BIO205 - Ch 2 - Chemical Principles - RioSalado - AZ

Question Isotopes Chemical properties of atoms are largly a function of __. Valence

Answer Atoms w/different number of neutrons Ex: 16/8O, 17/8O, 18/8O Number of electrons in outermost electron shell. Valence Combining capacity of atom number of missing electrons in outermost electron shell - "bonding capacity". A molecule containing at least 2 different kinds of atoms. Number of protons in nucleus Total number of protons & neutrons Atoms sharing electrons Hold 2 electrons (1 orbital) Holds 8 electrons (4 orbitals) Holds 18 electrons (9 orbitals) The valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces (chemical bonds) between atomic nuclei. Antigen-antibody reaction in which antibodies combine with antigens to combat infection. An atom where outer electron shell is less than 1/2 filled & will lose electrons to form positive ions - K+, Ca2+, Na+ Atom with more than 1/2 filled outer electron shell will gain electrons & form negative ions - I-, Cl-, S2Atom that has gained or lost an electron

Compound Atomic number Mass number Chemical bonds First shell Second shell Third shell Molecules held together because?

Example of weaker ionic bond in immune system.

Cations

Anions Ion

& carries + or _ charge. H+ = Hydrogen ion When atoms share one or more pairs of electrons - single stronger than ionic more common than ionic in organisms (H-H). 2 ions held together by opposite charges when atoms have gained or lost outer electrons - Ex: NaCl Two atoms sharing 2 electron pairs Sharing 3 electron pairs When 2 atoms don't share electrons equally - electronegative - water molecules is example. Weak attraction formed between covalently bound hydrogen atom & an electronegative atom - DNA is example holds 2 nucleotide strands together. Ions & polar molecules easily dissolve in it. Clustering of water molecules around a solute - multiple ions dispersed in a fluid. Adenosine Triphosphate Deoxyribonucleic acid - made 4 kinds of deoxyribonucleotides - adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. Base-pairing - the sequence of bases encodes heritable information. Ribonucleic acids - made of 4 ribonucleotide monomers - uracil, adenine, guanine, & cytosine - How cell retrieves & uses genetic info in DNA to build proteins. Covalent - their outer electron shells are half-filled

Covalent bond

Ionic bond Double Covalent Bond Triple Covalent Bond Polar covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

Solvent Sphere of hydration ATP

DNA

RNA

Hydrogen & carbon form __ bond quite easy because __.

Covalent bonds are formed by __ electrons, while ionic are formed by __ between atoms that have lost or gained electrons. __ are weak but do serve as bridges between different molecules or between various portions of same molecule. In a molecule of water, all the electrons tend to be closer to the __ nucleus. Elements most frequently involved in hydrogen bond. molecular weight One __ of a substance is its molecular weight in grams. Chemical energy Chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than released. Chemical reaction that releases more energy than absorbed. Synthesis reaction Combining substances in reaction.

sharing-attraction (become + or charged).

hydrogen bonds

oxygen oxygen & nitrogen Sum of the atomic weights of all its atoms. mole - ex: 1 mole of H2O = 18g [(2x1)+16] Change of energy whenever bonds are formed/broken during chemical reaction. Endergonic reaction Exergonic reaction When 2 or more atoms/ions/molecules combine into larger molecules - "new bonds formed" A+B=AB reactants

Pathways of synthesis reaction in living organisms are anabolic (anabolism) __. 2 examples of anabolism (1) combining of sugar molecules to form starch & (2) amino acids to form proteins bonds are broken - larger molecules split into smaller - AB=A + B = catabolism in living organisms. (1) breakdown of sucrose (table sugar) intoglucose & fructose during digestion, (2) bacterial

Decomposition Reaction 2 examples of catabolism

decomposition/bioremediation. Inorganic compounds lack __. What 2 elements are always fround in organic compounds? Most common bonds in organic compounds. __ is the medium for most chemical reactions. The total charge of H2O molecule is __ but oxygen retion __ and hydrogen. Every H2O molecule can form __ hydrogen bonds with nearby molecules. solvent dissociation solute Polarity of H2O facilitates splitting & rejoining of __ & __ ions. What protects cell from temperature fluctuations? ionization An __ dissociates into 1 or more H+ (cations) ions & 1 or more negative ions (anions). carbon - structurally simple - water, oxygen, CO2, salts, acids, bases, etc. Carbon & hydrogen - structurally complete. Covalent bonds - atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons. water neutral, negative, positive 4 Dissolving medium - ex: water due to polarity Separation into individual molecules in water. A substance dissolved in another substance hydrogen (H+) & hydroxide (OH-) Hydrogen bonds of water Breaking apart (dissociation) into ions acids & bases acid - proton (H+) donor

A __ dissociates into 1 or more H+ (cations) ions plus negative charged hydroxide (OH-) that can accept base - proton (H+) acceptor protons. pH measures? Fungi tolerate __ conditions & prokaryotes __. Amount of H+ in solution - "potential of hydrogen" acidic - alkaline

isomer

2 molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures & properties - ex: glucose & fructose Contain an aldehyde or a ketone group, and one or more hydroxyl groups mainly hydrocarbon Are one or more polypeptide chains with as many as several thousand covalently linked amino acids. Chains of units that each consists of a 5carbon sugar, phosphate, & a nitrogencontaining base Have long-chain fatty acids tightly packed & bonded to long-chain alchols or carbon rings lipids w/no fatty acids - Cholesterol Small organic compounds with amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, & its R group. Used in constructing proteins. Bonds formed in polypeptide chains 3 or more amino acids In nucleotides (ATP), DNA, RNA - many proteins - phospholipids. Water soluble acidic. -SH - In amino acid cystine - helps stabolize protein structure - disulfide bridges. Subunits of larger molecules Large organic molecule containing subunits. -OH, In alcohols (amino acids, sugars) water soluble - easy place to split or join

carbohydrates lipids proteins

nucleic acids (nucleotides)

waxes sterols

Amino acid

Peptide bond Polypeptide chain Phosphate

Sulfhydrl Monomers Polymers Hydroxyl

molecules. Methyl Carbonyl Fatty acid chains - insoluable in water In sugars, amino acids, nucleotides water soluable (aldehyde & ketone) prone to electron transfers. In amino acids, fatty acids, water soluable - highly polar - acts as acids releases H+ In amino acids & nucleotides - base accepts H+ - water soluble Simple carb/short chain sugar/"complex carbohydrates" Nonpolar hydrocarbons - don't dissolve in water - mix with other nonpolar substances Lipids w/1, 2, or 3 fatty acid tails from glycerolmolecule. Starts as carboxyl group attached to carbon atoms Contain one or more double covalent bonds Single bonds only Triglycerides - 3 fatty acid tails & 1 glycerol head - butter, lard, vegetable oils. Molecules that contain carbon and at least 1 hydrogen Consist only of hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to carbon - gasoline, fossil fuels Organic compounds which are particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.

Carboxyl

Amino monosaccharides/oligosaccharide/polysaccharides

Lipids

fats Fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid Saturated fatty acid Neutral fats

Organic compounds

Hydrocarbons

Functional groups