic to aspirin, but it is less
irritating to the stomach lining. Some doctors warn of possible kidney damage in the elderly or patients with heart or
kidney disease.
For people who have lost the power of speech, the voice synthesiser is wonderful. All they have to do is type what they
want to say on a lap top computer, and their words are changed into sound. However, when we speak, we use intonation
and stress to give extra meaning to what we say, and up to now, computerised voices have not been able to do this. This
makes it difficult to express things like urgency or irony. But new developments allow the user to add emphasis to what
they are saying, choose a voice of the same sex and approximate age, and even to choose a similar regional accent.
86- It’s stated in the passage that the sound produced by the voice synthesiser ……… .
A)is sometimes not clearly audible
B)does not change depending on the age and sex of the user
C)lacks certain qualities a natural voice has
D)is difficult to produce in times of emergency
E)ignores the regional accent of the place where the user lives
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean world from about 500 B.C. to about 500 A.D., almost a millennium. From
a base around Rome, it spread out to cover North Africa, the Middle East and Northern Europe. It had a complex
governmental structure and a bureaucracy which enabled it to administer the areas it conquered. The people
surrounding the Empire were barbarians and nomads. Some of these, who were semi-Romanised, were used as buffer
states in defence of the Empire, which, to some extent, ensured its existence for centuries. Towards the end of the
Empire's rule, some of these buffer states revolted. The final collapse occurred when the German and Slavic barbarians
from the buffer states broke through the defences and the Roman Empire fell to the Germans.
90-The passage suggests that the long existence of the Roman Empire was partly because ……. .
A) it had the largest and strongest army in the Mediterranean then
B) it was the largest single power in the region
C) they combined an efficient bureaucracy with a clever military strategy
D) the barbarians in the buffer states were semi-Romanised
E) the German and Slavic rebellions were successfully crushed
Proverbs, an important part of conversation all over Africa, contain advice on behaviour or observations on human
nature. Many are entertaining because they express ideas in a surprising way. Instead of saying, "Be careful," a Ewe
might say, 'The housefly does not play a sticky drum." When a Kikuyu says, 'The staring frogs do not prevent cattle
from drinking," he means, "Don't worry about other people's opinions." Riddles, another common way to maintain
conversation, usually take the form of a statement, not a question. So, in the riddle "People run away from her when she
is pregnant, but they rejoice when she has delivered," the question "What is it?", to which the answer is "a gun, is
understood. Often the riddle is intended to display the questioner's imagination rather than to test the cleverness of the
audience.
92- According to the passage, in Africa, both riddles and proverbs …….. .
A) are means by which conversation can be kept up
B) can only be found in certain parts of the continent
C) show a lack of concern for the listeners' feelings
D) always describe human behaviour in animalistic terms
E) are mainly used to pass traditions and ideas onto younger generations
The weather forecast for the next century in England is not very good. Winters will have heavy rain leading to frequent
flooding, gales will cause damage to trees and buildings and storms and high tides will threaten the coast. Summers
will be drier with frequent droughts, particularly in the south and east of England, with many more days over 25 C -
when cities become uncomfortably hot, having negative effects upon people's work performance. Events like Easter's
floods in the Midlands, described in the official report as happening once in 100 years, will occur at least every 10
years, as will other extreme weather events.
94- The best way to summarise England's weather forecast for the next century would be that…………. .
A) England is going to have plenty of water shortages
B) both winters and summers will be more extreme
C) buildings and trees will be damaged by the weather
D) here will be lots of floods, causing great damage to coastal regions
E) it may not be safe to live in a coastal town in England
In the 19th century, sugar cane became a major crop in the Hawaiian Islands. Rats, which came ashore from ships,
began nesting in the cane and causing considerable damage. Because the mongoose, a small mammal from India, was
known to be an excellent rat hunter, they were imported and a law was made against hunting them. After only a few
years, the rat population was significantly reduced. However, at the same time the mongoose population increased, and
went looking for new sources of food: young pigs and goats, for example. They also began to destroy the native
animals that ate the insects causing damage to sugar cane. Soon the mongoose became a bigger problem than the rats
had ever been, and to this day they are a major pest in the Hawaiian Islands.
98-We can infer from the passage that some animals native to the Hawaiian Islands
A) feed exclusively on sugar cane
B) are declining in number because of the pesticides used against the mongoose
C) have been exterminated by the mongoose
D) form a bigger threat to sugar cane than the mongoose
E) eat insects and thus help reduce damage to sugar cane
In the year 1920, the United States attempted a hold experiment: making the drinking of alcohol a crime. Many people,
who felt that alcohol was the root of all evil, thought that this would bring about a new and happier age. There would be
no more need for prisons, they felt, and slums would disappear. However, in the end, new prisons had to be built for all
the new criminals created by the new law. "Prohibition", as the law was called, destroyed respect for the law and led to
an increase in organised crime, but it did not stop people from drinking. On the contrary, drinking increased during the
Prohibition period. In the end, the law had to be reversed.
Around 8000 B.C. agriculture was developed. People had never before eaten so well, and a population increase
followed. But this also meant that people had to give up their free, nomadic life, and remain tied to a single place. It
also meant hard labour. Nomadism did not disappear, of course. Those who retained the old wandering way of life
continued to regard themselves as freer and more noble than settled peoples, whom they would often raid. These
divisions and conflicts between nomad and settled farmer continue in many parts of Africa and Asia right up to the end
of the 20th century.
103-The passage states that one result of the development of agriculture was that ……… .
A)people didn't have to work as hard as they used to
B)people began to make inventions
C)there was an improvement in people's diet
D)nomadism gradually disappeared
E)people became less savage
105-From the information given in the passage, one can conclude that, in Africa and Asia ….. .
