Mitko KARADELEV et al.

CHECKLIST OF HUMANO-TOXIC MACROMYCETES IN THE

REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Mitko KARADELEV, Snezana MITEVA & Kristina STOJKOSKA

Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje

ABSTRACT

Karadelev M., Miteva S. & Stojkoska K. (2004). Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of
Macedonia. Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International
Participation, 25-29.10.2003, Ohrid. Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 6, Skopje.
According to the recent research into fungi biodiversity of R. Macedonia, 1,250 species have been registered. A
part of these fungi show proved poisonous effects. These species mainly belong to the following genera: Amanita,
Boletus, Clitocybe Cortinarius, Entoloma, Inocybe, Lepiota, Psilocybe, Russula, Tricholoma, Lactarius, Scleroderma
and Mycena. Fungi toxicity manifests through the following syndromes: Phalloidine syndrome, Orellanine syndrome,
Gyromitrin syndrome, Muscarine syndrome, Gastrointestinal syndrome and Coprinus syndrome. In most of them,
these effects are due to the presence of toxic compounds such as: phalotoxins, amatoxins, orellanin, gyromitrin,
muscarin, coprinmin, and different hallucinogenic and psychotropic compounds. In this work a checklist of 114
species of humano-toxic macromycetes registered in the Republic of Macedonia is given.
Key words: humano-toxic macromycetes, distribution, toxic effects, the Republic of Macedonia.

IZVOD

Karadelev M., Miteva S. i Stojkoska K. (2004). Lista na humano-toksi~ni makromiceti vo

Republika Makedonija. Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija so
me|unarodno u~estvo, 25-29.10.2003, Ohrid. Posebni izdanija na Makedonskoto ekolo{ko dru{tvo,
Kn. 6, Skopje.
Od dosega{nite ispituvawa vo Republika Makedonija se registrirani 114 vidovi na otrovni
gabi. Ovie vidovi rastat vo listopadni, ~etinarski {umi, na livada, degradirani povr{ini, na
izmet, na padnati granki i dr. Najgolem del od niv se terikolni. Toksi~niot efekt kaj ovie gabi se
izrazuva preku toksi~nite materii koi {to se prisutni vo niv kako: falotoksini, amatoksini,
orelanin, giromitrin, muskarin, koprinmin i razli~ni halucinogeni i psihotropni komponenti.
Klu~ni zborovi: humano-toksi~ni makromiceti, distribucija, toksi~ni efekti, Republika Makedonija.

Introduction Materials and methods

The checklist of hallucinogenic species in the Re-
public of Macedonia is created according to the pub-
lished data from the previous investigations (Tor-
tich 1988, Karadelev 1993, 1994, 1995, 2000), the
data- base MACFUNGI of the Mycological labora-
tory at the Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and
from the field investigations of the authors. The in-
vestigations were carried out on various localities in
the Republic of Macedonia, such as the mountains:
Osogovo, Kožuf, Kitka, Plačkovica, Karad`ica, Ser-
ta, Golak, Belasica, Dešat, Niđe, Korab, Karaorman,
Jelak, Vodno, Jakupica, Šar Planina, Ogražden, the
National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica, and
the area of the towns and villages: Kruševo, Resen,
Katlanovo, Kičevo, Kumanovo, Bitola, Delčevo,
Demir Hisar, Skopje, Strumica, Gevgelija, etc.
The material was collected in various kinds of for-
ests, associations and on mountain pastures, on soil
or on fallen branches, trunks and logs, as well as on
enriched soil, dung, etc. The identification of the spe-
cies was done either on the field or in the mycologi-
cal laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathe-
matics in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents
(Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline, etc.). Some of the
collected fungi were preserved in the National My-
cological Collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI), while
the data were put in the database MACFUNGI. For
identification are used the following: Moser (1983),
Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1981, 1986, 1991, 1995,
2000), Däncke, R. M. (2001), Krieglsteiner, G. J.
(2000), Flammer (1980), Flammer & Horak (1983),
etc.

