Suggested+Solution++Test+FyBNVC09+Ch11 12+waves Sound

Suggested Solutions FyBNVC09 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound NV-College
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Physics B
FyBNVCO09 Ch11, and 12 Mechanical Waves and Sound

Instructions:
Time: 140 minutes: 8:10-10:30

The Test At the end of each problem a maximum point which one may get for a correct solution
of the problem is given. (2/3/) means 2 G points, 3 VG points and an MVG quality.
Tools Approved formula sheets, ruler, and graphic calculator. You may use one page of a
personalized formula sheet which has your name on it. This should be submitted along
with the test.
Grade limits: There are 13 problem, 3 of which are MVG type. The test gives a maximum of 35
points of which 16 are VG points.
Lower limits for examination grade
Pass (G): 12 points
Pass with distinction (VG): 23 points of which at least 6 VG-points.
Pass with special distinction (MVG): 28 points of which at least 12 VG-points
and most of MVG-qualities.
Problems number 10, 12, and 13 are heavily graded and are of greatest importance for
both VG and MVG. You may choose to solve these problems before solving the others.
Waves Sting Pipe Pipe Bottle Standing W EarthquakePitch Doppler Intensity Level
Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
G 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
VG 1 1 1 1 1 2
G
VG
Waves Interference Doppler Organ Pipe Standing W Mechanical Waves
Problem 10 11 12 13 35 Total min G min VG min MVG
G 2 2 3 19 Total 12 23 28
VG 2 2 4 3 16 VG points 6 12
MVG M235 M12345 M12345 M12345 M12345
G
VG
MVG

Improvement is required in deeper understanding , and/or a proper treatment of
Waves: Velocity of propagation, frequency, wave length, amplitude
Waves on strings, tension, length, mass per unit length
Intensity, Intensity level
Interference.
Standing waves.
Standing waves on strings, double-end-fixed. Fundamental frequency, Overtones
Standing waves on tubes, double-end-open. Fundamental frequency, Overtones
Standing waves on tubes, one-end-closed. Fundamental frequency, Overtones
Doppler Effect.
Units
Significant figures
Comments:

In the multi-choice problems below just circle the correct answer (s) in the test paper.

1. If a violin string vibrates at Hz 588 as its second harmonic, what are the frequencies
of first three harmonics? [1/0]
a. Hz f 588
1
= , Hz f 176 1
2
= , Hz f 470 1
3
= ,
b. Hz f 294
1
= , Hz f 588
2
= , Hz f 882
3
= ,
c. Hz f 294
1
= , Hz f 882
3
= , Hz f 470 1
5
= ,
d. Hz f 147
1
= , Hz f 294
2
= , Hz f 588
3
= ,
e. None above, they are:

Why? Show a sample of your calculations. [1/0]
Answer:
Alternative ______
[1/0]
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative B
Hz f 588
2
= ; ... , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 262
0
= = = n Hz n f n f
n

Hz f 294
2
588
1
= = First harmonic or Fundamental frequency
Hz f 588
2
= Second harmonic or First overtone frequency
Hz f 882 3 294
3
= = Third harmonic or second overtone frequency

2. What is the length of an organ pipe whose
fundamental frequency is Hz 440 at C 20 . How
long is the pipe, if it is open at both ends? At
C 20 , the speed of sound in air is s m/ 343 .

a. cm 5 . 19 ,
b. cm 9 . 38 ,
c. cm 0 . 78 ,
d. None above, it is: _________________
Why? Show your calculations. [1/0]

Answer:

Alternative__________ [1/0]

Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative b [1/0]
m
f
V
L
L
V
f
V
f 389 . 0
440 2
343
2 2
0
0
1
0
=
= = = =
[1/0] Answer: cm L 9 . 38 =


3. If the air temperature in a room is increased, the fundamental frequency of the organ
pipes
a) will be increased.
b) will not be effected.
c) will be decreased.
d) will be equal to the frequency of the second harmonics.

