Chapter4 Differentiation

Differentiation
Concept of Differentiation.2
Derivative of Trigonometric Function..20
The Chain Rule...23
Implicit Differentiation..27
Tangent Line and Normal Line...30
( ) ( ) f x f c
Differentiation at one point
a. Tangent Lines
The secant line connecting P and Q has slope
Concept of Differentiation
Introduction ( two topic in the same theme)
( ) ( )
PQ
f x f c
m
x c
( ) ( )
lim
x c
f x f c
m
x c
If xc , then the secant line

through P and Q will approach
the tangent line at P. Thus the
slope of the tangent line is
c
f(c)
P
x
f(x)
Q
x-c
f(x)-f(c)
2
Calculus I (MA 1114) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institute of Technology
b. Instantaneous Velocity
Let a particle travel around an axis and position of
particle at time t is s = f(t). If the particle has a
coordinate f(c) at time c and f(c+h) at time c + h.
chapter
4
Differentiation
c
c+h
Elapsed time distance
traveled
s
f((c)
f((c+h)
3
x
chapter
4
Differentiation
Thus, the average velocity during the time interval
[c,c+h] is
rata-rata
( ) ( ) f c h f c
v
h
+
=
If h0, we get instantaneous velocity at x = c:
Let x = c + h, instantaneous velocity can be written as
lim
x c
f(x) f(c)
v
x c
rata-rata
0 0
( ) ( )
lim lim
h h
f c h f c
v v
h

+
= =
4
Definition : The first derivative of f at x = c,
From two cases: The slope of the tangent line and
instantaneous velocity has the same
formula.
chapter
4
Differentiation
Definition : The first derivative of f at x = c,
denoted by is defined by
if its limit exist.
( ) f c
( ) ( )
( ) lim
x c
f x f c
f c
x c
5
Other notation :
Example: Let evaluate
( )
, ( )
df c
y c
dx
x
) x ( f
1
=
) 3 ( ' f
chapter
4
Differentiation
x
3 3
1 1
3
3
3 lim lim
3 3
x x
f(x) f( )
x
f'( )
x x

= =

3 3
3 ( 3)
lim lim
3 ( 3) 3 ( 3)
x x
x x
x x x x

= =

3
1 1
lim
3 9
x
x
= =
6
Derivatives from the left at c, denoted by , is
defined by
Derivatives from the right at c, denoted by , is
defined by
( ) ( )
( ) lim
x c
f x f c
f c
x c
( ) f c
( ) f c
+
Derivative from the right

and the left
defined by
A function f is said differentiable at c ( exist) if
and
( ) ( ) c f c f
+
=

( ) ( ) ) ( f c f c f c
+

= =
( ) ( )
( ) lim
x c
f x f c
f c
x c
+
+
( ) f c
7
Let
+
< +
=
1 , 2 1
1 , 3
) (
2
x x
x x x
x f
Determine whether f (x) is differentiable at x = 1.
If f is differentiable find .
'
(1) f
Example
If f is differentiable find .
Answer:
a.
2
1 1
( ) (1) 3 (1 2 1)
(1) lim lim
1 1
x x
f x f x x
f
x x

+ +
= =

2
1 1
( 1)
lim lim 1
1 1
x x
x x x x
x x

= = =

8
b.
1 1
( ) (1) 1 2 (1 2 1)
(1) lim lim
1 1
x x
f x f x
f
x x
+ +
+

+ +
= =

1 1
2 2 1
lim 2 lim 1
1
( 1)( 1)
x x
x x
x
x x
+ +

= = =
+
chapter
4
Differentiation
Thus, f is differentiable at x = 1 .
9
(1) 1 f

=
Theorem: If f is differentiable at point c then f is
continuous at c.
Proof: We will prove
Since
) ( ) ( lim c f x f
c x
=
c x c x
c x
c f x f
c f x f
+ = , ) .(
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
Differentiable
and Continuity
Thus,
The converse, however, is false , a function may be
continuous at a point but not differentiable.
c x
(
+ =

