Lecture 6

ANN Methods in photovoltaic system
MPPT controller (uniform & non-uniform

irradiance conditions)
Performance of TFFN, RBF and ANFIS networks
for different technology of PV modules
MPPT controller for uniform condition
Syafaruddin, Engin Karatepe, Takashi Hiyama: Polar Coordinated Fuzzy Controller based Real-Time Maximum Power
Point Control of Photovoltaic System, Renewable Energy, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 2597-2606, December, 2009.
Energy Demand Energy Demand
Environmental Problems Environmental Problems
Distributed Generation Distributed Generation
(Research & Development) (Research & Development)
Photovoltaic System Photovoltaic System
Other Advantages of PV System: Other Advantages of PV System:
*Unlimited fuel supply *Unlimited fuel supply
*Clean *Clean -- no pollution or emissions & water no pollution or emissions & water
*Silent *Silent
*Minimal visual impact *Minimal visual impact
*Low maintenance *Low maintenance
*Easily expanded *Easily expanded
*Generates at load (Distributed Generation) *Generates at load (Distributed Generation)
Abundant fuel & materials Abundant fuel & materials
Source: Global Energy Network Institute (GENI)
Applications:
*power supplies for satellite
communications
*large power stations feeding electricity
into the grid
Challenges to the widespread Challenges to the widespread
use of photovoltaic system: use of photovoltaic system:
high cost of module high cost of module
materials and encapsulation materials and encapsulation
PV power conditioning PV power conditioning
system (critical issue for system (critical issue for
efficient PV system) efficient PV system)
intermittency output intermittency output
characteristics characteristics
non non--linear characteristic linear characteristic
Lower Efficiency Lower Efficiency
PV system should be PV system should be
operated optimally operated optimally
The state of the art techniques to The state of the art techniques to
track the maximum available track the maximum available
output power of PV systems output power of PV systems
Maximum Power Point Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) Control Tracking (MPPT) Control
system system
MPPT controller works based on certain developed algorithms: MPPT controller works based on certain developed algorithms:
Perturbation and observation (P&O) Perturbation and observation (P&O)
Incremental conductance Incremental conductance
Fractional open circuit voltage methods Fractional open circuit voltage methods
P&O and incremental conductance methods:
widely used in PV applications widely used in PV applications
Combine to improve the tracking accuracy Combine to improve the tracking accuracy
the efficiency of tracking techniques strongly depends on iteration step size the efficiency of tracking techniques strongly depends on iteration step size
Fractional open circuit voltage method:
The optimal point The optimal point a constant value k=MPP Voltage/V a constant value k=MPP Voltage/V
oc oc
Conventional methods weaknesses Conventional methods weaknesses!!! !!!
The Weaknesses of Conventional MPPT Controllers The Weaknesses of Conventional MPPT Controllers
P&O and incremental conductance methods: P&O and incremental conductance methods:
continue oscillation causes power losses
algorithms to the fast dynamic response
very difficult to get an analytical expression in
different solar cells technologies
Fractional open circuit voltage method:
MPP voltage -Vs- irradiance might not be same for
different solar cell technologies
Therefore, it is impossible to determine the
optimum voltage by using only one linear function
of the open circuit voltage
ANN-FUZZY LOGIC SCHEMES BASED MPPT CONTROLLER
Mathematical Model from
Sandia National Laboratory
Syafaruddin, Engin Karatepe, Takashi Hiyama: ANN based Real-Time
Estimation of Power Generation of Different PV Module Types, IEEJ
Transaction on Power and Energy, Vol. 129, No. 6, pp. 783-790, June, 2009.
I-V and P-V characteristics of PV modules (E=100-1000W/m
2
, T
c
=50
o
C)
PV Modules Technology PV Modules Technology
Siemens SM Siemens SM--55 PV (c 55 PV (c--Si) Si)
high efficiency output power high efficiency output power
under reduced light condition by under reduced light condition by
using pyramidal textured surface using pyramidal textured surface
First Solar FS First Solar FS--50 50
(Thin film CdTe) (Thin film CdTe)
thin layers of compound thin layers of compound
semiconductor material with low semiconductor material with low
temperature coefficients which temperature coefficients which
provides for cost effective and provides for cost effective and
greater energy production greater energy production
USSC US USSC US--21 (3j a 21 (3j a--Si) Si)
composed of encapsulated composed of encapsulated
polymer inside a rigid anodized polymer inside a rigid anodized
aluminum frame aluminum frame
ANN-FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL SCHEMES BASED MPPT CONTROLLER
Intelligent System
(ANN)
modeling modeling
identification identification
optimization optimization
forecasting forecasting
control control
Solve the engineering problems: Solve the engineering problems:
symbolic reasoning symbolic reasoning
flexibility flexibility
explanation capabilities explanation capabilities
capable to handle and learn the non capable to handle and learn the non--linear, linear,
large, complex and even incomplete data large, complex and even incomplete data
patterns patterns
Complex System Complex System
(different fields of application) (different fields of application)
Compared standard linear model for Compared standard linear model for
optimization methods: optimization methods:
compact solution for multi compact solution for multi--variable variable
problems problems
not require the knowledge of internal not require the knowledge of internal
system parameters system parameters
only training process is required and the only training process is required and the
output parameters are directly determined output parameters are directly determined
without solving any non without solving any non--linear mathematical linear mathematical
equations or statistical assumptions as in the equations or statistical assumptions as in the
conventional optimization methods conventional optimization methods
Motivation Motivation--11
three layer feed-forward neural network
The important steps of ANN The important steps of ANN method: method:
Selection of training data set Selection of training data set
Training process Training process
Validation Validation
Selection of training data set: Selection of training data set:
To set the functions between input and To set the functions between input and
output through the hidden layers output through the hidden layers (training (training
data set should be selected to cover the entire data set should be selected to cover the entire
region where the network is expected to region where the network is expected to
operate) operate)
Training data pattern Training data pattern [[VV
mp mp
,P ,P
mp mp
]=f( ]=f(E,T E,T
cc
); );
following the mathematical model following the mathematical model
Total data (228 sets) for operating conditions Total data (228 sets) for operating conditions
between 15 between 15--65 65
oo
C and 100 C and 100--1000W/m 1000W/m
22
ANN-FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
SCHEMES BASED MPPT
CONTROLLER
) (
1
1
) (
k I
i
i
e
k O