Why? Explain and show a sample of your calculations. [1/0]

Answer:
Alternative_______ [1/0]
Suggested answer: Answer: Alternative a:
According to s m T v / 60 . 0 331 + = , velocity of sound is an increasing linear
function of the temperature, and frequency of the wave is also
proportional to the velocity of it in the medium. Since the change in the
length of the pipe is minimal in the temperature range of interest, the
fundamental wavelength of the sound is independent of the temperature.
Therefore, the frequency of the sound increases (higher pitch) as a
function of the temperature:
Hz
L
T v
f
+
= =
4
60 . 0 331
0
0
if it is open in one end.

Hz
L
T v
f
+
= =
2
60 . 0 331
0
0
if it is open in both-ends.

Note that, the incremental increase in the length of the pipe due to its
thermal expansion is negligible in the room temperature range.


4. What resonant frequency would you expect from blowing an empty soda
bottle that is cm 4 . 16 deep? What would the resonant frequency be if it
was % 75 filled?
a. Hz 262 , and Hz 786 respectively.
b. Hz 1046 , and Hz 183 4 respectively.
c. Hz 523 , and Hz 090 2 respectively.
d. Hz 953 , and Hz 858 2 respectively.
e. None above, they are:
Answer: Alternative ______ [1/0]
Why? Show your calculations in the space below. [1/1]

Suggested solution:
Alternative c: Hz 523 , and Hz 090 2 respectively. [1/0]
m L 164 . 0 = . One end closed pipe: Hz
m
s m
L
v
f 523
164 . 0 4
/ 343
4
0
=
= = ; [1/0]
Since % 75 . 0 of the m 164 . 0 deep bottle is filled, only % 25 . 0 of it is empty.
Therefore:
m
m
L 041 . 0
4
164 . 0
= = Hz Hz
s m
L
v
f 090 2 091 2
041 . 0 4
/ 343
4
0
~ =
= = [0/1]


5. The velocity of waves on a string is s m/ 0 . 94 . If the fundamental frequency of the
standing waves is Hz 349 , how far apart are two adjacent nodes?
a. m 08 . 1
b. cm 9 . 53
c. cm 9 . 26 ,
d. cm 5 . 13
e. None above its ___________

Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative d cm 5 . 13 [1/0]
cm m
f
v v
f 9 . 26 269 . 0
349
0 . 94
= = = = =
[1/0]
Nodes of all waves are always
2
apart:
cm m m 5 . 13 135 . 0
2
269 . 0
2
= ~ =
[0/1]


6. In an earthquake, it is noted that a footbridge oscillates at fundamental frequency of
period s 25 . 2 . What other possible resonant periods of motion are there for this
bridge?
a) ... , 3 , 2 , 1 25 . 2 = n s n
b) .. , 3 , 2 , 1
4
9
=
n s
n

c) ... , 3 , 2 , 1
9
4
=
n s
n

d) ... , 3 , 2 , 1
25 . 2
2
= n s
n
.
e) None above. It is ..

Answer:

Alternative ______ [1/0]
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative b i.e.: ... , 3 , 2 , 1
4
9
=
= n s
n
T
n

T
f
1
= ; ... , 3 , 2 , 1
0
= = n f n f
n
;
... , 3 , 2 , 1
1
1 1 1
0
0
0
0
=
= = n
n
T
T
n
f n f
T
n
n

Hz Hz Hz f
9
4
4 25 . 2
4
25 . 2
1
0
=
= = ; ... , 3 , 2 , 1
9
4
5 . 2
1
= = = n Hz
n
Hz n f
n

... , 3 , 2 , 1
4
9
9
4
1 1
=
= = = n s
n
s
n
f
T
n
n
[1/1]
Tacoma Narrows Bridge: Construction,
Oscillation, Collapse:

Simulations of bridge collapse under
earthquakes:


7. Of the following procedures, which one (s) will lower the pitch of a guitar string? i.e. it
will make its frequency smaller.
a) Decrease string tension.
b) Increase string tension.
c) Shorten the string.
d) Lengthen the string.
e) Use a heavier string.
f) Use a lighter string.