472 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija

 Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia
Results
Agaricus xanthoderma: Pelister Mt., in meadow;
Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Skopje, in park,
planted forest; Serta Mt. oak forest, in meadow. April-
November.
Amanita citrina: Šar planina Mt., beech forest; Be-
lasica Mt. alder and birch forest; Gali~ica Mt. oak
forest; Prespa Lake, oak forest; Maleševski Mt. beech
and fir forest; Pla~kovica Mt. beech forest; Skopska
Crna Gora Mt, beech forest; Vodno, chestnut forest;
Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech and oak forest; Ko`uf
Mt., beech forest; Kitka Mt., oak forest; Karadjica
Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt, forest of P. peuce. Jan-
uary-October.
Amanita gemmata: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. July.
Amanita muscaria: Mavrovo, wood of Abies and
Fagus; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest, forest
of Pinus mugo and conifer plantation; Kruševo, wood
of Fagus and Pinus, conifer plantation; Pelister Mt.,
forest of P. peuce; Ko`uf, beech forest, mixed fir and
beech forest, Osogovo Mt. beech forest; Bistra Mt.,
beech forest. August-November.
Amanita pantherina: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest;
Karadzica, oak forest, Mavrovo, fir forest; Skopska
Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Katlanovo, oak-horn-
beam; Kumanovo, in meadow; Pelister Mt., mixed
forest (Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies), forest
of P. peuce; Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica
Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest;
Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Osogovo Mt., beech forest;
Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-November.
Amanita phalloides: Gali~ica Mt., oak forest; Jak-
upica Mt., oak and beech forest; Kruševo, beech for-
est; Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam; Ki~evo, oak forest;
Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-November.
Amanita vaginata: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest;
Pelister Mt., forest of P. Peuce; Bistra Mt., beech for-
est; Golak Mt., beech forest; Pla~kovica Mt., beech
forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest, oak forest conifer
plantation, Vodno Mt., oak forest; Skopska Crna Gora
Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. May-Octo-
ber.
Amanita verna: Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Jakupi-
ca Mt., beech forest. July.
Armillaria mellea: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest;
Gali~ica Mt., oak and beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., oak
and beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak and beech forest;
Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce and beech forest;
Mavrovo, beech and fir forest; Bistra Mt., oak forest,
mixed fir and beech forest, beech forest; Belasica Mt.,
mixed alder and birch forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt.,
beech forest; Bukovi}, oak forest; Debarska Banja,
oak forest; Buševa Mt., beech forest; Kajmak~alan
Mt., mixed beech and fir forest; Strumica, Alder for-
Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
est; Karad`ica Mt., beech forest. Growing on stump
of Quercus frainetto, Q. cerris, Fagus, Abies, Alnus,
Pinus peuce. July-October.
Boletus calopus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Jak-
upica Mt., beech forest; Dešat Mt., beech forest; Pelis-
ter Mt., forest of P. peuce with Fagus; Ko`uf Mt.,
beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-October.
Boletus luridus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Bistra
Mt., oak and beech forest;; Kumanovo, in meadow;
Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Katlanovska Banja,
oak-hornbeam forest; Negorski Banji, ash forest;
Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest.
June-October.
Boletus purpureus: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. July.
Boletus radicans: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest. July.
Boletus satanas: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce;
Del~evo, oak forest; Gali~ica, oak forest; Bistra Mt.,
beech forest. July-November.
Clitocybe candicans: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce,
September
Clitocybe cerussata: Pelister Mt., mixed forest (Bet-
ula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies); Jakupica Mt., Pi-
nus mugo forest. July-September.
Clitocybe clavipes: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with
Fagus; Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt.,