+
=
=
j
j ij i
k O k w k I ) ( ) ( ) (
( )
2
1
) ( ) ( =
=
N
k
k O k t SSE
In the hidden and output layers, the In the hidden and output layers, the
sigmoid function is utilized for the input sigmoid function is utilized for the input--
output characteristics of the nodes. For output characteristics of the nodes. For
each node each node ii ; the output ; the output OO
ii
(k) (k)
II
ii
(k) (k) : the input signal to node : the input signal to node ii at the at the kk--th th
sampling and this is given by the weighted sampling and this is given by the weighted
sum of the input nodes sum of the input nodes
ww
ij ij
: the connection weight from node : the connection weight from node jj to node to node ii
OO
jj
(k): (k): the output from node the output from node jj
During the training, the connection weights During the training, the connection weights
ww
ij ij
are tuned recursively until the best fit is are tuned recursively until the best fit is
achieved for the input achieved for the inputoutput patterns output patterns
based on the minimum value of the sum of based on the minimum value of the sum of
the squared errors (SSE) the squared errors (SSE)
NN is the total number of training patterns, is the total number of training patterns, t(k) t(k) and and
O(k) O(k) are the are the kk--th output target and estimated th output target and estimated
values of MPPs voltage values of MPPs voltage--power power
During the training process: During the training process:
learning rate = 0.2 learning rate = 0.2
momentum rate = 0.85 momentum rate = 0.85
TFNN: TFNN:
(average FF: 0.735241) (average FF: 0.735241)
Siemens SM Siemens SM--55; c 55; c--Si Si
First Solar FS First Solar FS--50; 50;
Thin Film CdTe Thin Film CdTe
Uni Solar US Uni Solar US--21; 3j a 21; 3j a--Si Si
ANN-FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL SCHEMES BASED MPPT
CONTROLLER
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
number of hidden nodes
S
S
E
SM-55 FS-50 US-21
ANN Training Results ANN Training Results
Number of hidden nodes based on the minimum of sum of
the squared error (SSE)
Fill factor of PV modules Fill factor of PV modules
EE=100 =100--1000W/m 1000W/m
22
and and TT
cc
=10 =10--60 60
oo
CC
The cells made of crystalline silicon generally have higher fill The cells made of crystalline silicon generally have higher fill
factor than those of the others factor than those of the others
more hidden nodes are required to accurately represent the more hidden nodes are required to accurately represent the
characteristics of crystalline silicon cells characteristics of crystalline silicon cells
PV Modules
Performance Index
J
V
J
P
SM-55 0.1674 0.1091
FS-50 0.6774 0.2057
US-21 0.2071 0.1501
Verification of ANN training results Verification of ANN training results during 12 hours of simulation time during 12 hours of simulation time
}
= dt V V J
mp dc V
2
) * (
}
= dt P P J
mp dc P
2
) * (
Smallest values of both Smallest values of both JJ
VV
and and JJ
PP
are expected in this case that indicates how close are expected in this case that indicates how close
the values between the optimum and the target the values between the optimum and the target
VV
mp mp
& & PP
mp mp
: :
MPP points from P MPP points from P--V curve (target in training process) V curve (target in training process)
VV
dc dc
* * and and PP
dc dc
*: *: optimum voltage and power from ANN optimum voltage and power from ANN
the prediction of global MPP voltage as a
reference signal for controller is one of the
solutions to improve the stability of the MPPT
controller
MPP voltage as reference MPP voltage as reference
To establish the control To establish the control
signal in real signal in real--time for keeping time for keeping
the voltage of PV systems at the voltage of PV systems at
optimum operating point optimum operating point
Applied for the first time in Applied for the first time in
the MPPT system the MPPT system
Advantages:
*no required
accurate
description of the
system to be
controlled
*no wide parameter
variations with
respect to the
standard regulators
Polar Coordinated Fuzzy Controller Polar Coordinated Fuzzy Controller
Similar fuzzy logic rules
in the PSS application
Rule base: Rule base:
(Fuzzy rules assignment table) (Fuzzy rules assignment table)
| | ) ( ), ( _ ) ( k e A k e Int k Z
s
=
Int_e(k) and e(k) are the state of integral of error and error,
respectively and A
s
is the scaling factor of the error
PSS: Int_e(k)=speed deviation
e(k)= acceleration
e(k) =V
dc
*(k) V
dc
(k)
Three important stages as Rule base, Fuzzification and Defuzzification Three important stages as Rule base, Fuzzification and Defuzzification
Phase plane of fuzzy logic control Phase plane of fuzzy logic control
with polar information with polar information
Increase in Increase in
VV
dc dc
Reduction in Reduction in
VV
dc dc
Fuzzification Fuzzification stage: stage: numerical variables are transformed into linguistic variables numerical variables are transformed into linguistic variables
|
|
.
|
\
|
= u

