APES REVIEW CHAPTER THREE: 1.

Producers rely on cellular respiration to release chemical energy and consumers rely on cellular respiration to release chemical energy.

2. The relationship among atoms, elements, and compounds is most like the relationship among grains of sugar, sugar, and sweetened iced tea. 3. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains billions of atoms and is very large. It would be considered a(n) compound. 4. Photosynthesis is the process of converting sunlight into chemical bond energy. 5. Photosynthesis produces sugars from water, CO2, and energy. 6. A cell is the smallest unit in which life processes go on. 7. In chemical terms water (H2O) would best be described as a(n) compound. 8. Energy is the ability to move objects and transfer heat from one object to another. 9. About 1-2 percent of the solar energy that falls on plants is captured for photosynthesis. 10. The process of cellular respiration releases energy from chemical bonds of molecules such as glucose. 11. A fat or oil is to a lipid as an enzyme is to a protein. 12. What implication(s) does the second law of thermodynamics have for biological systems? A constant supply of energy is necessary for maintenance of biological systems. 13. Water vapor, water, and ice are examples of phases of matter. 14. The motion of a rock rolling downhill is known as kinetic energy. 15. The length and complexity of a food web in the Arctic would be short and less complex when compared to one in the tropical rainforest. 16. Energy does not cycle repeatedly through the Earth's ecosystems. 17. Ecologists study relationships between organisms and their environment. 18. An ecosystem consists of a biological community and its physical environment. 19. Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 10 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the producer would produce about 1 kilograms of consumer tissue that would provide about 0.1 kilograms of tissue for a secondary consumer. 20. All living organisms are made up of organic compounds. 21. How are matter and mass related? Mass is a component of matter. 22. Productivity in an ecosystem has to do with its rate of producing biomass. 23. Which of the following has the highest quality energy? A flame, as opposed to a rock rolling downhill, a warm brick, hot air, or a flowing stream. 24. As energy is used and transformed it gradually becomes lower quality and less concentrated. 25. A biological community consists of all populations living and interacting in the same area. 26. A simple linked feeding series such as grass-rabbit-wolf is known as a food chain. 27. Metabolism is a collective term for thousands of enzymatic reactions necessary for life.

28. Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids and proteins. 29. Phosphorus cycles through the Earth's ecosystems very slowly. 30. The smallest particle that exhibits the characteristics of a chemical element is known as an atom. 31. Although there are exceptions, in general, a species includes all organisms that are similar enough to produce fertile offspring in nature. 32. What implication(s) does the law of conservation of matter have for humans? o Natural resources are unlimited because they are used and reused by living organisms. o We cannot create energy because it is neither created nor destroyed. o Disposable goods dont go away when we throw them out.

Essay: Using examples, compare and contrast the cycling of energy through biological systems and biogeochemical cycles.