) (
) ( ) (
) ( lim ) ( lim c x
c x
c f x f
c f x f
c x c x
( ) ( )
lim ( ) lim lim( ) ( ) '( ) 0 ( )
x c x c x c
f x f c
f c x c f c f c f c
x c

= + = + =
10
<
= =
0 ,
0 ,
| | ) (
x x
x x
x x f
1. Show that, f (x) = | x | is continuous at x = 0 but f (x)
is not differentiable at x = 0.
Answer: We will show f (x) = | x | is continuous at x = 0
Example
< 0 , x x
0 0
lim ( ) lim( ) 0
x x
f x x

= =
0 ) ( lim
0
=
x f
x
0 0
lim ( ) lim 0
x x
f x x
+ +

= =
) 0 ( ) ( lim
0
f x f
x
=
f (0) = | 0 | 1)
2)
3)
Thus, f is continuous at x = 0.
11
0 0 0
( ) (0) 0
(0) lim lim lim 1
0
x x x
f x f x x
f
x x x

= = = =
( ) (0) 0 f x f x x
= = = =
We will show that f is not differentiable at x = 0.
chapter
4
Differentiation
0 0 0
( ) (0) 0
(0) lim lim lim 1.
0
x x x
f x f x x
f
x x x
+ + +
+

= = = =
(0) 1 1 (0) f f
+

= =
Because
then f is not differentiable at x = 0.
12
< +
=
1 ,
1 ,
) (
2
x ax
x b x
x f
2. Find the values of a and b so that f (x) will be
differentiable at x = 1.
f (x)
Example
Answer: Function f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 if
a. f is continuous at x = 1(necessary condition).
b. Derivatives from the left = derivatives from the
right at c (sufficient condition).
13
f is continuous at x = 1 if f is continuous from the
left at x = 1 and f is continuous from the right or
). ( lim ) ( lim ) 1 ( x f x f f
+
= =
chapter
4
Differentiation
a. f is continuous at x = 1 (necessary condition).
). ( lim ) ( lim ) 1 (
1 1
x f x f f
x x
+

= =
2
1 1
lim lim
1
1
x x
a x b ax
a b a
b a
+

= + =
= + =
=
14
2
'
1
1
2 2
( ) (1)
(1) lim lim
1 1
( 1) 1
lim lim
1 1
x
x
f x f x b a
f
x x
x a a x
x x

+
= =

+
= =

chapter
4
Differentiation
b. Derivatives from the left = derivatives from the
right at c (sufficient condition).
2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
' '
= =
+
a f f
Thus, a = 2 and b = 1.
1 1
1 1
'
1 1
1
lim lim
1 1
( 1)( 1)
lim lim 1 2
1
( ) (1) 1
(1) lim lim lim
1 1 1
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
f x f ax a x
f a a
x x x
+

+

= =

+
= = + =

= = = =

15
( ) ( )
( ) lim ,
t x
f t f x
f x x
t x
( ) f x
Derivative Definition
The derivative with respect to x of the function
f (x), denoted by , defined by the formula
or, if h = t - x
0
( ) ( )
( ) lim ,
h
f x h f x
f x x
h
=
( )
, , , , ( ).
x x
dy df x
y D y D f x
dx dx
dx
dy
16
or, if h = t - x
for which the limit exist.
Other Notation:
Notation is called as Leibniz Notation.
1
( )
;
r
r
d x
rx r R
dx
=
( ) 0 f x
=
chapter
4
Differentiation
By using derivative definition, we have formula:
1. If then . ( ) f x k =
2.
( ( ) ( ))
( ) ( )
d f x g x
f x g x
dx
+

= +
( ( ) ( ))
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d f x g x
f x g x f x g x
dx

= +
2
( ( ) / ( )) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, ( ) 0
( )
d f x g x f x g x f x g x
g x
dx g x