mixed fir and beech forest, Pinus mugo forest. July-
October.
Clitocybe dealbata: Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vod-
no Mt., oak-hornbeam; Strict Nature Rezerve „Ezer-
ani“, willow shrub land; Serta Mt., oak-hornbeam.
April-September.
Clitocybe diatreta: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce.
October
Clitocybe nebularis: Mavrovo, beech forest; Karad-
jica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest; Pelis-
ter Mt., forest of P. peuce; Bistra, Mt. beech forest.
October.
Clitocybe phyllophila: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with
Fagus. September.
Collybia peronata: Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupi-
ca Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Debarska Banja, oak
forest; Karaorman Mt., beech forest; Bogdanci, oak-
hornbeam forest.
Coprinus atramentarius: Šar Planina Mt., beech for-
est; Karad`ica Mt. beech forest; Skopje, city park;
Jakupica Mt., close to road, beech forest; Karaorman
Mt., beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Demir
Hisar, oak forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. May-No-
vember.
Coprinus micaceus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest;
Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Karadjica Mt., beech
forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech
forest; Kruševo, beech forest; Skopje, in botanical
garden; Bistra Mt., beech forest. On stump of decidu-
ous trees, mainly Fagus. May-October.
473
Mitko KARADELEV et al.
Cortinarius croceus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with Fa-
gus. October.
Cortinarius cinnamomeus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce
forest. September.
Cortinarius limonius: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest.
September.
Cortinarius vitellinus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest.
October.
Entoloma aprile: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest;
Vodno Mt., oak forest April.
Entoloma clypeatum: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam for-
est; Demir Hisar, oak forest. May-November.
Entoloma nidorosum: Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech
forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest; Jakupica Mt., oak
forest, beech forest. October.
Entoloma politum: Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest.
October.
Entoloma rhodopolium: Šar Planina Mt., subalpine
beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Karadjica
Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with
Fagus. July-October.
Entoloma sericellum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest;
Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Strumica,
oak-hornbeam.August-October.
Entoloma serrulatum: Belasica Mt., mixed forest
alder and birch. October.
Entoloma sinuatum: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. Octo-
ber.
Entoloma vernum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Octo-
ber.
Galerina marginata: Šar Planina Mt., spruce forest;
Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. October.
Gymnopilus spectabilis: Mavrovo Mt., beech forest.
September.
Gyromitra infula: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with
Fagus. October.
Hebeloma crustuliniforme: Pelister Mt., P. peuce
forest with Fagus. September-October.
Hebeloma mesophaeum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce for-
est, oak and beech forest. September.
Hebeloma sinapizans: Kumanovo, pine plantation;
Katlanovo, greek juniper forest, oak-hornbeam for-
est; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vita~evo; Bistra Mt.,
beech forest. October.
Helvella crispa: Karadzica Mt., mixed fir and beech
wood; Vodno Mt., oak and chestnut forest; Debarska
Banja, oak-hornbeam forest; Jakupica Mt., mixed fir
and beech forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest.
July.
Helvella lacunosa: Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest;
Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., beech for-
est; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech for-
est; Vodno Mt., pine plantation; Belasica Mt., beech
forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. May-October.
474 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija
Hydnum repandum: Mavrovo Mt., mixed beech and
fir forest, beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest,
oak forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam; Pelister Mt.,
P. peuce forest with Fagus; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest;
Maleševski Planini Mt., beech and fir forest; Bistra
Mt., beech forest. July-October.
Hydnum rufescens: Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam. Oc-