Why? Use words, formulas and logic in the space below to
show how you arrived in your conclusion. [0/1]
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative a, d, and e:
using
L m
F
v
T
/
= , L 2
1
= , and
L
v v
f
v
f
2
0
0
= = =

.
If the velocity of the propagation of the wave in the string
L m
F
v
T
/
= is
decreased the frequency
v
f = will decrease. This may be achieved,
either by decreasing the tension
T
F (alternative a) or by using a heavier
string (alternative e). The low pitch (frequency) also may be achieved by
lengthening the wire (alternative d) which in turn increases the
wavelength of the sound:
L m
F
L L
v v
f
T
/ 2
1
2
0
0
= = =
.


8. The siren of a police car at rest emits a sound wave at Hz 600 1 . What frequency will
you hear, if you are at rest and the police car is moving away from you at h km/ 108 .
a. I will hear the siren at Hz 470 1 .
b. I will hear the siren at Hz 753 1 .
c. I will hear the siren at Hz 740 1 .
d. I will hear the siren at Hz 460 1 .
e. I will hear the siren at Hz 460 2 .
f. I will hear the siren at Hz 185 1 .
g. None above. I will hear the siren at
.

Why? Use words, formulas and logic in the
space below to show how you arrived in your
conclusion. [0/1]
Suggested solution: Alternative a
This is due to the Doppler effect
s m v / 30
3600
1000
108 = = Hz Hz
v
v
f
f
s
470 1 471 1
343
30
1
600 1
1
~ =
+
=
+
= ' Hz f 471 1 = '

Doppler
Effect Applet


9. The intensity level of the sound from a rock concert at a distance of m 0 . 5 from the
main loudspeaker is dB 130 which is the threshold of pain. How far away would the
intensity level be a somewhat reasonable dB 100 ?

a. At m 160 from the loudspeaker.
b. At m 125 from the loudspeaker.
c. At m 100 from the loudspeaker.
d. At m 75 from the loudspeaker.
e. At m 50 from the loudspeaker.
f. At m 25 from the loudspeaker.
g. None above. At m from the
loudspeaker.

Answer:
Alternative ______ [1/0]

Why? Use words, formulas and logic in the space
below to show how you arrived in your conclusion.
[0/2]
Answer: Alternative e, i.e.: At m r 160 ~ away from the speaker the
intensity level is a somewhat reasonable dB 100 .
dB
I
I
135 log 10
0
1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= | 13 log
0
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
I
I
13
0
1
10 =
I
I

2 12 13
0
13
1
/ 10 10 10 10 m w I I = = =

dB
I
I
100 log 10
0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= | 10 log
0
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
I
I
10
0
2
10 =
I
I

2 2 12 10
0
10
2
/ 10 10 10 10 m w I I

= = = [0/1]
Due to the fact that it is the same loudspeaker that generates the
sound, the power P for both cases is the same:
2
/ m w
A
P
I =
2
m
I
P
A=
2 2
4
m
I
P
r
=
t

1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
4
4
I
I
I
P
I
P
r
r
=
=
t
t

m m r
r I
I
r
r
160 158 1000 5
1000
1
1000
1
10
10 5
2
2
2 1
2
2
1
~ ~ = = = = =

[0/1]

behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for Sale. Free to use for educational purposes.10/20

10. Explain the phenomena of interference in words, formulas and necessary figures. What
are conditions for interference to take place? What are constructive interference and
destructive interference? In the figure below identify points where constructive
interference, as well as points where destructive interference takes place. [2/2/M235]
Suggested solution:
When two waves approach each
other they simply pass each other.
If the waves are share identical
frequency, f , wavelength, , and
amplitude, A, they may produce
constructive interference or
destructive interferences as they
meet. If two waves are in phase,
and their crests (peaks) and their
through (minimum) come to a
given point at the same time, their
amplitude are added to each other
and produce a wave of amplitude
A 2 at the point.

The phenomenon is called
constructive interference.
At points where crests of one wave
come at the same time as through
of the other wave reach, their
amplitude cancel each other and
interference is destructive.
In the accompanying figure, two
sources that are connected to the
same main vibrator produce two
waves of identical frequency, wave
length and amplitude.

