SYNOPSIS on HEAT

Total energy if all the molecules are known as heat, S.I. unit is joule, calorie in C.G.S,
BTU in British thermal unit
Average kinetic energy of the molecules is known as temperature. Temperature scales
are; Celsius (Centigrade), Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankin, thermometer is used to measure
the temperature,
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Scale Conversions: 0F to 0C ; C = (F – 32), 0
C to 0F; F = C + 32,
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0
C to K: K =C + 32, K to 0C; C = K – 32
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature 1 0C or 1K of I kg of a substance
is known as specific heat. ΔQ = mcΔT or ΔQ = ncΔT ( for water 4.2J or 1 calorie )
The heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required per unit increase in
temperature
The amount of heat required to change the state from solid to liquid without changing
the temperature is known as latent heat of vaporization (3.6x105 J)
The amount of heat required to change the state from liquid to gas without changing
the temperature is known as latent heat of fusion. (2.5x106 J)
Thermometry; the art of measuring temperature.
Thermal expansion; expansion of substances on hearting
Anomalous expansion of water: water contracts from 00C to 40C then expands
Boyle’s law: volume and pressure of a gas of fixed mass are inversely proportional to
each other provide the temperature is kept constant PV = K, P1V1 = P2V2
Charle’s law: volume and temperature of a gas of fixed mass are directly proportional
V V1 V2
to each other provided the pressure of the gas is kept constant: = K, =
T T1 T2
Law of heat exchange: heat lost = heat gain
Conduction; is the process in which heat is transferred from one part of the body to the
other due to without the actual movement of the molecule
Convection; is the process in which heat is transferred from one part of the body to the
other due to the actual movement of the molecule.
Radiation; is the process in which heat is transferred from one part of the body to the
other due to rays.
Linear expansion; expansion of substances linearly on hearting
L= L0(1+α ΔT), ΔL=L0 α ΔT
Volumetric expansion; ; expansion of substances volumetrically on hearting
V= V0(1+α ΔT), ΔV=V0 α ΔT
In centigrade scale; Melting point of the ice is00C, boiling point of water 1000C,100
equal divisions

In Fahrenheit scale; Melting point of the ice is320F, boiling point of water 2120F,180
equal divisions
In Kelvin scale; Melting point of the ice is273K, boiling point of water 373K, 100
equal divisions
Freezing point decreases on increasing pressure
Boiling point increases on increasing pressure
The change of state from liquid to gas on room temperature is called vaporization.
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