tober.
Hygrocybe conica: Šar Planina Mt., on pasture, sub-
alpine and alpine meadow; Pelister Mt., P. peuce for-
est; Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Vod-
no Mt., on meadow, oak-hornbeam; Jakupica Mt., oak
forest, on meadow; Strumica, Alder forest, on mead-
ow Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-October.
Hygrocybe psitacina: Karadjica Mt., mixed fir and
beech forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. June-
October.
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca: Mavrovo, beech forest;
Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Kumanovo, oak-horn-
beam forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut; Ki~evo, oak for-
est; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September-November.
Hypholoma fasciculare: Šar Planina Mt., mixed fir
and spruce forest; Bogdanci, willow shrub land; Jak-
upica, Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest
with Fagus; Skopje; Bistra Mt., beech forest. On
stump of Abies, Fagus, Salix, Pinus peuce, Populus.
April-September.
Inocybe fastigiata: Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and beech
forest. September.
Inocybe fuscidula: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with
Fagus; Kitka Mt., pine plantation. October.
Inocybe geophylla: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Oc-
tober.
Inocybe godeyi: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Sep-
tember.
Inocybe patouillardii: Jakupica Mt., beech forest;
Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. Octo-
ber.
Lactarius chrysorrheus: Jakupica Mt., oak, beech and
chestnut forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. October.
Lactarius pubescens: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with
Fagus. October.
Lactarius scrobiculatus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest
with Fagus. September.
Lactarius torminosus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with
Fagus; Ko`uf Mt. beech forest; Belasica Mt., mixed
forest alder and birch; Jakupica Mt., beech forest. In
forest under birch. September-October.
Laetiporus sulphureus: Valandovo, in town; Bistra
Mt., beech forest; Matka, near the lake. On stumps
and fallen trunks of Morus, Fagus, Salix. March-De-
cember.
Leccinum aurantiacum: Mavrovo, beech forest; Jak-
upica Mt., beech forest; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Bis-
tra Mt., beech forest. Under Populus tremula. Octo-
 Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia
ber.
Lepiota castanea: Pelister Mt. beech forest; Skopje,
in park. September-October.
Lepiota clypeolaria: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Jak-
upica Mt., oak and beech forest; Katlanovo, greek
juniper forest. September-October.
Lepiota cristata: Jakupica Mt., oak forest; Vodno Mt.,
oak-hornbeam forest; Pelister Mt., beech forest; Bis-
tra Mt. beech forest; Skopje, in meadow. September-
October.
Lepista nuda: Pelister Mt., beech forest; Skopje, city
park; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest, oak-hornbeam for-
est; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Kruševo,
pine forest. May-October.
Leptopodia elastica: Pelister Mt., beech forest, P.
peuce forest; Vodno Mt. oak-hornbeam forest. July-
October.
Leucoagaricus badhamii: Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam
forest. October.
Macrolepiota rhacodes: Pelister Mt., P. peuce;
Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak-horn-
beam, beech forest; Skopje, planted deciduous for-
est; Bistra Mt., pasture; around vill. Dolno Kolicani,
oak forest. July-October.
Mycena pelianthina: Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech
forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest; Mavrovo, beech
forest. September-November.
Mycena pura: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Mavro-
vo, beech forest; Gali~ica Mt., macedonian oak for-
est; Jakupica Mt., beech and oak forest, subalpine
beech forest, conifer plantation; Vodno Mt., oak-horn-
beam forest; Karad`ica Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt.,
P. peuce forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech for-
est; Vodno Mt., chestnut and planted spruce forest;
Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; Bistra Mt., beech
forest. July-October.
Mycena rosea: Pelister Mt., beech, oak, P. peuce for-
est; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Skopska Crna
Gora Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. Sep-
tember-Novermber.
Omphalotus olearius: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam for-
est, on stump of Carpinus; Jakupica Mt., on stump of
Quercus; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; Serta Mt.,