) ( _
) (
tan ) (
1
k e Int
k e A
k
s
( )
2
2
) ( )) ( _ ( ) ( k e A k e Int k D
s
+ =
>
s
=
r
r
r
D k D for
D k D for
D
k D
k D G
) ( 0 . 1
) (
) (
)) ( (
Angle membership function
Radius membership function
Tuning parameters of Tuning parameters of AA
ss
and and DD
rr
are specified are specified
at 5.0 and 0.35,respectively at 5.0 and 0.35,respectively
Phase Phase
plane plane
Defuzzification stage: linguistic variables are converted back into numerical variables linguistic variables are converted back into numerical variables
(weighted averaging weighted averaging defuzzification defuzzification algorithm algorithm)
The voltage control signal (U
CNV
) will be able to maintain the operating voltage of PV
system to its optimum voltage
max
)). ( ( .
)) ( ( )) ( (
)) ( ( )) ( (
) ( U k D G
k P k N
k P k N
k U
CNV

+
=
Numerical variables: Numerical variables: angle & radius angle & radius
Linguistic variables: Linguistic variables: angle angle:: increase increase and reduction in the and reduction in the
operating voltage; operating voltage; radius radius: : near and far from target point near and far from target point
MPPT controller for non-uniform conditions
Syafaruddin, Engin Karatepe, Takashi Hiyama: Artificial Neural Network - Polar Coordinated Fuzzy Controller
based Maximum Power Point Tracking Control under Partially Shaded Conditions, IET Renewable Power
Generation, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 239-253, June, 2009
Another recent issue: Partially Shaded Conditions Another recent issue: Partially Shaded Conditions
(inevitable in PV system practice) (inevitable in PV system practice)
A condition when some parts of module or array receive less intensity of sunlight A condition when some parts of module or array receive less intensity of sunlight
Utility poles
Trees
Chimneys or parts
of other buildings
Dirt on the modules
top surface
Under the partially shaded conditions: Under the partially shaded conditions:
the shaded cells or modules will force the output the shaded cells or modules will force the output
current of non current of non--shaded parts shaded parts
to be low following the output current of to be low following the output current of
the shaded ones; the shaded ones;
Consequently, the output power of PV array is Consequently, the output power of PV array is
significantly reduced significantly reduced
Significant efforts to solve Significant efforts to solve
this kind of mismatching losses this kind of mismatching losses
the novel techniques the novel techniques
to minimize the losses of to minimize the losses of
partial shading require more partial shading require more
additional sensors additional sensors, ,
auxiliary algorithms auxiliary algorithms and and
power electronics units power electronics units
APPLICATION FOR PARTIALLY SHADED CONDITIONS APPLICATION FOR PARTIALLY SHADED CONDITIONS
The output characteristic of a photovoltaic The output characteristic of a photovoltaic
(PV) array is changed depending on: (PV) array is changed depending on:
solar solar irradiance, irradiance, temperature, temperature, mismatched mismatched
cells, cells, array array configuration configuration and and
partially partially shaded shaded conditions conditions
Under the Partially Shaded Conditions: Under the Partially Shaded Conditions:
The ( The (II--VV) and ( ) and (PP--VV) characteristics get ) characteristics get
more complicated with multi more complicated with multi--local local
maximum power point (MPP) maximum power point (MPP)
(tracking the MPP power is difficult) (tracking the MPP power is difficult)
MPPT Control must be developed: MPPT Control must be developed:
To achieve highest possible performance of PV conversion and cover the To achieve highest possible performance of PV conversion and cover the
high cost of solar cells high cost of solar cells
Conventional controllers may not Conventional controllers may not
guarantee fully working under this guarantee fully working under this
condition because they can not condition because they can not
distinguish between the global and distinguish between the global and
local peaks since local MPP shows local peaks since local MPP shows
the same typical characteristics as the same typical characteristics as
global MPP & they converge to a global MPP & they converge to a
local MPP local MPP
Thus, the proper amount of power generation can not be utilized by using
conventional algorithms when partially shaded occurs
Significant efforts to reduce this kind of mismatching losses: Significant efforts to reduce this kind of mismatching losses:
Shimizu et al Shimizu et al proposed the operation voltage control circuit where dc proposed the operation voltage control circuit where dc--dc converter is dc converter is
installed in each module. installed in each module.
Mishima and Ohnishi Mishima and Ohnishi proposed a system with simplification of output power control of array proposed a system with simplification of output power control of array
on a PV string basis. on a PV string basis.
Kobayashi et al. and Irisawa et al. Kobayashi et al. and Irisawa et al. proposed two sequential stages of MPPT control system. proposed two sequential stages of MPPT control system.
All the efforts for overcoming the partially shaded problems show that All the efforts for overcoming the partially shaded problems show that
advanced MPPT systems advanced MPPT systems should be developed and should be developed and the investigation of the investigation of
finding optimal solutions finding optimal solutions should be increased to get more reliable PV should be increased to get more reliable PV
system system
Modified Modified
ANN ANN
Modified Modified
PV system PV system
(PV array; (PV array;
different size & different size &
configuration) configuration)
Siemens SM-55 PV Modules
36 series monocrystalline Si cells
Maximum power
Open circuit voltage
Short circuit current
Voltage at maximum power point
Current at maximum power point
STC: AM 1.5, 1000W/m
2
, 25
o
C
55 W
21.7 V
3.45 A
17.4 V
3.15 A
Modified Modified
PV system PV system
Specification of SM 55 PV module Specification of SM 55 PV module
0
2 1
= +
load
V V V
0 1
) (
exp
) (
) (
1
) ( ) ( 18
) ( (
exp ) ( ) ( =
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
| +
+
bd bd
i
sbd
p
s i i s i i
s ph i
kT n
V q
I
i R
i R I V
i kT i n
i R I V q
i I i I I
0
2 1
= I I
For i=1,2 For i=1,2
q = the electric charge (1.6x10
-19
C)
k = Boltzmann constant (1.38x10
-23
J/K)
Bypass diode: I
sbd
=1.6e
-9
A, n
bd
=1.0 and T
bd
=35
o
C
Modular Model PV Array size 3x3 (0.5kW), 20x3 (3.3kW) & PV connection: SP, BL, TCT
A
r
r
a
y

