Chemistry A Modern View Book 2

Suggested answers for Class Practice

Contents
PART V ACIDS AND ALKALIS
Chapter 15 Acids 2
Chapter 16 Alkalis 4
Chapter 17 Indicators and pH 5
Chapter 18 Strength of acids and alkalis (Extension) 6
Chapter 19 Neutralization and salts 7
Chapter 20 Concentration of solutions 9
Chapter 21 Simple volumetric work (Extension) 11
Chapter 22 Rate of reaction (Extension) 14

PART VI CHEMICAL CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS

Chapter 23 Chemical cells in daily life 16

Chapter 24 Simple chemical cells 17

Chapter 25 Redox reactions 18

Chapter 27 Electrolysis (Extension) 21

PART VII PRODUCTS FROM IMPORTANT

PROCESSES

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Chapter 28 Chlorine and hypochlorite 23

Chapter 29 Sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide 24

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Chapter 15 Acids

A15.1
Carbon dioxide/ CO2

A15.2
Zinc granules sink to the bottom./ Zinc dissolves to give a colourless solution. /
Effervescence (colourless gas bubbles are given off)/ Test tube becomes warm. /
Hissing sound is heard.

A15.3
No. The reaction is explosive, thus very dangerous.

A15.4
(a) ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) Mg(OH)2(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

A15.5
Fizzy drink tablets or powder should be stored in a cool, dry place.

A15.6
(a) Magnesium dissolves and colourless gas bubbles are evolved.
(b) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

A15.7
(a) No colour change.
(b) Change to red.

A15.8
1/ one.

A15.9
(a) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(s) + H2O(l)
(b) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) → 2NaNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(c) Na2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The ionic equation is the same in all cases:
CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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A15.10
(a) H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)
(b) CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(Note: The ionic equation cannot be written as CO32-(s) + 2H+(aq) → CO2(g) +
H2O(l). CaCO3 is insoluble in water. Ca2+(s) ions in CaCO3(s) and Ca2+(aq) ions in
CaCl2(aq) cannot be cancelled out, as they differ in physical state.)

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Chapter 16 Alkalis

A16.1
Limewater is often used to test for carbon dioxide gas.

A16.2
Lead(II) hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide.

A16.3
Add NaOH(aq) to each solution. KNO3(aq) does not give a precipitate.
Fe(NO3)2(aq) gives a dirty green precipitate:
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)
Fe(NO3)3(aq) gives a reddish brown precipitate:
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)
Mg(NO3)2(aq) gives a white precipitate when a little NaOH(aq) is added:
Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s)

A16.4
(a) CuO, ZnO
(b) NaOH, Cu(OH)2
(c) CuO, ZnO, NaOH, Cu(OH)2, NH3
(d) NaOH, NH3

A16.5
(a) (i) Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) → 2Fe(OH)3(s) + 3Na2SO4(aq)
(ii) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)
(b) (i) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(ii) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s)

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Chapter 17 Indicators and pH

A17.1
(a) H+(aq) concentration < OH-(aq) concentration
(b) & (c) H+(aq) concentration > OH-(aq) concentration

A17.2
A: weakly acidic
B: strongly acidic
C: weakly alkaline
D: neutral

A17.3
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases

A 17.4
The dyes on the pH paper may go into the solution and contaminate it.

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Chapter 18 Strength of acids and alkalis

A18.1
The pH of 0.10 M hydrochloric acid is lower than that of 0.10 M ethanoic acid. This
means that the H+(aq) ion concentration in hydrochloric acid is higher than that of the
ethanoic acid. As hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, the acid molecules have
completely ionized to give H+(aq) and Cl-(aq). On the other hand, the acid molecules
of ethanoic acid have only slightly ionized in water as it is a weak acid.