oak forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest. Octo-
ber-November.
Otidea onotica: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Octo-
ber.
Panaeolus granulatus: Jakupica Mt., ^eples, beech
forest. July.
Panaeolus papilionaceus: Vodno Mt., on enriched
soil; Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, P. peuce forest.
May-September.
Panaeolus semiovatus: Pelister Mt., around Kopanki,
in meadow, on dung. September.
Panellus stypticus: Šar Planina Mt., Fagus; Valando-
Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
vo, on stump of Quercus pubescens and fallen trunk
of Morus alba, Salix sp.; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest, on
stump of Fagus, fir forest, on stump of Abies borisii
regis, Fagus; Gali~ica Mt., on stump of Amygdalus
webbii, Salix sp., on fallen stump of Carpinus betu-
lus, Carpinus orientalis, Fagus sylvatica, Ostrya car-
pinifolia, Quercus cerris, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens,
Q. trojana; Bogdanci, on stump of Gleditsia triacan-
thos, Platanus orientalis, Salix alba; Mariovo, on
stump of Q. pubescens; Pelister Mt., on stump of
Fagus; Belasica Mt., on log of Corylus avellana,
Quercus petrea, Alnus; Golak Mt., on branch of Fa-
gus; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., on Fagus; Mavrovo,
on Fagus, Quercus, Abies; Jakupica Mt., on Fagus,
Quercus; Bukovi~, on Fagus; Debarska Banja, on
Quercus pubescens; Karaorman Mt., on Fagus;
Kruševo, on Fagus; Skopje, on Quercus, Carpinus;
Bistra Mt., on Fagus. January-December.
Paxillus involutus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Be-
lasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Kruševo,
conifer plantation; Ko`uf Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt.,
beech forest. September-Octomber.
Peziza badia: Bistra Mt., beech forest; Ko`uf Mt.,
oak-hornbeam. April
Pholiota squarosa: Pelster Mt., P. peuce forest, beech
forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September.
Pluteus salicinus: Ogra`den Mt., mixed forest of
Fagus, P. sylvestris and P. nigra, on rotten branches
of Fagus; Gali~ica Mt., Pljuska, oak forest, on soil;
Jakupica Mt., ^eples, beech forest, on stump of Fa-
gus; Ko`uf Mt., on stump of Fagus and P. nigra. July-
October.
Polyporus squamosus: Šar Planina Mt., beech for-
est, on stump of Fagus and Acer; Ko`uf Mt. beech
forest, on dry trunk of Fagus; Skopje, unknown sub-
strate; Karadjica Mt., beech forest, parasite on Fa-
gus; Belasica Mt., on stump of Platanus orientalis;
Gali~ica Mt., beech forest, parasite on Fagus, Carpi-
nus betulus; Mariovo, beech forest, parasite on Fa-
gus; Pelister Mt., beech forest, parasite and saprotro-
ph on Fagus; Valandovo, parasite and saprotroph on
Juglans regia and Ulmus minor; Bogdanci, on Morus
sp., Robinia pseudacacia; Skopje, city park, on Salix,
Fraxinus, Acer negundo; Korab Mt., Fagus; Jakupi-
ca Mt., Quercus, Fagus; Skopska Crna Gora Mt.,
Fagus; Karaorman Mt., Fagus; Ko`uf Mt., Fagus;
Povardarie, Alnus, Platanus, Salix, Populus. April-
October.
Psathyrella candoleana: Šar Planina, beech forest on
Fagus; Karadjica Mt., beech forest. July.
Psathyrella velutina: Jakupica Mt., beech forest.
October.
Psilocybe bullacea: Pelister Mt., plantation of
P.peuce, on fallen branch of P.peuce, beech forest, on
leaves remnants of Populus tremula; Prespa, Strict
Nature Reserve „Ezerani“, willow shrub land, in
meadow. April-September.
475
Mitko KARADELEV et al.
Psilocybe coprophylla: Jakupica Mt., v. Gorno Vra-
novce, beech forest, on dung. October- November.
Psilocybe montana: Pelister Mt., on soil, P. peuce
forest. October.
Psilocybe muscorum: Pelister Mt., forest of
Q.frainetto, in moss Rhacomitrum. April.
Psylocybe physaloides: Prespa, Strict Nature Reserve
„Ezerani“, in meadow, on soil. April.
Psylocybe subcoprophylla: Katlanovo, greek juniper
forest, on dung. October.
Ptichoverpa bochemica: Skopje, plantation of Pop-
ulus nigra, lendmark of arable lend; Pelister Mt., Al-
nus forest. March-April.
Ramaria formosa: Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupi-
ca Mt., beech, oak forest. October.
Russula badia: Pelister Mt., fir and P. peuce forest.
October.
Russula emetica: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. October.
Russula foetens: Karadjica Mt., beech forest; Pelis-
ter Mt., P. peuce forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest;
Kruševo, beech forest; Ogra`den Mt., beech forest;
Dešat Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July-
September.
Russula luteotacta: Katlanovska Banja, oak-horn-
beam forest.
Russula olivacea: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest. Octo-
ber.