P
o
w
e
r

[

W

]
To prevent the hot spot problem To prevent the hot spot problem
To give an opportunity to get more power under To give an opportunity to get more power under
shading condition shading condition
However, The shaded parts can force the However, The shaded parts can force the
optimum voltage to be abnormally low & Multiple optimum voltage to be abnormally low & Multiple
peaks peaks
Roles of bypass diode:
No shading:
Both bypass diode
are in reverse biased
voltage
Cell-1 non-shaded,
Cell-2 shaded:
D
bd1
reverse biased;
D
bd2
forward biased
Or vice versa
APPLICATION FOR APPLICATION FOR
PARTIALLY SHADED PARTIALLY SHADED
CONDITIONS CONDITIONS
Modified ANN Modified ANN input signals for input signals for TFFN TFFN
For 3x3 PV array: 4 input
signals of E
With dimension 2x2
PV array size of PV array size of AA(m,n) (m,n) and the and the
input signals of average input signals of average
irradiance on four adjacent PV irradiance on four adjacent PV
modules of modules of EE(r,s) (r,s)
For r = 1: m For r = 1: m--1 and s=1: n 1 and s=1: n--1, 1,
) ( 25 . 0 ) , (
) 1 , 1 ( ) , 1 ( ) 1 , ( ) , ( + + + +
+ + + =
s r A s r A s r A s r A
E E E E x s r E
For 20x3 PV array: 38 input
signals of E
With dimension 19x2
TFFN for 3x3 PV array TFFN for 3x3 PV array
) ( 25 . 0 ) 1 , 1 (
) 2 , 2 ( ) 1 , 2 ( ) 2 , 1 ( ) 1 , 1 ( A A A A
E E E E x E + + + =
) ( 25 . 0 ) 2 , 1 (
) 3 , 2 ( ) 2 , 2 ( ) 3 , 1 ( ) 2 , 1 ( A A A A
E E E E x E + + + =
) ( 25 . 0 ) 1 , 2 (
) 2 , 3 ( ) 1 , 3 ( ) 2 , 2 ( ) 1 , 2 ( A A A A
E E E E x E + + + =
) ( 25 . 0 ) 2 , 2 (
) 3 , 3 ( ) 2 , 3 ( ) 3 , 2 ( ) 2 , 2 ( A A A A
E E E E x E + + + =
Base Irradiance
[W/m
2
]
Pre-determined shading in W/m
2
on selected modules
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
100
100, 200
100, 200, 300
100, 200, 300, 400
100, 200, 300, 400, 500
100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600
100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700
100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800
100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900
Training Patterns: Training Patterns: maximum power point (MPP) voltage maximum power point (MPP) voltage
((VV
mp mp
) and power ( ) and power (PP
mp mp
)) are observed through are observed through PP--VV curve curve
for different shading patterns (as shown in the table) for different shading patterns (as shown in the table)
For 3x3 PV array:
SSE= 0.0253
n
h
= 12
For 20x3 PV array:
SSE= 0.0335
n
h
= 44
Learning rate = 0.2 Learning rate = 0.2
Momentum rate = 0.85 Momentum rate = 0.85
Similar ANN Structure Similar ANN Structure TFFN TFFN
ANN Training Results: ANN Training Results:
Irradiance PV array
non-shaded 25%-shaded 50%-shaded 75%-shaded
J
V
J
P
J
V
J
P
J
V
J
P
J
V
J
P
Slow
changes
3x3
SP 0.247 5.975 0.509 16.303 1.395 19.628 9.076 19.191
BL 0.247 5.975 0.266 19.533 0.550 12.220 0.951 10.573
TCT 0.247 5.975 0.269 5.757 0.463 9.876 0.448 4.709
Rapid
changes
SP 1.029 5.295 4.158 14.945 8.031 50.693 11.098 49.350
BL 1.029 5.295 2.458 15.659 6.180 19.025 7.335 39.696
TCT 1.029 5.295 1.250 6.280 4.185 10.148 2.691 10.962
Slow
changes
20x3
SP 0.338 7.853 0.618 15.306 3.467 22.346 11.257 22.346
BL 0.338 7.853 0.457 20.654 1.457 13.578 1.897 11.254
TCT 0.338 7.853 0.358 9.798 2.437 11.259 1.574 8.875
Rapid
changes
SP 1.463 8.014 5.378 16.403 10.025 45.078 13.236 47.048
BL 1.463 8.014 4.864 18.876 8.725 21.134 10.046 40.136
TCT 1.463 8.014 2.253 10.935 5.276 12.564 4.504 12.056
ANN Output Verification ANN Output Verification Performance Index: Performance Index: JJ
vv
and and JJ
pp
::
during 12 hours of simulation time during 12 hours of simulation time
}
= dt V V J
mp dc V
2
) * (
}
= dt P P J
mp dc P
2
) * (
DEVELOPMENT OF REAL DEVELOPMENT OF REAL--TIME SIMULATOR TIME SIMULATOR
Main reasons of using real Main reasons of using real--time simulator: time simulator:
Various possible input scenarios Various possible input scenariosvery very
difficult to examine the behavior of proposed difficult to examine the behavior of proposed
system in the real system in the real--system system
Light intensity is Measured in Lux Light intensity is Measured in Lux
(1 Lux =0.0161028 W/m (1 Lux =0.0161028 W/m
22
))
Time accelerated mode:
1 sec in simulation =
1 hour in real practice
Real Real--time simulator based dSPACE real time simulator based dSPACE real--
time interface system time interface system
Advantages: Advantages:
To overcome field testing (costly & time To overcome field testing (costly & time
consuming) consuming)
What What--if scenarios can be simply simulated if scenarios can be simply simulated
To allow increasing experience of the PV To allow increasing experience of the PV
system behavior as well as in actual system system behavior as well as in actual system
Virtual PV system with MPPT controller Virtual PV system with MPPT controller
SIMULATION RESULTS SIMULATION RESULTS
Real Real--time simulation results in different time simulation results in different
input scenarios on PV modules input scenarios on PV modules
Irradiance level from 300W/m Irradiance level from 300W/m
22
to 800W/m to 800W/m
22
at constant at constant TT
cc
=45 =45
oo
C applied C applied
for SM for SM--55 type PV module 55 type PV module
14
14.4
14.8
15.2
15.6
6
6
.
4
5
7
.
3
8
.
1
5 9
9
.
4
5
1
0
.
3
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
3
1
4
.
2
1
5
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
3
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (sec)
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Vdc Vdc*
14
14.4
14.8
15.2
15.6
6
6
.
4
5
7
.
3
8
.
1
5 9
9
.
4
5
1
0
.
3
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
3
1
4
.
2
1
5
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
3
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (sec)
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Vdc Vdc*
Step change Step change Slow shading Slow shading
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