A) the nomadic way of life has gained in popularity in the 20th century
B) agriculture started earlier than in other continents
C) nomadism. which disappeared in ancient times, has been revived in modern times
D) there are still people leading a nomadic way of life
E) nomads can find m6re to eat than settled farmers
Around a quarter of all prescription drugs sold around the world are believed to be based on chemicals obtained from
only forty plant species. So far, fewer than 1% of the world's 265,000 flowering plants have been tested for their
powers to cure. In the past few years, however, breakthroughs in computer technology, genetic engineering and other
realms of biology have led to a "gold rush" to the rain forests and mountain ranges of the tropics, home to uncounted
plant species. Here, scientists hope to profit from the traditional knowledge of tribes, which had previously been looked
down on as "primitive" and "backward".
107- The passage tells us that tropical rain forests and mountain ranges of the tropics……. .
A)have been destroyed by the natives
B)are a rich source of plants
C)own extremely rich gold mines
D)need to be protected from those rushing there for gold
E)are home to 265,000 plant species
108-The aim of the scientists going to the rain forests and mountain ranges of the tropics is….. .
A)to extract huge amounts of gold with the help of the natives
B)to find out about the traditional ways of life of the tribes people
C)to get information from the natives about plants with medicinal value
D)to help the native peoples of the region become civilised
E)to become rich through the exploitation of the riches in the region
Given its rich resources, large population and regional importance, Nigeria's economic performance over the past
decade can only be described as disappointing. Low investment and productivity levels, as well as poor infrastructure,
have led to poor output. Political instability and a terrible human rights record have frightened off many potential
foreign investors. However, a new government, and a package of economic measures including an exchange rate
reform, may be able to put the nation on a path to recovery and growth.
110-The author's comments about Nigeria can be best summarised as that ……….. .
A)Nigeria's economy has great potential, but has been mismanaged
B)in spite of sensible policies, Nigeria's economy persists in performing badly
C)the state of Nigeria's economy is hopeless
D)the most urgent thing Nigeria needs is a sensible family-planning
E)taking all factors into consideration, Nigeria is a perfect place for foreign investors
Scientists have succeeded in making human volunteers immune to malaria by injecting them with genetic material. The
breakthrough brings the prospect of a much-needed vaccine significantly closer. Malaria kills between one and two
minion people every year – mostly and mostly in Africa - and makes a further 500 million people ill. The hunt for a
vaccine has lasted for more than 20 years. Dr Stephen Hoffman and his team of researchers have
taken from the malarial microbe, which can not cause the disease in themselves, into 20 volunteers, following
successful tests on animals. The volunteers' immune systems were found to be as good as those of people who have
naturally contracted the infection through a mosquito bite and recovered.
114-According to the passage, if someone has contracted malaria and recovered from it, …….. .
A) he becomes naturally immune to the disease
B) it's quite likely that he will suffer some permanent ailments
C) it is regarded as a miracle even by the scientists
D) he will never be bitten by mosquitoes again
E) he should be vaccinated against the disease without delay
According to a survey conducted between 1985 and 1995, there were fewer girls than boys in schools world-wide. In
the 51 countries with the most significant gap, 75 million fewer girls than boys were enrolled in school. Afghanistan
and Pakistan saw the greatest increases in the gap over the ten-year period, in spite of the survey being conducted
before the fundamentalist Islamic Taliban militia came to power. On the other hand, a number of Middle Eastern
countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia and Lebanon, have made the biggest strides towards closing the education gap.
115-In the 51 countries with the largest gender gap in education, ………. .
A) the feminist movement has made significant gains in recent years
B) the number of girls attending school was gradually decreasing
C) male students outnumbered female students by 75 million
D) the gap between educated men and women was diminishing
E) the number of females enrolled in school was only 75 million
117- From the implication in the passage about Islamic Taliban militia, we can conclude that….. .
A)Pakistan must have achieved equality in education
B)they give girls less chance to attend school
C)they came to power using force
D)they must have stopped the survey of their educational situation
E)Pakistani people must be too busy to spend time on improving their education
If the Nobel Peace Prize were awarded for actually securing peace, many of those who have received it would have to
give it back. For example, in 1994 Yasir Arafat, Yitsak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the prize jointly, though years
later Palestinians and Israelis are still fighting. Mikhail Gorbachev, who received the Prize in 1990, dissolved the Soviet
Union, but left the Russian economy in collapse and its people in chaos. One of the more notorious awards went to
Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, who negotiated a cease-fire to end the Vietnam War. The war went on for two more
years, and Le Duc Tho, though not Kissinger, was honest enough to decline the award.
120- The author believes that some of those who were awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize……. .
A)had, in fact, worked for their own good, not for world peace
B) returned the Prize when they were involved in a war in later years
C) had, in the first place, started the wars themselves
D)did not actually deserve it
E) were not even politicians
Answer Key
1C 2A 3D 4E 5B 6A 7B 8D 9B 10A 11E 12C
13C 14E 15D 16A 17A 18D 19E 20E 21B 22A 23E
24B 25A 26E 27C 28E 29D 30D 31C 32B 33E 34D
35E 36A 37D 38E 39C 40E 41C 42D 43C 44B 45C
46E 47A 48B 49D 50E 51C 52D 53B 54A 55B 56C
57E 58D 59A 60A 61C 62A 63B 64D 65E 66C 67D
68B 69E 70A 71A 72B 73C 74B 75A 76D 77E 78E
79B 80E 81D 82C 83 84C 85A 86C 87B 88B 89E
90D 91B 92A 93C 94B 95C 96D 97E 98E 99D 100A
101A 102D 103C 104E 105D 106E 107B 108C 109C 110A 111D
112D 113E 114A 115C 116B 117B 118A 119D 120D