The dark points in the figure are
troughs and bright lines represent
crests. Notice the grey area; they
represent destructive interference,
where waves from two sources
completely kill each other.
Phenomenon of interference is
based on mathematical
superposition of two sinusoidal
functions that have the same wave
number.


If the path difference between two
waves reaching the point is:
... , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 = = n n o
the interference is constructive:
... , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 sin = = n n d u

If the path difference between two
waves reaching the point is:
( ) ... , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0
2
1 2 = + = n n

o
the interference is destructive:
( ) ... , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0
2
1 2 sin = + = n n d

u

Principle of superposition: Interference of two waves:

interference pattern
applets:

Interference of water waves. Applets:


M V G - q u a l i t y The student in solving the problem
shows highest (MVG) quality
solution in problem 12 by
M2 Analyses and interprets the results,
concludes and evaluates if they are
reasonable.
analyzing and interpreting
interference by using principle of
superposition.
Path difference is discussed.
Constructive interference:
... , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 sin = = n n d u
Destructive interference:
( ) ... , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0
2
1 2 sin = + = n n d

u
M3 Carries out mathematical proof, or
analyses mathematical reasoning.
using words, figures, and formulas
to define conditions for
constructive interference and
destructive interference are
analyzed, and interpreted.

M5 The presentation is structured, and
mathematical-physical language is
correct.
presenting well-structured, clear
solutions. The mathematical-
physical language is correct.


11. An ambulance carrying a seriously injured patient moves down a highway at a constant
velocity of h km/ 126 . Its siren emits a sound at Hz . 700 . Determine the frequency
heard by a car driver moving in the opposite direction at constant velocity of
h km/ 0 . 90 as the car approaches the ambulance. [0/2]

Suggested solution:
Data: Hz f 700 = ,
s m h km v v
s ambulance
/ 0 . 35
600 3
1000
126 / 126 = = = = ,
s m h km v v
o car
/ 0 . 25
600 3
1000
90 / 90 = = = = ,

This is double Doppler effect
Velocity of sound in air s m v / 343 = using s m T v / 60 . 0 331 + = and = 20 T :
If the driver of the car (observer) was at rest and the ambulance (source)
was approaching her, she would experience a higher pitch according to
Doppler effect:
v
v
f
f
s
= '
1
.
On the other hand if the ambulance (source) was stationary emitting
sound of frequency
v
v
f
f
s
= '
1
and the car was approaching it, the driver of
the car would experience |
.
|
\
|
+ ' = ' '
v
v
f f
o
1 .
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
= |
.
|
\
|
+ ' = ' '
s
o
s
o
s
o
s
o
o
v v
v v
f
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
f
v
v
v
v
f
v
v
v
v
f
v
v
f f
1
1
1
1
1 [Extra M1235]
As the car approaches the ambulance the observed frequency of the siren
is:
Hz Hz f
v v
v v
f
s
o
836 700
35 343
25 343
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= ' ' [0/2]
Answer: The driver of the car experiences siren of frequency 836 Hz as it
approaches the ambulance that is sending a siren of 700. Hz.


In Figure a above both the source
as well as the observers are
stationary. The arcs in the building
represent wave fronts of the wave.
The distance between the curves is
the wave-length of the wave.

In Figure b above the source is
moving towards the right, moving
closer to the observer in the left as
well as the observers are stationary.
The arcs in the building represent
wave fronts of the wave. The
distance between the curves is the
wave-length of the wave.
In figure b the stationary observer to the right observes a wave of longer
wave length ond higher ferequency. (red-shift.)
In figure b the wave-length of the wave is getting smaller for the
observer in the right, and therefore the frequency heard by the observer in
the left is larger than the original frequency (blue-shift.)


12. A particular organ pipe can resonate at Hz 735 , Hz 029 1 , and Hz 323 1 , but not
any other frequencies between Hz 735 and Hz 323 1 . [2/4/M1235]
a) Is this open or closed organ. Why? Show details of your calculation and explain
your reasoning.
b) What is the fundament frequency of this pipe?

Suggested solution:
Data: Overtones: Hz 735 , Hz 029 1 ,
and Hz 323 1 , but nothing in between.