S
i
g
n
a
l
,

U
C
N
V

(
V
)
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

S
i
g
n
a
l
,

U
C
N
V

(
V
)
14
14.4
14.8
15.2
15.6
6
6
.
4
5
7
.
3
8
.
1
5 9
9
.
4
5
1
0
.
3
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
3
1
4
.
2
1
5
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
3
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (sec)
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Vdc Vdc*
Quick shading Quick shading
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

S
i
g
n
a
l
,

U
C
N
V

(
V
)
The results confirm that the The results confirm that the
proposed technique is robust proposed technique is robust
and insensitive to changes in and insensitive to changes in
these weather conditions these weather conditions
Daily pattern of E Daily pattern of E
Slow changes in irradiance Slow changes in irradiance
clear sky measurement clear sky measurement
(6am (6am--6pm) 6pm)
Quick changes in irradiance Quick changes in irradiance
cloudy sky measurement cloudy sky measurement
(6am (6am--6pm) 6pm)
DC voltage, control signal DC power DC voltage, control signal DC power
for SM for SM--55 PV module 55 PV module
12
14
16
18
6
6
.
4
5
7
.
3
8
.
1
5 9
9
.
4
5
1
0
.
3
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
3
1
4
.
2
1
5
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
3
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (hours)
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Vdc Vdc*
0
10
20
30
40
50
6
6
.
4
5
7
.
3
8
.
1
5 9
9
.
4
5
1
0
.
3
1
1
.
1
5
1
2
1
2
.
4
5
1
3
.
3
1
4
.
1
5
1
5
1
5
.
4
5
1
6
.
3
1
7
.
1
5
1
8
time (hours)
D
C

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
Pdc Pdc*
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
time (hours)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

S
i
g
n
a
l
,

U
C
N
V

(
V
)
12
14
16
18
6
6
.
4
5
7
.
3
8
.
1
5 9
9
.
4
5
1
0
.
3
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
3
1
4
.
2
1
5
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
3
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (hours)
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Vdc Vdc*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
6
6
.
4
5
7
.
3
8
.
1
5 9
9
.
4
5
1
0
.
3
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
5
1
3
.
3
1
4
.
2
1
5
1
5
.
5
1
6
.
3
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (hours)
D
C

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
Pdc Pdc*
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
time (hours)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

S
i
g
n
a
l
,

U
C
N
V

(
V
)
The accuracy between the The accuracy between the dc dc voltage controller output ( voltage controller output (VV
dc dc
) and the optimum ) and the optimum
voltage from the ANN ( voltage from the ANN (VV
dc dc
**) is measured by ARE & RE ) is measured by ARE & RE
Average relative error ( Average relative error (ARE ARE): ):
% 100
*
*
1