Russula quelettii: Bogdanci, pine plantation. Novem-
ber.
Russula sanguinea: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Sko-
pje, planted pine forest. September-October.
Sarcodon imbricatus: Šar Planina Mt., mixed fir and
spruce forest. July.
Sarcosphaera crassa: Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and
beech forest. July.
Scleroderma citrinum: Pelister Mt., mixed forest
(Fagus, Quercus, Pinus peuce); Mavrovo, beech for-
est; Bistra Mt., beech forest, in meadow. September.
Scleroderma verrucosum: Pelister Mt., planted Pi-
nus forest, mixed fir and beech forest; Korab Mt.,
beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest. October.
Stropharia aeruginosa: Pelister Mt., in meadow, pine
plantation; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September.
Stropharia coronilla: Pelister Mt., on pasture; Vod-
no Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. April.
Stropharia semiglobata: Šar Planina Mt., beech for-
est, in meadow; Karadjica Mt., oak and beech forest,
in meadow; Jakupica Mt., in meadow on dung; Pelis-
ter Mt., in meadow on dung; Gali~ica Mt., forest of
Q. trojana; Gevgelija, in meadow. July-December.
Suilus luteus: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Ko`uf Mt.,
pine plantation; Kitka Mt., pine plantation; Vodno Mt.,
oak-hornbeam forest, P.nigra; Pelister Mt., P.peuce
forest; Kruševo, conifer plantation under P. nigra, P.
476 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija
peuce; Jakupica Mt., under P. mugo, under P. nigra
in conifer plantation; Bistra Mt., pine plantation. Sep-
tember-October.
Tricholoma bufonium: Pelister Mt., Abies, Pinus,
Fagus, P. peuce forest; Karadjica Mt., beech forest.
May-October.
Tricholoma saponaceum: Jakupica Mt., oak and
beech forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Pelis-
ter Mt., P.peuce forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-
hornbeam forest. September-November.
Tricholoma sciodes: Jakupica Mt., beech forest. Oc-
tober.
Tricholoma sulphureum: Pelister Mt., P.peuce for-
est; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September.
Tricholomopsis rutilans: Šar Planina Mt., beech for-
est. July.
Xerocomus badius: Jelak Mt., Picea plantation; Bigla
Mt., beech forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-horn-
beam forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July-October.
Disscucion
In the Republic of Macedonia, so far, 114 species of
poisonous fungi have been registered. The most fre-
quent of these species are Amanita citrina, Amanita
pantherina, Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea,
Coprinus micaceus, Hydnum repandum, Hygrocybe
conica, Mycena pura, Panellus stypticus, Polyporus
squamosus, etc. Some of he species such as: Leucoa-
garicus badhamii, Peziza badia and Sarcosphaera
crassa are known as a rare species, while others, such
as: Amanita gemmata, A.verna, Boletus purpureus,
B.radicans, Clitocybe candicans, C.diatreta,
C.phyllophila, Cortinarius croceus, C.cinnamomeus,
C.limonius, C.vitelinus, Entoloma aprile, E.politum,
E.serrulatum, E.sinuatum, E.vernum, Gymnopilus
spectabilis, Gyromitra infula, Hebeloma crustulini-
forme, H.mesophaeum, Hydnum rufescens, Inocybe
fastigiata, I.fuscidula, I.godeyi, Lactarius pubescens,
L.scrobiculatus, Lepiota castanea, Otidea onotica,
Panaeolus granulatus, P.semiovatus, Psathyrella ve-
lutina, Psilocybe physaloides, P.subcoprophylla, Ra-
maria badia, Russula emetica, R.luteotacta,
R.olivacea, R.queletii, Sarciodon imbricatus, Tricho-
loma sciodes, and Tricholomopsis rutilans are not rare,
but their distribution is not yet enough investigated in
the Republic of Macedonia. The reason that some
edible species such as: Armillaria mellea, Hydnum
repandum, Macrolepiota rhacode and Polyporus
squamosus are putted in the list is that in the litera-
ture exist some cases of poisoning caused by this spe-
cies.
All these fungi were found growing on various sub-
strates. The main part of them are terricolous and were
found growing on soil (Amanita, Boletus, Cortinari-
us, Entoloma, Mycena, Lepiota, Russula, Lactarius,
Tricholoma, Stropharia, etc.), while the others such
 Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia
as: Coprinus micaceus, Hypholoma fasciculare, La-
etiporus sulphureus, Omphalotus olearius, Panellus
stypticus, Polyporus squamosus and Pluteus salici-
nus are lignicolous, and were registered growing on
rotten branches and stumps of different kind of trees.
Some of the species such as: Psilocybe subcoprophy-
la, Psilocybe coprophylla and Panaeolus semiovatus
were collected on dung.
All this species caused the following syndromes:
– Phalloidine syndrome is caused by: Amanita
phalloides, A.verna, Galerina marginata and