- Both-ends-open pipe m
th
overtone
1
mf f
m
=
( )
1 1 1 1
1 f f m f m f f
m m
= + =
+

Therefore if the pipe is an open tube
it is expected that m
th
overtone is an
integer factor of the fundamental
frequency:
1
mf f
m
=

Hz f
n
735
1
=
, n
th
overtone Hz f
n
029 1 = , and (n+1)
th
overtone
Hz f
n
323 1
1
=
+
,
Hz f f
n n
294 029 1 323 1
1
= =
+

Hz f f
n n
294 735 029 1
1
= =

As demonstrated above if the pipe is a both-ends-open tube it is required
that:
... , 3 , 2 , 1
n 294
294 294
1
1 1 1 1
=
= =
= = = =
+
n
Hz f n f
Hz f Hz f f f f f
n
n n n n
[0/1]
Therefore, if Hz f n f
n
n 294
1
= = the pipe is both-end-open
But integer 5 . 2
294
735
294
1
= = =
Hz f
n
; integer 5 . 3
294
029 1
294
= = =
Hz f
n
and
integer 5 . 4
294
323 1
294
1
= = =
+
Hz f
n

Therefore, the pipe cannot be a both-ends-open pipe.
[0/1/Part of M1235]

One-End-Closed Tube or Pipe:

Both-Ends-Open Tube or Pipe:

- One-end-closed pipe (2m+1)
th
overtone ( ) 1 2 1 2
1
1 2
1 1 2
+ = + =
+
+
m
f
f
f m f
m
m

( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 f f m f m f f
m m
= + =
+
[0/1]

Therefore, if the pipe is a one-end-closed
tube, as demonstrated above, the
difference between two consequent
overtones is
1 1 2 1 2
2 f f f
m m
=
+
. Therefore, it
is expected that the fundamental
frequency of the pipe to be

1 1 2 1 2
2 294 029 1 323 1 f Hz f f
m m
= = =
+
, which implies: Hz Hz f 147
2
294
1
= =
Checking the requirement ( ) integer 1 2 1 2
1
1 2
1 1 2
= + = + =
+
+
m
f
f
f m f
m
m

5
147
735
147
1 2
= =
n
f
; 7
147
029 1
147
1 2
= =
+ n
f
and 9
147
323 1
147
3 2
= =
+ n
f
. [1/0]
Therefore, the pipe is a one end closed tube with the fundamental
frequency Hz f 147
1
= , and three consecutive overtones Hz f 735
5
= ,
Hz f 029 1
7
= , and Hz f 323 1
9
= . [0/1/Part of M1235]

shows highest (MVG) quality
solution in problem 12 by
M1 Formulates and develops the problem,
uses general methods with problem
solving.
generalizing the problem and
comparing standing in both one-
end closed as well as two-ends-
open tubes (or pipes.)
reasonable.
Analyzing and interpreting
standing waves in both one-end
closed as well as two-ends-open
tubes (or pipes.) Longitudinal and
transversal waves are definedand
compared.
M3 Carries out mathematical proof, or analyses
mathematical reasoning.
using words, figures, and formulas
to compare and formulas for
standing waves in both one-end
closed as well as two-ends-open
tubes (or pipes.)
correct.
solutions. The mathematical-
physical language is correct.

13. The accompanying figure
illustrates a standing wave in a
string at Hz 735 . It is produced
by a frequency generator. The
string in the figure is cm 0 . 51 .
[3/3/M1235]
a) Calculate the wavelength of
the wave.
b) Calculate the velocity of the
wave in the string.
c) Explain in words in
sufficient details, formulas,
and figures what a standing
wave is and how it may be
produced.