=
i
dc
dc dc
V
V V
K
ARE
Relative error ( Relative error (RE RE) to the estimated optimum voltage: ) to the estimated optimum voltage:
% 100
*
*
A
A
=
i
dc
i
dc dc
t V
t V V
RE
Irradiance
SM-55 FS-50 US-21
ARE(%) RE(%) ARE(%) RE(%) ARE(%) RE(%)
Step change 0.167 0.115 0.895 0.542 0.410 0.121
Slow shading 0.251 0.165 0.966 0.678 0.590 0.194
Quick shading 0.327 0.127 1.283 0.735 0.733 0.212
Slow changes 1.651 0.753 2.845 0.947 2.054 0.816
Rapid changes 1.837 0.925 3.086 1.134 2.135 0.962
Comparison of Control Performance with the Proportional Comparison of Control Performance with the Proportional--Integral (PI) controller Integral (PI) controller
Proportional gain ( Proportional gain (KK
pp
) =1.5 ) =1.5
Integral gain ( Integral gain (KK
ii
) = 0.75 ) = 0.75
The reason for comparing our proposed controller: The reason for comparing our proposed controller:
to show the robustness, stability and accuracy over to show the robustness, stability and accuracy over
the conventional PI controller the conventional PI controller
Irradiance
SM-55 FS-50 US-21
PI FL PI FL PI FL
Step change 0.0666 0.0109 5.278 2.587 0.7102 0.1205
Slow shading 0.2207 0.0498 6.678 3.384 0.5897 0.0942
Quick shading 0.2268 0.1067 8.997 4.605 0.7331 0.2121
Slow changes 3.7040 1.0880 14.812 5.932 5.0630 0.7665
Rapid changes 3.9245 1.1750 15.735 6.237 5.1234 0.7883
}
= dt V V J
dc dc
2
) * (
Performance index of
both controllers
during 12 hours of during 12 hours of
simulation time simulation time
SM-55 PV module voltage and current
FS-50 PV module voltage and current
Step changes in Irradiance & cell temperature
Daily condition of irradiance & cell temp.
Syafaruddin, Engin Karatepe, Takashi Hiyama: Development of Real-Time Simulator based on
Intelligent Techniques for Maximum Power Point Controller of PV Modules, The International
Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control (IJICIC), Vol. 6, No. 4, pp.1623-1642,
April, 2010.
Other results RBF methods:
Real Real--time simulation results under partially shaded conditions time simulation results under partially shaded conditions
Shading patterns of irradiance level Shading patterns of irradiance level
25
30
35
40
45
50
6
6
.
4
7
.
2 8
8
.
4
9
.
2
1
0
1
0
.
4
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
4
1
3
.
2
1
4
1
4
.
4
1
5
.
2
1
6
1
6
.
4
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (hours)
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Vdc Vdc* Vdc_75% Vdc*_75%
Vdc_50% Vdc*_50% Vdc_25% Vdc*_25%
0
100
200
300
400
500
6
6
.
4
7
.
2 8
8
.
4
9
.
2
1
0
1
0
.
4
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
4
1
3
.
2
1
4
1
4
.
4
1
5
.
2
1
6
1
6
.
4
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (hours)
D
C

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
Pdc Pdc* Pdc_75% Pdc*_75%
Pdc_50% Pdc*_50% Pdc_25% Pdc*_25%
25
30
35
40
45
50
6
6
.
4
7
.
2 8
8
.
4
9
.
2
1
0
1
0
.
4
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
4
1
3
.
2
1
4
1
4
.
4
1
5
.
2
1
6
1
6
.
4
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (hours)
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Vdc Vdc* Vdc_75% Vdc*_75%
Vdc_50% Vdc*_50% Vdc_25% Vdc*_25%
0
100
200
300
400
500
6
6
.
4
7
.
2 8
8
.
4
9
.
2
1
0
1
0
.
4
1
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
.
4
1
3
.
2
1
4
1
4
.
4
1
5
.
2
1
6
1
6
.
4
1
7
.
2
1
8
time (hours)
D
C

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
Pdc Pdc* Pdc_75% Pdc*_75%
Pdc_50% Pdc*_50% Pdc_25% Pdc*_25%
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
time (hours)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

S
i
g
n
a
l
,

U
C
N
V

(
V
)
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
time (hours)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