A18.2
(a) Sulphuric acid molecules
(b) Water molecules, hydrogen ions, nitrate ions, hydroxide ions
(c) Water molecules, citric acid molecules, hydrogen ions, citrate ions, hydroxide
ions
(d) Water molecules, ammonia molecules, ammonium ions, hydroxide ions,
hydrogen ions

A18.3
(a) concentrated; weak
(b) dilute, weak
(c) dilute, strong
(d) concentrated, strong

A18.4
(a) H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l);
2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(b) CH3COOH(aq) + KHCO3(aq) → CH3COOK(aq) + CO2(g) +H2O(l)
CH3COOH(aq) + HCO3-(aq) → CH3COO-(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(Note: CH3COOH is a weak acid, so it is inappropriate to express it as H +(aq) and
CH3COO-(aq) in writing the ionic equation.)

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Chapter 19 Neutralization and salts

A19.1
(a) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
(b) KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
(c) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
(d) Mg(OH)2(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

A19.2
(a) (i) 20 cm3
(b) (i) Alkaline
(ii) For equal concentrations of the acid and alkali, equal volumes would
neutralize each other. As there is 30 cm3 alkali added, it is in excess. Thus,
the resulting solution is alkaline.
(c) Neutralization is an exothermic reaction. No more heat is given out when the
neutralization is complete. Addition of excess alkali will cool down the mixture.
Thus the temperature drops.

A19.3
Water-soluble: (a), (b), (c), (g) and (h)
Water-insoluble: (d), (e) and (f)

A19.4
(a) CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
(b) Calcium sulphate is only slightly soluble. The undissolved salt forms a protective
layer on the unchanged calcium carbonate, preventing further reaction.

A19.5
All nitrate salts are soluble in water.

A19.6
(a) (i) AgNO3(aq) + NaBr(aq) → AgBr(s) + NaNO3(aq)
(ii) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → MgCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
(or other suitable combinations)

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(b) (i) Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) → AgBr(s)
(ii) Mg2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → MgCO3(s)
(c) A full equation shows clearly what substances are used for the reaction. On the
other hand, an ionic equation shows what particles actually take part in the
reaction. Thus each type of equation has its own merits.

A19.7
(a) Impracticable. All salts are soluble. They cannot be separated by crystallization.
(b) Practicable.
(c) Impracticable. PbSO4 is insoluble. Pb2+ ions in the solid cannot combine with the
Cl- ions in the aqueous solution.

A19.8
(a) Copper(II) chloride, hydrochloric acid
(b) Iron(III) sulphate, sulphuric acid
(c) Ammonium nitrate, nitric acid
(d) Calcium ethanoate, ethanoic acid

A19.9
(a) CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(b) Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

A19.10
Ammonia: a toxic gas with irritating smell
Sodium hydroxide: corrosive
Calcium oxide: corrosive and reacts with water to produce a lot of heat and cause
chemical burns

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Chapter 20 Concentration of solutions

A20.1
(a) (i) 20 g dm-3 (ii) 0.36 mol dm-3
(b) (i) 10 g dm-3 (ii) 0.18 mol dm-3
(c) (i) 12 g dm-3 (ii) 0.14 mol dm-3
(d) (i) 2.65 g dm-3 (ii) 0.025 mol dm-3
(e) (i) 98 g dm-3 (ii) 1.0 mol dm-3

A20.2
Number of moles of MgCl2 = molarity (mol dm-3) x volume of solution (dm3)
250
= 2.0 × 1000 mol

= 0.50 mol

A20.3
0.80
Volume of solution = 0.50 = 1.60 dm3 or 1600 cm3

A20.4
500.0
(a) Number of moles of Na2SO4 = 0.50 × 1000 = 0.25 mol

Mass of Na2SO4 = number of moles (mol) x molar mass (g mol-1)

= 0.25 ×(23.0 ×2 + 32.1 + 16.0 ×4)
= 35.53 g
(b) Number of moles of Na2CO3 = 0.15 ×0.25 = 0.0375 mol
Mass of Na2CO3 = 0.0375 ×(23.0 ×2 + 12.0 + 16.0 ×3)
= 3.98 g

A20.5
Ionic formula of the compound is (Al3+)2(SO42-)3.
Molarity of Al3+ ions = 0.50 ×2 = 1.0 M
Molarity of SO42- ions = 0.50 ×3 = 1.5 M