=
17
3.
4.
5.
Proof for formula number 4:
Let
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
'( ) lim lim
h h
h x h h x f x h g x h f x g x
h x
h h

+ + +
= =
x g x f x g h x f x g h x f h x g h x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
lim
+ + + + +
=
chapter
4
Differentiation
( ) ( ) ( ), h x f x g x =
h
x g x f x g h x f x g h x f h x g h x f
h
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
lim
0
+ + + + +
=
+
+
+
+ =
h
x f h x f
x g
h
x g h x g
h x f
h
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
) ( lim
0
h
x f h x f
x g
h
x g h x g
h x f
h h h h
) ( ) (
lim ) ( lim
) ( ) (
lim ) ( lim
0 0 0 0
+
+
+
+ =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x g x f x f x g x f x g x

= + = +
18
1. Find of
3 2
( ) 3 4. f x x x = + +
Answer:
2 2
( ) 3 3 2 0 3 6 f x x x x x
= + + = +
2. Find of
3 2
( ) ( 1)( 2 3). f x x x x = + + +
2 2 3
( ) 3 ( 2 3) ( 1)(2 2) f x x x x x x
= + + + + +
( ) f x
Example
( ) f x
Answer:
2
3
( ) .
1
x
f x
x
+
=
+
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ( 1) 2 ( 3) 1 6 2 6 1
( ) .
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
x x x x x x x x
f x
x x x
+ + + +
= = =
+ + +
3. Find of
( ) 3 ( 2 3) ( 1)(2 2) f x x x x x x
= + + + + +
2 2 2 2 9 6 3
3 4 2 3 4
+ + + + + + = x x x x x x
2 2 9 8 5
2 3 4
+ + + + = x x x x
19
Answer:
( ) f x
Answer:
( ) si ( ) o n c s f x x f x x
= =
( ) co ( ) i s s n f x x f x x
= =
Derivative of
Trigonometric Function
a.
b.
a. Let
( ) sin f x x =
Proof:
s i n s i n
( ) li m
t x
t x
f x
t x
0
2
sin( )
2
limcos( ) lim
2
( )
2
t x
t x
t x
t x
t x
+
=
2 cos ( ) sin( )
2 2
lim
t x
t x t x
t x
+
=
cos 1 cos x x = =
20
a. Let
( ) sin f x x =
0
0
cos( ) cos
( ) lim
cos cos( ) sin sin( ) cos
lim
h
h
x h x
f x
h
x h x h x
h
=

=
2
cos ( sin )
cos (cos( ) 1) sin sin( ) sin( )
2
h
x
x h x h h

chapter
4
Differentiation
b. Let
( ) cos f x x =
0 0
cos ( sin )
cos (cos( ) 1) sin sin( ) sin( )
2
lim lim sin
h h
x
x h x h h
x
h h h

= =
2
2
0
2
( / 2) 0 0
cos ( sin )
sin( )
2
lim( sin )
( / 2) 4
sin( / 2) sin( )
cos lim sin lim
/ 2 4
h
h h
h
x h
h
x
h h
h h h
x x
h h

=
| |
=
|
\
cos 0 si in n s x x x = =
21
The derivative of remaining trigonometric functions can
be obtained by using formula derivative of u/v
2 2
2
2 2
(tan ) (sin / cos ) cos sin 1
sec
cos cos
d x d x x x x
x
dx dx x x
+
= = = =
2 2
(cot ) (cos / sin ) sin cos 1 d x d x x x x
chapter
4
Differentiation
c.
2 2
2
2 2
(cot ) (cos / sin ) sin cos 1
csc
sin sin
d x d x x x x
x
dx dx x x