S
i
g
n
a
l
,

U
C
N
V

(
V
)
The control responses are verified through an performance index The control responses are verified through an performance index
during 12 hours of simulation time during 12 hours of simulation time
Irradiance PV array non-shaded 25%-shaded 50%-shaded 75%-shaded
Slow changes
SP 0.493 1.131 2.406 16.501
BL 0.493 0.592 0.948 1.729
TCT 0.493 0.597 0.798 0.814
Rapid changes
SP 2.057 9.239 13.846 20.178
BL 2.057 5.462 10.655 13.337
TCT 2.057 2.778 7.216 4.893
For 3x3 PV array: For 3x3 PV array:
}
= dt V V J
dc dc
2
) * (
time
(h)
Shading patterns on modules area
(W/m2)
SP BL TCT
P & O Proposed Controller P & O Proposed Controller P & O Proposed Controller
A B C D V
dc
(V) P
dc
(W) V
dc
(V) P
dc
(W) V
dc
(V) P
dc
(W) V
dc
(V) P
dc
(W) V
dc
(V) P
dc
(W) V
dc
(V) P
dc
(W)
10.00 250 150 250 750 320.60 485.66 223.32 546.33 320.60 486.69 227.74 554.85 320.60 486.84 227.74 555.47
10.30 150 500 750 750 340.50 514.65 236.58 1179.40 340.50 514.66 236.58 1180.60 340.50 514.67 236.58 1181.00
11.00 500 750 1000 1000 333.87 1683.30 234.37 1747.30 333.87 1683.30 234.37 1748.50 333.87 1683.40 234.37 1748.96
11.30 250 500 750 1000 338.29 854.30 238.79 1199.80 338.29 854.38 238.79 1201.50 338.29 854.43 238.79 1201.90
12.00 500 250 500 750 331.66 835.98 223.32 1089.00 331.66 837.49 225.53 1095.30 331.66 837.73 225.53 1103.00
12.30 150 500 150 500 313.97 465.73 139.30 663.79 313.97 465.73 139.30 663.79 313.97 465.73 139.30 663.79
1.00 500 750 150 250 329.45 499.30 150.35 737.26 329.45 499.33 148.14 728.20 329.45 499.35 148.14 727.79
1.30 750 500 250 500 331.66 838.50 227.74 1107.30 331.66 838.50 227.74 1107.30 331.66 838.50 227.74 1107.30
2.00 1000 750 500 250 338.29 856.99 241.01 1213.40 338.29 856.70 241.01 1212.90 338.29 856.28 241.01 1203.50
2.30 1000 1000 750 500 333.87 1688.10 236.58 1767.50 333.87 1687.70 236.58 1766.00 333.87 1686.90 234.37 1751.60
3.00 750 750 150 150 320.60 476.33 143.72 1014.80 320.60 476.07 141.51 999.55 320.60 475.71 141.51 999.51
VV
dc dc
and and PP
dc dc
outputs of 20x3 array configuration under partially shaded conditions outputs of 20x3 array configuration under partially shaded conditions
Assumed: The initial point for P&O is the voltage close to V Assumed: The initial point for P&O is the voltage close to V
oc oc
ANN ANN--fuzzy logic with polar information based MPPT control fuzzy logic with polar information based MPPT control
Testing Testing
Verification Verification
A. Under Uniform Insolation Condition
Different PV modules technologies: Different PV modules technologies:
Siemens SM Siemens SM--55 (c 55 (c--Si) Si)
First Solar FS First Solar FS--50 (Thin 50 (Thin--film CdTe) film CdTe)
USSC US USSC US--21 (3j a 21 (3j a--Si) Si)
B. Under Partially Shaded Condition (SM-55)
Different PV array configurations: Different PV array configurations:
Series Series--Parallel (SP) Parallel (SP)
Bridge Link (BL) Bridge Link (BL)
Total Cross Tied (TCT) Total Cross Tied (TCT)
Different PV array size: Different PV array size:
3x3 (0.5kW) 3x3 (0.5kW)
20x3 (3.3kW) 20x3 (3.3kW)
Developed real-time simulator based
dSPACE real-time interface system
Overall results: Overall results:
Robust & insensitive to fast & Robust & insensitive to fast &
slow variations in irradiance & slow variations in irradiance &
temperature temperature
It achieves to enhance the It achieves to enhance the
dynamic behavior of the MPPT dynamic behavior of the MPPT
controller without retuning the gain controller without retuning the gain
parameters parameters
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
Performance of TFFN, RBF and ANFIS networks for different
technology of PV modules
Markets Markets of of non non--
crystalline crystalline silicon silicon cells cells
Concentration Concentration on on cc--Si Si
solar solar cell cell technology technology
Different Different MPP MPP points points
characteristic characteristic
Efficiency Efficiency
Motivation Motivation--22
ANN structures: ANN structures:
RBF, ANFIS, TFFN RBF, ANFIS, TFFN
Syafaruddin, Engin Karatepe, Takashi Hiyama: Feasibility of Artificial Neural Network for Maximum
Power Point Estimation of Non Crystalline-Si Photovoltaic Modules, Proc. of The 15th International
Conference on the Intelligent System Applications to Power Systems (ISAP), 8-11 November 2009,
Curitiba, Brazil.
Introduction Introduction
Investigation on three different ANN structures for identification
the optimum operating voltage of non c-Si PV modules
Type of PV modules: double junction amorphous Si (2j a-Si), triple
junction amorphous Si (3j a-Si), Cadmium Indium Diselenide (CIS)
and thin film Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar cell technologies
Indicators for ANN models: the flexibility of training process, the
simplicity of network structure and the accuracy of validation error
Description of the model Description of the model
(Modeling of PV modules) (Modeling of PV modules)
Expansion for non c-Si solar cells due to the development of nano-material
technology
The main reason of this trend is to cut the manufacturing cost of
conventional Si PV modules
Other properties: Other properties:
much cheaper for the same efficiency conversion, especially under
massive production of cells
low cost
light weight
flexible
more versatile with very small amount of Silicon needed
energy payback is very fast
(2 months, compared with 4 years for conventional Si technology)
In the end, the non c-Si solar cell technologies are potential to be
inexpensive to produce and they could dominate the world production in
the future
PV module types: PV module types:
Solarex MST Solarex MST--43MV (2j a 43MV (2j a--Si) Si)
USSC UniSolar US USSC UniSolar US--32 (3j a 32 (3j a--Si) Si)
Siemens ST Siemens ST--40 (CIS) 40 (CIS)
First Solar FS First Solar FS--50 (thin film CdTe) 50 (thin film CdTe)
PV
modules
I
SC
(A)
V
OC
(V)
I
MPP
(A)
V
MPP
(V)
P
MPP
(W)
MST-43MV
US-32
ST-40
FS-50
0.787
2.4
2.59
1.0
101.0
23.8
22.2
90
0.616
1.94
2.41
0.77
71
16.5
16.6
65
43.74
32.01
40.00
50.05
Specifications under 1000W/m Specifications under 1000W/m
22
and 25 and 25
oo
C C
Solarex MST Solarex MST--43MV, USSC UniSolar US 43MV, USSC UniSolar US--
32 32
(tandem junction and triple junction thin-
film module amorphous silicon cells)
Effectively using the conversion of
sunlight
The bottom cell (red light), the middle
cell (green light) and the top cell (blue
light)
The major development: efficiency and
stability
Optimum conversion of different
segments of the spectrum
Siemens ST-40
(Cadmium Indium Diselenide (CIS) solar cells).
characterized by exceptional spectral response
and long-term performance integrity
Efficiency is almost similar to crystalline
photovoltaic modules
First Solar FS First Solar FS--50 50
(CdTe based thin-films technology)
Recommended for high output voltage
very thin layers of compound semiconductor
material with low temperature coefficients which
provides for cost effective and greater energy
production
The characteristics of I The characteristics of I
sc sc
and V and V
oc oc
are almost similar for are almost similar for
all semiconductor types of all semiconductor types of
solar cells solar cells
However, there might be However, there might be
different characteristics at different characteristics at
VV
MPP MPP
The correlation V The correlation V
MPP MPP
=f(E,T =f(E,T
cc
) )
is non is non--linear linear
In this respect, to operate the In this respect, to operate the
PV modules at their maximum PV modules at their maximum
power point, tracking the power point, tracking the
optimum voltage using optimum voltage using
intelligent technique by intelligent technique by
means a functional reasoning means a functional reasoning
method for function method for function
approximation is totally approximation is totally
necessary necessary
II--V curve characteristic model V curve characteristic model
developed by Sandia National developed by Sandia National
Laboratory Laboratory
ANN structures based optimum ANN structures based optimum
voltage voltage
Radial Basis Function (RBF): Radial Basis Function (RBF):
Strong network Strong network
Fast training process Fast training process
Direct confirmation of structure Direct confirmation of structure
But, end up with complicated structure, in But, end up with complicated structure, in
case of complex data case of complex data
Algorithm: Algorithm:
Local mapping, instead of global mapping
as in MLP structure
In MLP; all inputs cause output; RBF; only
input near the receptive fields produce the
activation function (hidden layer)
))] 1 , ( ) ) 2 , ( ) 1 , ( ( [ ) (
1 1 1 1
n b T n w E n w dist radbas n a
c
+ =
)] 1 , 1 ( )) ( ) , ( [( ) (
2
1
1 2 2
b n xa n m w purelin m a
n
n
+ =
=
The radial basis output layer a
1
: the Euclidean
distance weight function dist is applied between
the input signals, [E;T
c
] and weights, w
1
before
preceding them to the radbas transfer function
The output layer a The output layer a
22
: by simply applying : by simply applying
the purelin transfer function between a the purelin transfer function between a
11
outputs and weights w outputs and weights w
22
, include the bias , include the bias
bb
22
of the second layer of the second layer
ANN structures based optimum voltage) ANN structures based optimum voltage)
Adaptive Neuro Adaptive Neuro--Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
Especially designed for single output, called Sugeno type fuzzy inference system Especially designed for single output, called Sugeno type fuzzy inference system
Hybrid learning algorithm (combine the least square and back propagation gradient descent Hybrid learning algorithm (combine the least square and back propagation gradient descent
methods for training the mf parameters) methods for training the mf parameters)
Fast training process & high accuracy Fast training process & high accuracy
But, for multi But, for multi--objective optimization objective optimization multi anfis network and must be individually trained. multi anfis network and must be individually trained.
ANFIS network structures (cont.) ANFIS network structures (cont.)
Layer Layer--1: 1:
Grade of mf Grade of mf
) (
1
x O
i A
=
Layer Layer--2: 2:
Firing strength Firing strength
[
= =
=
m
j
i A i
x w O
1
2
) (
Layer Layer--3: 3:
Normalization of Normalization of
firing strength firing strength
2 1
3
w w
w
w O
i
i
+
= =
Layer Layer--4: 4:
Rule outputs Rule outputs
) (
2 1 1 1 4 i i i
r x q x p w y O + + = =
p,q,r are the coefficient parameters of the n
th
rule
through the first order polynomial form expressed
in the first order Sugeno fuzzy model
Layer Layer--5: 5:
Single fixed node Single fixed node
.... ) (
) (
2 2 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 1 5
+ + +
+ + + = =
r x q x p w
r x q x p w y O
i i
i
) (
1
1
) (
k I
i
i
e
k O

