特點:
1.沒有 comma(,)
2.指明特定的人、事與物件
3.沒有此部分,讀者就不知指的是甚麼(意思不完整)
表解
that he is unreliable.(那個人/事/物)
why he is so lazy. (為甚麼)
Non-Defining Clause
特點
1. 用 2 個 comma 分隔
2. 只用於提供讀者資料,即使不存在亦不影響結構
例句:
1. John, who is the monitor, works very hard.
2. John’s car, which he bought only last month, has been stolen.
3. Peter, whom (who) you met in my house last week, is my classmate.
Adverb Clause
§ Adverb Clause
除了用單詞或短語來形容動詞、形容詞或副詞之外,還可以用從句來形容上述詞類,這
類從句稱為「副詞從句」 Adverb Clause。
根據副詞從句的不同功用,可分成:
例如:
He studies hard that he may pass the examination.
* "that", "so that" 及 "in order that" 皆意指「以便」或「為了 」 。
* 使用 "that", "so that" 及 "in order that":
若主句動詞時態是現在時態、現在進行時態及現在完成時態,
從句的動詞形態是: will, can, may, shall + root form;
若主句動詞時態是過去時態,從句的動詞形態是:
would, could, might, should + root form
They hurried that they might not miss the train.
He always takes careful notes so that he may go over them after class.
I went out for a walk so that I might think the matter over in the fresh morning air.
例如:
Though it is cheap, I do not buy it.
Though he tried hard, he was not successful.
Although he is young, he is wise.
* "although" 與 "though" 的意思一樣,而 "although"的語氣較為堅定。
* "although" 多用於句首。
Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.
※ 在中文裡,使用了「雖然」,隨即使用「但是 」 。
在英文裡,用了 "although"或 "though",不能再使用 "but";
用了 "but",就不能再使用 "although"或 "though"。
例如:雖然我的心破碎,但是我必須微笑。
1. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, I must smile.
2. My heart is breaking, but I must smile.
3. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, yet (still) I must smile.
4. My heart is breaking, yet (still) I must smile.
5. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, but I must smile.
﹝錯誤﹞
* "yet" "still" 副詞。
Even if you fail, you will have gained experience.
* "even if" 意指「即使」 。
1. 原級 Positive Degree
2. 比較級 Comparative Degree
3. 最高級 Superlative Degree
※ 形容詞的比較級和最高級的形成規則如下:
1. 單音節詞:
a) 通常在原級後加 er 成比較級,加 est 成最高級。例如:
great → greater → greatest
tall → taller → tallest
b) 若以 e 收尾,則加 r 成比較級,加 st 成最高級。例如:
large → larger → largest
c) 若以輔音字母收尾,而輔音字母前是元音字母,則先重複輔音
字母,加 er 成比較級,加 est 成最高級。例如:
big → bigger → biggest
fat → fatter → fattest
2. 雙音節詞:
a) 通常在原級後加 er 成比較級,加 est 成最高級。例如:
clever → cleverer → cleverest
narrow → narrower → narrowest
b) 若以 e 收尾,則加 r 成比較級,加 st 成最高級。例如:
able → abler → ablest
c) 若以 y 收尾,而 y 前是輔音字母,則改 y 為 i ,加 er 成
比較級,加 est 成最高級。例如:
happy → happier → happiest
lucky → luckier → luckiest
3. 多音節詞:
在前面加 more 成比較級,加 most 成最高級。例如:
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
important → more important → most important
4. 還有一些單詞的比較級和最高級是不規則的:
原級 比較級 最高級
good / well better best
bad / ill worse woest
many / much more most
little less least
far farther / further farthest / furthest
old older / elder oldest / eldest
例如:
He is older than I.
Mary is two years younger than I.
Two heads are better than one.
9. Adverb Clause of Condition
連接條件副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
if, in case, so long as, on condition (that),
provided that, providing, suppose, supposing, unless
例如:
If you go away, I will not cry.
* "if" 意指「如果」 。
* 從句的動詞用現在時態表示將來發生的事情。
In case he gives me a phone call, tell him that
I will call him back.
* "in case" 意指「萬一」 。
So long as you keep the book clean, you may borrow it.
* "so long as" 意指「只要」 。
I will sell you this camera on condition that you pay
in cash.
* "on condition (that)" 意指「在……條件下 」 。
I will go provided that you go.
* "provided (that)" 意指「假使」 。
I will do so providing you agree.
* "providing" 意指「假使」 。
Suppose she refuses, what shall we do?
* "suppose" 意指「假使」 。
Supposing he cannot come, who will do the work?
* "supposing" 意指「假使」 。
You will fail unless you work harder.
* "unless" 意指「除非」 。
※ 根據條件副詞從句所表示的假設情況是否可能實現,可分以下
幾種類型:
A. 表示假設情況有可能或很可能實現