= = = =
2
(sec ) (1/ cos ) sin sin 1
tan sec
cos cos cos
d x d x x x
x x
dx dx x x x
= = = =
2
(csc ) (1/ sin ) cos cos 1
csc cot
sin sin sin
d x d x x x
x x
dx dx x x x
= = = =
22
d.
e.
f.
dy
du
dy
dx
du
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
dx
dy
) 1 sin(
2
+ = x y
The Chain Rule
Let y = f(u) and u=g(x). If and exists, then
Example: Find if
dx
) 1 sin( + = x y
1
2
+ = x u
x
dx
du
2 =
u y sin =
u
du
dy
cos =
2 2
cos( 1) 2 2 cos( 1)
dy dy du
x x x x
dx du dx
= = + = +
23
Example: Find if
Let so that
Because of
and then
dy dy du dv
dx du dv dx
=
Let y = f(u) and u=g(v), v = h(x), if
dx
dv
dv
du
du
dy
, ,
exists, then
Example :
chapter
4
Differentiation
dx
dy 4 3
sin ( 5) y x = +
5
3
+ = x v
2
3x
dx
dv
=
Answer: Let
) 5 cos( cos
3
+ = = x v
dv
du
4
u y =
3 3 3
4 4sin ( 5)
dy
u x
du
= = +
24
sin u v =
1. Find if
2 2 2
( ) ( ( )) 1
d
f x f x x
dx
= +
chapter
4
Differentiation
2. Find if
Answer:
so that
2 3 3 3
12 sin ( 5) cos( 5)
dy dy du dv
x x x
dx du dv dx
= = + +
2 2 2 2
2
( ( )) 1 ( ) 2 1
1
( )
2
d
f x x f x x x
dx
x
f x
x
= + = +
+
=
25
Answer:
The nth derivative of f(x) is the derivative of (n-1)th of f(x).
The first derivative :
( )
( )
df x
f x
dx
=
( )
2
d f x
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( ( ))
n n
d
f x f x
dx
=
The Higher Derivative
The second derivative :
The nth derivative :
Example: Find if
Answer:
( )
2
2
( )
d f x
f x
dx
=
( )
( )
( )
n
n
n
d f x
f x
dx
=
x x y sin 4
3
+ =
2
12 cos y x x
= +
24 sin y x x
=
y
26
Function defined explicitly
Function defined implicitly
2
2
cos
y x x
y x
= + +
=
Implicit Differentiation
Function defined implicitly
Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
3 2 2
10 x y x y + + =
2 2
sin( ) 1 xy x y + = +
27
Answer:
3 2 2
10 x y x y + + =
3 2 2
10 x y x y + + =
2 2
sin( ) 1 xy x y + = +
By implicit differentiation find dy/dx if
chapter
4
Differentiation
a.
b.
a.
3 2 2
3 2 2
2 2 3
3 2 2
2 2
3
( ) (10)
( ) ( ) ( ) (10)
(3 2 ') 2 0
(2 1) 2 3
2 3
2 1
x x
x x x x
D x y x y D
D x y D x D y D
x y x y y x y
x y y x x y
x x y
y
x y
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =
+ =

=
+
28
2 2
2 2
sin( ) 1
(sin( ) ) ( 1)
cos( )( ) 2 2 0
( cos( ) 2 ) 2 cos( )
x x
xy x y
D xy x D y
xy y xy x yy
x xy y y x y xy
+ = +
+ = +

+ + = +
=
b.
chapter
4
Differentiation
( cos( ) 2 ) 2 cos( )
2 cos( )
cos( ) 2
x xy y y x y xy
x y xy
y
x xy y
29
Tangent line at point (x
0
,y
0
)
at point (x
0
,y
0
)
Normal Line and tangent line perpendicular each
0 0
( ), y y m x x m y
= =
Tangent Line
and Normal Line
Normal Line and tangent line perpendicular each
other.
Normal line at point (x
0
,y
0
)
at point (x
0
,y
0
)
0 0
1
( ), y y x x m y
m
= =
30
2 2
3 4 (2) 3 2 4 2 4 y x x y