Lepiota cristata. One of the most deadly syn-
dromes is phalloidine. Latency period is 10-24
hours. It is manifesting with liver damage, tubu-
lar necrosis, renal damage, rising ammonia lev-
els, hepatic coma followed by respiratory fail-
ure, hemorrhage, and death by 4-7 days. Deadly
quantity is 0,1-0,3 mg/kg.
– Pantherinien sindrome is caused by Amanita pan-
therina. Latency period is 30 min to 3 hours. It is
manifesting with following symptoms: the first
signs are reminding of alcohol intoxication (lan-
guage, co-ordination, visual disturbances, distur-
bances of movements, the feeling for personali-
ty, the space, and the time is disturbed. The pa-
tients fall into a kind deep sleep, from which they
awake after 10 to 15 hours again. They do not
have memory of the happening. Deadly quantity
is 100 g fresh mushrooms for adults.
– Orellanine syndrome is caused by species of the
complex gender Cortinarius. The syndrome is
manifesting symptoms such as: digestive disor-
ders (vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, headaches,
sweats nights (without fever), renal insufficien-
cy, damage of kidney (oligurie up to anuria). La-
tency period is 36 hours until 14 days. (2-20
days). Deadly quantity is 2-3 mushrooms (100
g).
– Gyromitrin syndrome is caused by Gyromitra
infula. The main poison is giromitrin. Latency
period is 6 to 24 hours. It is manifesting with this
symptoms (headaches, nausea, vomiting, cramps,
abdominal pains, damage of liver. The patients
show a ikterus, have a haemoglobinure up to anur-
ia). Deadly quantity is 10-30 mg/kg for children,
and 20-50 mg/kg for adults.
– Muscarinien syndrome is caused by fungi of a
number of genders: Inocybe, Clitocybe and
Amanita muscaria. The main poison is muscar-
in. Latency period is 15 min. to 2 hours. Symp-
toms are a strong production of sweat, saliva, and
tear liquid; hypotonie is additional to recognize
a bradicardia. Deadly quantity is 400-500g fresh
mushrooms.
– Gastrointestinal irritants are the most of the spe-
cies from the list. They belong to the following
genera: Agaricus, Boletus, Entoloma, Hebeloma,
Hydnum, Hygrocybe, Hypholoma, Lactarius,
Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
Lepiota, Lepista, Macrolepiota, Mycena, Pho-
liota, Pluteus, Polyporus, Ramaria, Russula,
Suillus, Scleroderma, Tricholoma and Xeroco-
mus. Latency period is 15 min-4 hours. It is man-
ifesting with this symptoms: it comes to abdom-
inally pain with colic attacks, nausea, vomiting
and failure. With more serious poisonings cramp-
ing the skeletal musculature and cycle disturbanc-
es are to be recognized. After to two days the
symptomatology fades away. There is well know
to today no deaths.
– Coprinus syndrome is caused by: Coprinus atra-
mentarius, Coprinus micaceus and Clitocybe
clavipes. Latency period is 30 min. till 72 hours.
It is manifesting with this symptoms: minutes af-
ter the benefit of alcohol (or up to 72 hours) it
comes to a heat feeling, and a strong turning red
in the range of the face, the neck and the chest.
The patients feels metallic taste, tachycardia,
dyspnea, sweats, it comes rarely to nausea, vom-
iting. There is well know to today no deaths.
Conclusions
The so far registered poisonous fungi in R. Macedonia
are 114 species. These fungi were found growing in
various deciduous, coniferous forests, in meadows,
on enriched soil, on dung, on wood, on stump, on fall-
en branches, etc. The main part of them are terrico-
lous, 7 species are lignicolous, and 3 species were
collected on dung. The poisonous species of fungi
registered in Republic of Macedonia belong to the
following genera: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe, Col-
lybia, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Galerina,
Gymnopilus, Gyromitra, Hebeloma, Helvella, Hyd-
num, Hygrocybe, Hygrophoropsis, Hypholoma, In-
ocybe, Lactarius, Laetiporus, Leccinum, Lepiota,
Lepista, Leptopodia, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota,
Mycena, Omphalotus, Otidea, Panaeolus, Panellus,
Paxillus, Peziza, Pholiota,Pluteus, Polyporus,
Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Ptichoverpa, Ramaria, Rus-
sula, Sarcodon, Scleroderma, Stropharia, Suillus,
Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis and Xerocomus. Fungi
toxicity manifests through the following syndromes:
Phalloidine syndrome, Orellanine syndrome, Gyromi-
trin syndrome, Muscarinien syndrome, Gastrointesti-
nal syndrome and Coprinus syndrome. In most of
them, these effects are due to the presence of toxic
compounds such as: phalotoxins, amatoxins, orella-
nin, gyromitrin, muscarin, coprinmin, and different
hallucinogenic and psychotropic compounds.
477
Mitko KARADELEV et al.