A20.6
No. of moles of K2CO3
25
= 0.20 × 1000 mol

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= 5.0 ×10-3 mol
1 mole of K2CO3 gives 2 moles of K+ ions and 1 mole of CO32- ions in aqueous
solution.
No. of moles of K+ ions
= 5.0 ×10-3 ×2 mol
= 0.010 mol
No. of moles of CO32- ions
= 5.0 ×10-3 mol

A20.7
MVbefore dilution = MVafter dilution
25 250
0.1 × 1000 = M ×
1000
25
Concentration of diluted solution = 0.1 × 1000 = 0.01 M

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Chapter 21 Simple volumetric work

A21.1
(a) Pipette (25.0 cm3 type)
(b) Measuring cylinder
(c) Electronic balance
(d) Volumetric flask
(e) Burette
(f) Burette

A21.2
(a) Number of moles of anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) required
= MV
500.0
= 0.1 × 1000 mol

= 0.05 mol
Mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate required
= 0.05 ×(23.0 ×2 + 12.0 + 16.0 ×3) g
= 5.3 g
(b) Molarity = no. of moles of solute (mol)/ volume of solution (dm3)
= (5.215/ 106.0)/ (500.0/ 1000)M
= 0.098 40 M
(c) Yes, as the accurate molarity of the solution is known.
(d) Number of moles of anhydrous sodium carbonate remains unchanged on
dilution.
(MV)before dilution = (MV)after dilution
0.098 40 ×(V/ 1000) = 0.015 00 ×(250.0/ 1000)
V = 38.11
Thus the volume of 0.098 40 M sodium carbonate solution required is 38.11
cm3.
(e) The dilution process requires a burette and a volumetric flask (250.0 cm3 type).

A21.3
(a) Methyl orange.
(b) Methyl orange (or phenolphthalein).

A21.4
(a) pH 0 - 3.1, red

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(b) pH 3.1 - 4.4, orange
(c) pH 4.4 - 14, yellow
(d) pH 0 - 8.3, colourless
(e) pH 8.3 - 10, very pale pink
(f) pH 10 - 14, red

A21.5
H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
From the equation, the mole ratio of H2SO4 : KOH = 1 : 2
∴ Number of moles of sulphuric acid completely neutralized
1
= 0.246 × 2 mol

= 0.123 mol

A21.6
(a) 25.0 cm3
(b) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
No. of moles of Na2CO3(aq) present
20
= 0.05 × 1000 mol

= 1 ×10-3 mol
From the equation, mole ratio of Na2CO3 : HCl = 1 : 2
∴ No. of moles of HCl(aq) needed
= 1 ×10-3 ×2 mol
= 2 ×10-3 mol
Volume of 0.1 M HCl(aq) needed
2 × 10 −3
= 0.1 = 0.02 dm-3 = 20.0 cm3

A21.7
2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
2.65 g
250.0 cm3
26.3 cm3 (25.0 cm3 used)
?M
Molar mass of Na2CO3
= (23.0 ×2 + 12.0 + 16.0 ×3) g mol-1
= 106.0 g mol-1

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Number of moles of Na2CO3 in 250.0 cm3 of solution
2.65
= 106.0 mol

= 0.0250 mol
Number of moles of Na2CO3 in 25.0 cm3 of solution
25.0
= 0.0250 × 250.0 mol

= 2.50 ×10-3 mol

From the equation, mole ratio of HCl : Na2CO3 = 2 : 1
Number of moles of HCl in 26.3 cm3
= 2.50 ×10-3 ×2 mol
= 5.00 ×10-3 mol

5.00 × 10 −3
Molarity of HCl solution = M
26.3 / 1000

= 0.190 M

A21.8
(a) 2.0 M
(b) 2.0 M
(c) (i) 0.10 mol
(ii) 0.050 mol
(iii) 2
(iv) 2
(v) H2A(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2A(aq) + 2H2O(l)

A21.9
(a) 0.0500 M
(b) 126 g mol-1

A21.10
2

A21.11
94.4%

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Chapter 22 Simple volumetric work

A22.1
(a) H2 + O2
(b) K + H2O
(c) AgNO3 + NaCl

A22.2
0.36
(a) (i) Average rate of whole reaction = 90 = 4.0 x 10 –3 g s-1 of Mg reacted

(ii) According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl.

4.0 × 10 −3
No. of moles of Mg reacted per second = 24
∴ Average rate of whole reaction
4.0 × 10 −3 1000
= × 2×
24 50.0
= 6.7 x 10-3 mol dm-3 s-1 of HCl reacted
(Assume the volume of resulting solution to be 50.0 cm3.)
360
(iii) Average rate of the whole reaction = 90

= 4.0 cm3 s-1 of H2 produced

(b) No. Rate varies during the whole course of the reaction.

A22.3
(a) 2.0 M
(b) Yes
(c)

A22.4
Reaction (1).
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid. The H+(aq)
concentration in (1) is greater than that in (2). Since reaction rate usually increases

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with an increase in concentration of a reactant, reaction (1) takes a shorter time to
complete.

A22.5
Coal dust is in a very finely divided state, with very large surface area in contact with
oxygen in air. It can be ignited easily and burns explosively.

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Chapter 23 Chemical cells in daily life

A23.1
A little water should be present, so that the ions present in the electrolyte would
become mobile to allow flow of electricity.

A23.2
Its electrolyte is potassium hydroxide, which is alkaline. Its positive electrode consists
of manganese(IV) oxide (mixed with a little powdered graphite).

A23.3
(a) Hearing aids are small and they need very small cells. Silver oxide cells (shaped
like a button) would serve the purpose.
(b) Silver and its compounds (e.g. silver oxide) are expensive.
(c) HK$100 000.

A23.4
The one with a flat curve. Alkaline manganese cell, silver oxide cell and nickel-
cadmium rechargeable cell.

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Chapter 24 Simple chemical cells

A24.1
No. Sugar is not an electrolyte, with no mobile ions to conduct electricity. Hence the
circuit is open and no electrons would flow through the bulb.

A24.2
(a) Copper to silver. Copper is more reactive than silver, thus it loses electrons more
readily.
(b) Copper foil.
(c) Yes. Electrons flow from zinc to copper. Zinc is more reactive than copper, thus
it loses electrons more readily.

A24.3
Mg/Ag > Zn/Ag > Fe/Ag > Pb/Ag > Cu/Ag

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Chapter 25 Redox reactions

A25.1
(a) It involves a transfer of electrons (from Fe(s) to Cu2+(aq)).
(b) Fe(s) is being oxidized. Fe(s) loses electrons to others.
(c) Cu2+(aq) is the oxidizing agent. Cu2+(aq) gains electrons (or Cu2+(aq) is reduced).

A25.2
(a) O.N. of S = 0
(b) (+2) ×3 + (O.N. of N) ×2 = 0
∴ O.N. of N = -3
(c) (+1) ×2 +(O.N. of S) + (-2) ×4 = 0
∴ O.N. of S = +6
(d) (+1) ×2 + (O.N. of S) + (-2) ×3 = 0
∴ O.N. of S = +4
(e) (+1) ×2 + (O.N. of Cr) + (-2) ×4 = 0
∴ O.N. of Cr = +6
(f) For NH4+,
(O.N. of N) + (+1) ×4 = +1
∴ O.N. of N = -3
(g) (+1) + (O.N. of C) + (-2) ×3 = -1
∴ O.N. of C = +4
(h) (O.N. of Cr) ×2 + (-2) ×7 = -2
∴ O.N. of Cr = +6
(i) (O.N. of N) + (-1) ×3 = 0
∴ O.N. of N = +3

A25.3
(a) Copper(II) nitrate (g) Ammonium dichromate
(b) Lead(II) hydroxide (h) Barium sulphite
(c) Chromium(III) sulphate (i) Calcium hydrogencarbonate
(d) Potassium hydrogensulphite (j) Magnesium ethanoate
(e) Copper(I) sulphide (k) Iron(II) chloride
(f) Iron(II) sulphate-7-water (l) Potassium chlorite

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A25.4
Defined in terms of Oxidation Reduction
oxygen +O -O
electron ‐e- +e-
oxidation number increase decrease

A25.5
(a) (i) Redox (iii) CH4
(ii) O2 (iv) Carbon
(b) (i) Not redox
(ii), (iii) & (iv): not applicable
(c) (i) Redox (iii) FeSO4 (or Fe2+)
(ii) Cl2 (iv) Iron

A25.6
Both statements are correct. However, the second statement is not a correct
explanation of the first. A correct explanation would be:
‘The oxidation number of nitrogen in ammonia can be increased when ammonia
reacts with a strong oxidizing agent.’

A25.7
The colour changes from purple to colourless. The purple MnO4-(aq) ions are reduced
to colourless Mn2+(aq) ions. The SO32-(aq) ions are oxidized to SO42-(aq) ions.
(Note: In explaining the colour changes of a chemical reaction, the colours of the
related chemical species must be specified. Moreover, if the reaction is a redox,
specify ‘oxidized to’ or ‘reduced to’ instead of writing ‘changed to’.)

A25.8
(a) (i) Cl2(g) + 2e- → 2Cl-(aq)
(ii) 2Br-(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2e-
(iii) Cl2(g) + 2Br-(aq) → 2Cl-(aq) + Br2(aq)
(b) (i) MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(ii) Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e-
(iii) MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)+ 5Fe3+(aq)

A25.9
(a) K+(aq) (b) F-(aq)
(c) Fe2+(aq)

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A25.10
(a) Ag(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → AgNO3(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l)
(b) Ag(s) + 2H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) → Ag+(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l)

A25.11
Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)

A25.12
(a) FeSO4(aq), SO2(g)
(b) Br2(aq), Fe2(SO4)3(aq), I2(aq)

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Chapter 27 Electrolysis

A27.1
(a) At cathode: magnesium;
at anode: chlorine
(b) No electrolysis takes place.

(Solid magnesium chloride does not conduct electricity.)

A27.2
In any aqueous solution, H+(aq) ions and OH-(aq) ions are present.
Preferential discharge of cations at a cathode
• If a cation is below H+(aq) in the E.C.S., the
cation should be discharged, forming the metal .
• If a cation is above H+(aq), the H+(aq) should be discharged, forming hydrogen .
Preferential discharge of anions at an inert anode
• Basically, OH-(aq) should be discharged, forming oxygen.
• But in a concentrated halide solution (chloride, bromide or iodide), halide ions
may be discharged instead (due to concentration effect).

A27.3
(a) Cations: Na+(aq), H+(aq);
anions: OH-(aq)
(b) (i) Hydrogen (ii) Oxygen
(c) Volume ratio of hydrogen : oxygen
=2:1

A27.4
(a) At cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s);
at anode: Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e-
Overall equation: not applicable
The intensity of blue colour of the solution remains unchanged.
(b) The blue colour becomes paler.

A27.5

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(a) hydrogen (d) ionizes (dissolves)
(b) sodium (e) Cu2+(aq)
(c) oxygen

A27.6
(a) Cathode: hydrogen;
anode: oxygen
(b) Electrolysis products cannot be predicted because the concentration of solution
and material of electrodes used are not specified.

A27.7
(a) Al2O3
(b) At cathode: Al3+(l) + 3e- → Al(l);
at anode: 2O2-(l) → O2(g) + 4e-
(c) 4Al3+(l) + 6O2-(l) → 4Al(l) + 3O2(g)

A27.8
(a) Remove the metal ions from effluents by chemical treatment, if it is economical
to do so.
(b) Acidic effluents usually contain sulphuric acid. The calcium sulphate formed is
only slightly soluble in water, so it would prevent the neutralization reaction
from going on. Besides, it is difficult to remove the insoluble calcium sulphate.

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Chapter 28 Chlorine and hypochlorite

A28.1
Sodium carbonate

A28.2
Sodium chloride is the most abundant and cheapest chlorine-containing compound.

A28.3
(a) It will become colourless dilute hydrochloric acid.
(b) Oxygen.

A28.4
The halogens have 7 outermost shell electrons. To attain a stable octet, 2 halogen
atoms form a molecule by sharing electrons.

A28.5
It is because some chlorine has dissolved in the aqueous solution.
The main products of the electrolysis of dilute NaCl(aq) are H2(g) and O2(g). There is
not enough Cl2(g) for the preparation of chlorine bleach.

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Chapter 29 Sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide

A29.1
(a) 2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)
(b) Barium sulphate and calcium sulphate, both white insoluble substances, can be
used as white paint additives. They can be made by adding sulphuric acid to a
solution containing barium or calcium ions:
Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s);
Ca2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → CaSO4(s)

A29.2
Atmospheric pressure
Temperature: 450oC
Catalyst: vanadium(V) oxide

A29.3
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) → H2S2O7(l)
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(l)

A29.4
(a) (i) 20 : 40 = 1 : 2
(ii) 1 : 2
3
(b) 20 × 2 = 30 cm3

This question illustrates an important application of Avogadro’s Law, i.e. at the same
temperature and pressure, mole ratio of different gases can be taken to be the volume
ratio, and vice versa.

A29.5
Sulphur dioxide, SO2 Oxygen, O2 Sulphur trioxide, SO3
15 cm3 7.5 cm3 15 cm3
24 cm3 12 cm3 24 cm3

A29.6
(a) From the equation, volume ratio of O2 : CO2 = 1 : 1
∴ 100 cm3 of oxygen is needed.

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(b) From (a), 100 cm3 of oxygen is needed.
100
Volume of air needed = 100 × 20 = 500 cm3

A29.7
Number of moles of Cl2 molecules
120 / 1000
= 24 = 0.0050 mol

Number of Cl2 molecules

= 0.0050 ×(6.02 x 1023) = 3.01 ×1021

A29.8
Smaller. (It should be roughly equal to 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at 0oC and 1 atm (i.e. s.t.p.).)

A29.9
From the equation, mole ratio of CO : CO2 = 2 : 2 = 1 : 1
Number of moles of CO needed = 0.20 mol
∴ Volume of CO needed
= 0.20 ×24
= 4.8 dm3
= 4800 cm3
From the equation, mole ratio of O2 : CO2 = 1 : 2.
Number of moles of O2 needed = 0.1 mol
∴ Volume of O2 needed
= 0.1 ×24
= 2.4 dm3
= 2400 cm3

A29.10
In 100 dm3 of town gas,
volume of H2 = 49.0 dm3
volume of CH4 = 28.5 dm3
volume of CO = 3.0 dm3
By applying Avogadro’s Law,
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
49.0 dm3 ? dm3
(= 24.5 dm3)
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

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 28.5 dm3 ? dm3
(= 57.0 dm3)
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
3 dm3 ? dm3
(= 1.5 dm3)
Volume of O2 needed
= 24.5 + 57.0 + 1.5 = 83.0 dm3

A29.11
conc. H2SO4

C6H12O6(s) 6C(s) + 6H2O(l)

A29.12
(a) No reaction.
(b) No reaction.
Note: Sodium sulphate is not an oxidizing agent (unlike concentrated sulphuric
acid).

A29.13
(a) The colour of the solution changes from yellow/brown to pale green.
(b) SO2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2Fe3+(aq) → SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq)
(c) Pass the gas through acidified potassium dichromate solution or acidified
potassium permanganate solution. Sulphur dioxide would change the former
from orange to green and the latter from purple to colourless.
(Note: Decolorization of red (or blue) litmus would not be an acceptable answer.)

A29.14
3SO32-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 3SO42-(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

A29.15
(1) Sulphur is a solid, easier to handle.
(2) Sulphuric acid is a highly corrosive liquid. There would be serious
environmental problems if accident occurred during transportation.
(3) Much weight is gained when sulphur is converted to sulphuric acid. Thus cost of
transportation increases a lot.

A29.16

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Advantages:
• Sodium chloride can be imported quite cheaply from the Mainland China.
• Hong Kong has a well-established water supply system.
• Skilled labours available.
• Mainland China is a great market for the product.
• Good transport systems (road/railway/port) for importing raw materials and
delivering products.
Disadvantages:
• Local labour costs much higher than that from Mainland China.
• Plant may be too close to populated areas.
• Cost of land is still more expensive than that in the Mainland China.
• Possible water shortage especially in summer time.
• Serious environmental problem caused in case of leakage of chlorine gas and the
highly corrosive sodium hydroxide solution.

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