= = =
6 2
2 3
+ = x x y
Answer:
The tangent line at point (2,6) :
1. Find the tangent line and normal line at point (2,6) of
Example
2 4 = x y
) 2 ( 4 6 = x y
1 1 1
6 ( 2) 6
4 4 2
1 13
.
4 2
y x y x
y x
= = +
= +
The tangent line at point (2,6) :
The normal line at point (2,6) :
31
2. Find the tangent line and normal line at point which x = 1
0 6
2 2
= xy y x
Answer:
If x = 1 is substituted in equation we found
0 6
2
= y y ( 3)( 2) 0 y y + =
, y = 3 and y = - 2.
chapter
4
Differentiation
) 0 ( ) 6 (
2 2
x x
D xy y x D =
0 6
2
= y y ( 3)( 2) 0 y y + =
, y = 3 and y = - 2.
Thus, we get points (1,3) and (1,-2)
By implicit differentiation
2 2
2 2 ( ) 0 0 xy x yy y xy

+ + =
32
0 ' ' 2 2
2 2
= + xy y yy x xy
2 2
2 ' ) 2 ( xy y y x y x =
2
2
2
2
y xy
y
x y x
At point (1,3)
(1,3)
3 2 1 9 15
| 3
2 1 3 1 5
y

= = =

chapter
4
Differentiation
3
1
3
1
) 1 (
3
1
3 = = x x y
2 1 3 1 5
The tangent line
3 3 ) 1 ( 3 3 + = = x x y
6 3 = + y x
The normal line
8 3 = y x
33
At point (1,-2)
(1, 2)
2 2.1.4 10
| 2
2.1.( 2) 1 5
y
= = =

The tangent line
chapter
4
Differentiation
2 2 ) 1 ( 2 2 = = + x x y
4 2 = y x
The normal line
2
1
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
2 + = = + x x y
3 2 = + y x
34
f x
a x x
x bx x
( )
;
;
=
+ <

3 0 1
1
2
Find the values of a and b so that f(x) will be
differentiable at given points.
, x = 1
1
Problem Set 1
x bx x ;
1
2
f x
ax b x
x x
( )
;
;
=
<

2
2 1 2
2
f x
x x
ax b x
( )
;
;
=
<
+
2
1 3
2 3
, x = 2
, x = 3
2
3
35
Find first derivative of
) 1 2 ( ) 1 ( ) (
3
+ + + = x x x x f
1 ) (
3 2 2 / 1
+ + = x x x f
4
5
Problem Set 2
1
1
) (
+
=
x
x
x f
1
) (
2
=
x
x
x f
1
1
) (
2
2
+
=
x
x
x f
6
7
8
36
10
(2 3) y x =
Find dy/dx
y
x x
x x
=
+
+
2
2
2 5
2 3
9
10
Problem Set 3
(2 3) y x =
y x = sin
3
( ) x x y =
2 4
4 cos
2
1
1
|
\
|
+
=
x
x
y
10
11
12
13
14
37
2
sin tan( 1) y x x = +
( )
y x = sin 2 1
( )
y x = 2 3
4
y
x
x
=
+1
15 Find the second derivative of
a.
b.
c.
Problem Set 4
y
x
=
+1
( ) y x = cos
2
( ) 0 f c
=
f x x x x ( ) = +
3 2
3 45 6
g x ax bx c ( ) = + +
2
(1) 5, (1) 3 g g
= = (1) 4 g
=
16 Find the value of c so that if
17 Find the values of a, b and c if
and .
c.
d.
38
y
( ) y xy + = sin 1
x x y y
3 2 2
3 0 + =
Find by implicit differentiation.
18
19
Problem Set 5
x y xy x = + ) sin(
2
20
21
tan( ) 2 0 xy y =
39
sin( ) 1 y xy + =
22 Let
Find tangent line and normal line at point (,1).
(0) 2, (0) 0 , (0) 3 f g g

= = =
( ) (0). f g

23 If , find
Problem Set 6
40
40

Chapter4 Differentiation

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Chapter4 Differentiation

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Differentiation

If xc , then the secant line

Derivative from the right

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