forest associations on Galicica Mountain.

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LISTA NA HUMANO-TOKSI^NI MAKROMICETI VO REPUBLIKA

MAKEDONIJA

Mitko KARADELEV, Sne`ana MITEVA i Kristina STOJKOSKA

Institut za Biologija, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, P.Fah 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje

Rezime

Dosega vo R. Makedonija se registrirani 114 vida na otrovni gabi. Ovie vidovi pripa|aat
na rodovite: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe, Collybia, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Galerina, Gymnopilus,
Gyromitra, Hebeloma, Helvella, Hydnum, Hygrocybe, Hygrophoropsis, Hypholoma, Inocybe, Lactarius,
Laetiporus, Leccinum, Lepiota, Lepista, Leptopodia, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota, Mycena, Omphalotus, Otidea,
Panaeolus, Panellus, Paxillus, Peziza, Pholiota,Pluteus, Polyporus, Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Ptichoverpa,
Ramaria, Russula, Sarcodon, Scleroderma, Stropharia, Suillus, Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis i Xerocomus. Ovie
gabi se sobrani vo listopadni i ~etinarski {umi, na livadi, na po~vi bogati so organska materija,
na izmet itn. Najgolem del od niv se terikolni, 7 vida se lignikolni, a 3 vida se sobrani na
izmet. Kako rezultat na prisustvoto na odredeni halucinogeni materii, tie predizvikuvaat
sedum razli~ni sindromi: faloiden, panterinski, giromitrinski, orelaninski,
gastrointestinalen, muskarinski i koprinusen. Halucinogenite materii vo ovie gabi se
razli~ni falotoksini, amatoksini, orelanin, giromitrin, muskarin, koprinmin, kako i razni
halucinogeni i psihotropni supstanci.

478 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija