SKELETAL MUSCLE

ARRANGEMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBRES

Parallel

Starp Rhomboid Quadrilateral Fusiform

ARRANGEMEN T ARRANGEMENT

Convergent

Oblique / Pennate

Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate Circumpennate

Circular

1 3

Parallel Muscels In a parallel muscle, the fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Most of the skeletal muscles in the body are parallel muscles. Some are flat bands with broad attachments (aponeuroses) at each end; others are plump and cylindrical with tendons at one or both ends. In the latter case, the muscle is spindle-shaped (figure 1) with a central body, also known as the belly, or gaster. The biceps brachii muscle of the arm is a parallel muscle with a central body. When a parallel muscle contracts, it gets shorter and larger in diameter. You can see the bulge of the contracting biceps brachii on the anterior surface of your arm when you flex your elbow.

A skeletal muscle cell can contract until it has shortened by roughly 30 percent. Because the fibers in a parallel muscle are parallel to the long axis of the muscle, when the fibers contract together, the entire muscle shortens by the same amount. If the muscle is 10 cm long, the end of the tendon will move 3 cm when the muscle contracts. The tension developed during this contraction depends on the total number of myofibrils the muscle contains. Because the myofibrils are distributed evenly through the sarcoplasm of each cell, we can use the cross-sectional area of the resting muscle to estimate the tension. A parallel muscle 6.25 cm2 (1 in.2) in cross-sectional area can develop approximately 23 kg (50 lb) of tension.

1 3

FIGURE 1

1 3

FIGURE 2

Convergent Muscles In a convergent muscle, the muscle fibers are spread over a broad area, but all the fibers converge at one common attachment site. They may pull on a tendon, an aponeurosis (tendinous sheet), or a slender band of collagen fibers known as a raphe. The muscle fibers typically spread out, like a fan or a broad triangle, with a tendon at the apex. The prominent chest muscles of the pectoralis group have this shape (Figure 3). A convergent muscle has versatility, because the stimulation of only one portion of the muscle can change the direction of pull. However, when the entire muscle contracts, the muscle fibers do not pull as hard on the attachment site as would a parallel muscle of the same size. The reason is that the convergent muscle fibers pull in different directions rather than all pulling in the same direction.

FIGURE 3

1 3

Oblique / Pennate Muscles In a pennate muscle, the fascicles form a common angle with the tendon. Because the muscle cells pull at an angle, contracting pennate muscles do not move their tendons as far as parallel muscles do. But a pennate muscle contains more muscle fibers--and, as a result, produces more tension--than does a parallel muscle of the same size. (Tension production is proportional to the number of contracting sarcomeres; the more muscle fibers, the more myofibrils and sarcomeres.) If all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon, the pennate muscle is unipennate. The extensor digitorum muscle, a forearm muscle that extends the finger joints, is unipennate (Figure 4). More commonly, a pennate muscle has fibers on both sides of the tendon. Such a muscle is called bipennate. The rectus femoris muscle, a prominent muscle that extends the knee, is bipennate (Figure 5). If the tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is said to be multipennate. The triangular deltoid muscle of the shoulder is multipennate (Figure 6).

1 3

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 5

1 3

FIGURE 6

Circular Muscles In a circular muscle, or sphincter, the fibers are concentrically arranged around an opening or a recess. When the muscle contracts, the diameter of the opening decreases. Circular muscles guard entrances and exits of internal passageways such as the digestive and urinary tracts. An example is the orbicularis oris muscle of the mouth (Figure 7).

FIGURE 7

1 3

Fascicle Arrangement and Muscle Structure

FIGURE 8

1 3

Facial Muscles
The facial muscles (Figure 9) are a group of striated muscles innervated by

the facial nerve that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles.
Muscles of facial expression. Lie in the face and scalp. Thin and variable in shape. Often insert in the skin not on bones. Innervated by cranial nerve VII the facial nerve.

1 3

FIGURE 9

Superficial Muscles on The Body

The superficial muscles(figure 10) cover deeper, smaller muscles that cannot be seen unless the overlying muscles are either removed or reflected--that is, cut and pulled out of the way. Later figures that show deep muscles in specific regions will indicate whether superficial muscles have been removed or reflected for the sake of clarity.

1 3

FIGURE 10

Anterior view of Superficial Muscles on The Body

1 3

FIGURE 10 (a)

Posterior view of Superficial Muscles on The Body

1 3

FIGURE 10 (b)

Muscles of the Head Mastication and Tongue Movement

1 3

FIGURE 11 (a) and (b)

FIGURE 11 (c)

Muscles of The Tongue

1 3

 Genioglossus mainly acts to protract tongue Hyoglossus depresses tongue and draws it sides downward. Syloglossus retracts the tongue Stylohyoid elevates and retracts hyoid Mylohyoid elevates the hyoid bone and floor of mouth. Sternohyoid- depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is flexed. Omohyoid-depresses and retracts hyoid bone. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles superior, middle, and inferior- work as a group to constrict pharynx during swallowing, which propels food to the esophagus.

Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat Swallowing

1 3

FIGURE 12 (a)

1 3

FIGURE 12 (b)

1 3

Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Head movement Sternocleidomastoid Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

FIGURE 13 (a)

1 3

FIGURE 13 (b) Trunk extension Deep muscles of the back Maintain normal curvatures of the spine Form a column from sacrum to the skull Erector spinae group largest of the deep back muscles

1 3

FIGURE 13 (c) Muscles of the neck and vertebral column Sternocleidomastoid prime mover of active head flexion. Also, involved in head rotation and tilting. Scalenes elevate the first two ribs during inspiration, as well as flexion and rotation of the neck. Splenius a bandage muscle that covers deeper muscles of the neck. Act as a group to extend/hyperextend the head. Provides lateral rotation of the head. Erector Spinae: includes the iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis muscle groups. Prime movers of back extension.

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis broken down into sections (capitis, cervicis, thoracis, lumborum).

1 3

Deep Muscles of the Thorax Breathing

FIGURE 14 (a) Deep muscles provide movements for breathing External intercostal muscles Lift the ribcage Internal intercostal muscles May aid expiration during heavy breathing Diaphragm most important muscle of respiration Flattens as it contracts increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

1 3

FIGURE 14 (b)

1 3

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

FIGURE 15 (a)

1 3

REFERENCES 1. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology by Elaine N. Marieb, R.N.,Ph.D.

2. http://cwx.prenhall.com/ 3. http://drawinglab.evansville.edu/muscles.html 4. http://www.gfoxbiology.com/anatomy/muscles4.ppt

5. http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/myofiber.shtml

1 3