d) Which type of wave is the one in the picture? Longitudinal or transversal? What
are differences between longitudinal and transversal waves?
e) What will happen if the frequency of the generator is gradually changed? Will any
other standing wave occur if the frequency range of Hz 200 to Hz 500 1 ? If
so, which ones and why? Explain in words in sufficient details, formulas, and
figures.
Suggested solution:
Data: Hz f 735
3
= , m cm L 510 . 0 0 . 51 = =
The standing wave in the figure is the third harmonic (second overtone).
The wavelength of the standing wave may be found using the fact that:
( ) m m L L L 340 . 0 510 . 0
3
2
3
2
2 3
2
3
3 3 3
= = = = = [0/1] m 340 . 0
3
=
The velocity of propagation of the wave in the string may be calculated,
using the fact that:
( ) ( ) s m s m s m f
T
v / . 250 / 9 . 249 / 735 340 . 0 ~ = = = =
[1/0] s m v / . 250 ~
A standing wave is produced when an incoming wave is mixed with the
reflected wave according to the principle of superposition. This is due to
constructive interference and destructive interference. Nodes are due to
destructive interference, and anti-nodes are due to constructive
interference. Even though the wave, for example in the string of string
instrument, goes back and forth, some points in the string seem
stationary (nodes) and others may seem they are all the time in
maximum displacement from the equilibrium (anti-node). Standing waves
may be produced only if both waves have identical wavelength and
amplitude. Standing wave in a string or pipe may occur in more than one
frequency. As illustrated in the figures below:
Standing waves on
two-end fixed strings
1
2
2
f n f
L
n
n
L
n
n n
=
= =

Standing waves on two-
ends-open pipes:
1
2
2
f n f
L
n
n
L
n
n n
=
= =

Standing waves on one-
end-closed pipes:
( )
( )
1 1 2
1 2
1 2
4
1 2
f n f
n
L
n
n
+ =
+
=
+
+

Standing wave on a string

Standing waves
on one end-closed
Tube
S
tanding waves on
two-ends open tube
[0/1/part of M2]


The wave produced in the string
is a transversal wave.
A transversal wave propagates
in the direction perpendicular to
the direction of vibration of
atoms of the medium; an
example is the wave produced
in a string instrument, or water
waves.
Atoms of the medium of a
longitudinal wave vibrates in the
same direction as the direction
of its propagation. Sound wave
is a longitudinal wave.
[1/1/Part of M2]
Transversal waves versus Longitudinal
waves applets

The fundamental frequency of the wave in the string is Hz 245 :
Hz Hz f f f f 245
3
735
3
1
3
3 1 1 3
= = = =
Therefore, standing waves are produced in the following frequencies, in
the range of interest: [0/1/part of M3]
Fundamental frequency (first
Harmonic)
Hz f 245
1
=
Second harmonic (First
overtone)
Hz Hz f 490 245 2
2
= =
Third harmonic (Second
overtone)
Hz Hz f 735 245 3
3
= =
Fourth harmonic (Third
overtone)
Hz Hz f 980 245 4
4
= =
Fifth harmonic (Fourth
overtone)
Hz Hz f 225 1 245 5
5
= =
Sixth harmonic (Fifth overtone) Hz Hz f 470 1 245 6
6
= =
13 shows highest (MVG) quality by
M1 Formulates and develops the
problem, uses general methods
with problem solving.
Generalizing the problem and
comparing standing waves in strings
and one-end closed as well as two-
ends-open tubes (or pipes.)
reasonable.
Analyzing and interpreting standing
waves in strings and pipes.
M3 Carries out mathematical proof, or
analyses mathematical reasoning.
using words, figures, and formulas to
compare and formulas for standing
waves in strings and tubes.
correct.
solutions. The mathematical-physical
language is correct.

M V G - q u a l i t y 10 11a 11b 12c 12e
M1 Formulates and develops the problem, uses
general methods with problem solving.

M2 Analyses and interprets the results, concludes
and evaluates if they are reasonable.


M4 Evaluates and compares different methods
and mathematical models.

mathematical-physical language is correct.

M V G - q u a l i t y
M1 Formulates and develops the problem, uses
general methods with problem solving.

M2 Analyses and interprets the results, concludes
and evaluates if they are reasonable.


M4 Evaluates and compares different methods
and mathematical models.

mathematical-physical language is correct.

Suggested+Solution++Test+FyBNVC09+Ch11 12+waves Sound

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Suggested+Solution++Test+FyBNVC09+Ch11 12+waves Sound

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Suggested Solutions FyBNVC09 Ch11-12 Mechanical waves Sound NV-College

if it is open in one end.

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