M&S Ch 8 Indefinite Integration S6/KC

8.1 Primitive Functions and Indefinite Integrals (predict)

d

From differentiation, [F (x )] = f (x ) , where F(x) is the primitive / anti-derivative function of f(x)
dx

Example

 1.
d 4
dx
(x ) = 4x3

2.
d 4
dx
(
x + 2 = 4x3 )
d  4 1
 x −  = 4x
3
3.
dx  2
 There are many solution
d
 [F (x ) + C ] = f (x ) -- (*)
dx
where [F ( x ) + C ] is the collection called infinite integrals of f (x) with respect to x.
C is arbitrary constant
 And (*) becomes d [F ( x ) + C ] = f ( x )dx
[from the definition of differential of the previous chapter.]

Notation

 ∫ f (x )dx = ∫ d [F (x ) + C ] = F (x ) + C
where ∫ is the integral sign, f (x) is the integrand,

dx is used to specify the integration w.r.t. x.

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation, and it is also called anti-differentiation.

Example 8.1.1

∫x
−4
 Find dx

 Analysis:
( )
predict that d x −3 = −3 x −4 dx

d (x ) = x
1 −3 −4
then dx
−3
 1 −3 
 Since d  x  = x − 4 dx
 − 3 
Integrate both side w.r.t. x
 1 −3  1 − 3
∫x dx = ∫ d 
−4
x = x + C where C is arbitrary constant.
−3  −3

After integration, the index of the polynomial will be increased by 1.

But when index is equal to -1 of the integrand, the case is different.

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Example 8.1.2
7
 Find ∫ x dx
 Analysis:
1
d [ln ( x )] = dx
x
7
 Since d [7 ln ( x )] = dx
x
Integrated both sides w.r.t. x
7
∫ x dx = ∫ d [7 ln(x )] = 7 ln(x ) + C , where C is arbitrary constant.

Different format of integrand can result the same primitive function.

Example 8.1.3 (EX 8.1, No. 30)

 ( x + 1)2  (x + 1) dx = (x + 1)dx
 (a) d + C1  = 2
 2  2

 x2    x 
d  + x + C 2  = 2  + 1 dx = ( x + 1)dx
2   2 

 (b) Expand
(x + 1)2 + C1 =
x2 1
+ x + + C1
2 2 2
By Comparing,
1
∴ C2 = + C1
2

8.2 Formulae for Indefinite Integration

Basic formula: ∫ d [ f ( x )] = f ( x ) + C

Some standard formulae for indefinite integrals are listed as follows.

Differentiation Integration
1  1
d n
( )
x = nx n −1 ∫x
n −1
dx = ∫ d  x n  = x n + C , n ≠ −1 Power’s Rule
dx n  n
d
(kx ) = k d (x ) = k ∫ kdx = k ∫ dx = kx + C Constant
dx dx

∫ x dx = ∫ dx[ln x ] = ln x + C
d
(ln x ) = 1 1
ln x
dx x
1  1
( )
d kx
e = ke kx ∫e
kz
dx = ∫ d  e kx  = e kx + C ex
dx k  k
d
[k ⋅ f (x )] = k d [ f (x )] ∫ k ⋅ f (x )dx = k ∫ f (x )dx Multiply by k
dx dx

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 M&S Ch 8 Indefinite Integration S6/KC

d Sum /
[u (x ) ± v(x )] = d [u (x )] ± d [v(x )] ∫ [u (x ) ± v(x )]dx = ∫ u(x )dx ± ∫ v(x )dx
dx dx dx Difference
d d d
(uv ) = v (u ) + u (v ) uv = ∫ vdu + ∫ udv Product Rule
dx dx dx
d
(log a x ) = 1 1 ln x
∫ x ln a dx = ln a + C = log a x+C
dx x ln a
d x
( )
a = a x ln a  ax  ax
∫ a dx = ∫ d  ln a  = ln a + C
x
dx

Example 8.2.1
 1 1 
∫  3 ⋅
x5 + e x − 7x3 + + 6 dx
6
 Evaluate
3 2x 
 6 5 1 x 1 
∫  3 ⋅ x + 3 e − 7 x + 2 x + 6 dx
3


1 x 1 1
= 3∫ 6 x 5 dx + ∫ e dx − 7 ∫ x 3 dx + ∫ dx + 6 ∫ dx
3 2 x
 5 +1 
 x6  1 x  x 3+1  1
= 3  + e − 7   + ln x + 6 x + C
5
 + 1 3  3 + 1  2
 6 
11
18 6 1 x 7 4 1
= x + e − x + ln x + 6 x + C
11 3 4 2
[The integration can be separated into different parts.]

8.3 Integration by Substitution

Sometimes it is much easier if the integration is done with respect to other pattern of variables. That
pattern is called “substitution”.

Procedures using the substitution method u = u(x)
 1. Change the integrand in terms of u and du;
2. Evaluate the new integral;
3. replace u by x in the answer.

Example 8.3.1
 Evaluate the followings

∫ (2 x + 1) dx
5
(a)

x
e
(b) ∫ x
dx

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∫ (2 x + 1) dx
5
 (a) u = 2x + 1
du = 2dx
Substitute u and du into the original equation,
1
1  du = dx
= ∫ u  du  5
2
2 
1 u 5+1
= ⋅ +C [Substitute back the expressions of u and du]
2 5 +1
1
= (2 x + 1)6 + C
12
x
e u=e x
 (b) ∫ x
dx
1
du = e x
⋅ dx
= ∫ (2du ) 2 x
x
e
2du = dx
= 2u + C x
= 2e x
+C

The principle of the method of integration by substitution is chain rule.

d
[F (u )] = d [F (u )] ⋅ du = f (u ) ⋅ g ′(x )
dx du dx
d [F (u )] = f (u ) ⋅ g ′( x )dx

F ( g ( x )) = ∫ d [F (u )] = ∫ f (u ) ⋅ g ′( x )dx

[The substitution should be done COMPLETELY!! Don’t try to mix up with u and x.]

It is frequently used in the case of irrational functions in which the expression under the radical sign is
of the first degree, that is ax + b. The substitution can be u = ax + b or u = ax + b .

Example 8.3.2
x2
 Evaluate ∫ x −1
dx
u = x −1 ⇒ x = u +1
x2 du = dx
 ∫ x −1
dx

=∫
(u + 1)2 du
u
−1
 2− 1 1−
1

= ∫  u 2 + 2u 2 + u 2 du
 
5 3 1
2 4
= u 2 + u 2 + 2u 2 + C
5 3
2 5 4 3 1
= ( x − 1) 2 + ( x − 1) 2 + 2( x − 1) 2 + C
5 3

Different integration methods only lead to the result different by constant.

Relationship in between should be studied.

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Example 8.3.3

2 x 3 + 3x u = x 4 + 3x 2 + 7
 Evaluate ∫ (x )
dx
( )
4
4
+ 3x 2 + 7 du = 4 x 3 + 6 x dx

2 x + 3x
3
1 1 1
1
(
du = 2 x 3 + 3 x dx )
 ∫ (x 4
+ 3x 2 + 7 )
4
dx = ∫ 4
u 2
⋅ du = 3 + C
6u
2

1
= +C
(
6 x + 3x 2 + 7
4
)

Example 8.3.4
u = 2 3t
∫ 2 dt
3t
 Evaluate
du = (3)2 3t (ln 2 )dt
1 1
 ∫2
3t
dt = ∫ u ⋅
3 ln 2
du =
3 ln 2
u2 + C 1
3 ln 2
( )
du = 2 3t dt

2 3t
= +C
3 ln 2

Example 8.3.5
xdx
 ∫ 2
(
x + 1 ln x 2 + 1 ) ( ) (
u = ln x 2 + 1 )
2 xdx
1
= ∫ du du =
2u x2 +1
1 xdx
1
= ln u + C du = 2
2 2 x +1

=
1
2
(
ln ln x 2 + 1 + C )

For this method, usually the complex part be substituted.

** Extra Notes on the Integration Method**

Expansion
 Expand the polynomial before perform integration, as integration can be done part by part which is
easier. Then simplified the index.
2
 1 
 Example 1 ∫  x + x  dx
2
 1   1 1 2
 ∫  x + x  dx = ∫  x + 1 + x dx = 2 x + x + ln x + C

Rationalization

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 If the denominator of the function is in radical sign, simply it can be a great idea sometimes.
 Make use of the identity a 2 − b 2 = (a − b )(a + b )

i.e. x − y = ( x− y )( x+ y )
1
 Example 2 ∫ x +1 + x
dx

1
 ∫ x +1 + x
dx

 x + 1 − x 
3
 1 x +1 − x 2 3 2 2
dx = ∫ x + 1 − x dx = 3 ( x + 1) − 3 x + C
= ∫  
  2
 x + 1 + x  x + 1 − x 

 Multiply the numerator and denominator by something.

dx
 Example 2.1 ∫1+ e −x
u = ex +1
dx 1 ex ex du = e x dx
 ∫ 1 + e−x ∫ 1 + e−x e x
= ⋅ dx = ∫ e x + 1 dx
1
= ∫ du = ln u + C
u
( )
= ln e x + 1 + C [as ex + 1 must be greater than zero, so no absolute sign is needed.]

Integration by part (Out of the theme, but useful knowledge)

 Sometimes differentiate the function, some of the relationship can be studied for better integration.

 Example 3 ∫ te
3t
dt ( )
d te 3t = e 3t + 3te 3t

1
[ ( ) 1 1
] te 3t =
1
[( )
d te 3t − e 3t ]
∫ te dt = ∫ d te 3t − ∫ e 3t dt = te 3t − e 3t + C
3t
 3
3 3 9

Partial Fraction
 Refer to the notes of chapter 7
 Example 4
x A B
(a) Find A and B if = +
(x − 1) x − 1 (x − 1)2
2

x
(b) Evaluate ∫ dx
(x − 1)2
x A B A( x − 1) + B
 (a) = + =
(x − 1) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2
(x − 1)2
x = A( x − 1) + B -- (1)
Sub x = 1 into (1)
1=B
Sub x = 0 into (1)
0 = -A + B
A=1

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x  1 1 
 (b) ∫ (x − 1)2 dx = ∫  (x − 1) (x − 1)2  dx
 +

1
= ln x − 1 − +C
x −1

Exponential function’s integration
 Make sure both the numerator and the denominator got the expression ekx.

8.4 Applications of Indefinite Integrals

….EDITING….

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