+
=
=
j
j ij i
k O k w k I ) ( ) ( ) (
( )
2
1
) ( ) ( =
=
N
k
k O k t SSE
In the hidden and output layers, the In the hidden and output layers, the
sigmoid function is utilized for the input sigmoid function is utilized for the input--
output characteristics of the nodes. For output characteristics of the nodes. For
each node each node ii ; the output ; the output OO
ii
(k) (k)
II
ii
(k) (k) : the input signal to node : the input signal to node ii at the at the kk--th th
sampling and this is given by the weighted sampling and this is given by the weighted
sum of the input nodes sum of the input nodes
ww
ij ij
: the connection weight from node : the connection weight from node jj to node to node ii
OO
jj
(k): (k): the output from node the output from node jj
During the training, the connection weights During the training, the connection weights
ww
ij ij
are tuned recursively until the best fit is are tuned recursively until the best fit is
achieved for the input achieved for the inputoutput patterns output patterns
based on the minimum value of the sum of based on the minimum value of the sum of
the squared errors (SSE) the squared errors (SSE)
NN is the total number of training patterns, is the total number of training patterns, t(k) t(k) and and
O(k) O(k) are the are the kk--th output target and estimated th output target and estimated
values of MPPs voltage values of MPPs voltage--power power
During the training process: During the training process:
learning rate = 0.2 learning rate = 0.2
momentum rate = 0.85 momentum rate = 0.85
ANN structures based ANN structures based
optimum voltage optimum voltage
Three layered Feed Three layered Feed--Forward Forward
Network (TFFN): Network (TFFN):
Back propagation algorithm and
the weight is adjusted by descent
gradient method
Simple network with high
accuracy
But, training process is time
consuming with too many possible
structures intuitive decision to
select the best one
To set the functions between input and To set the functions between input and
output through the hidden layers output through the hidden layers (training (training
data set should be selected to cover the data set should be selected to cover the
entire region where the network is expected entire region where the network is expected
to operate) to operate)
Training data pattern Training data pattern [V [V
mpp mpp
]=f(E,T ]=f(E,T
cc
); );
following the mathematical model of SNL following the mathematical model of SNL
Total data (228 sets) for operating conditions Total data (228 sets) for operating conditions
between 15 between 15--65 65
oo
C and 100 C and 100--1000W/m 1000W/m
22
PV modules
RBF ANFIS TFFN
n
h
SSE n
h
SSE n
h
SSE
MST-43MV 12 0.000375 21 0.004373 4 0.001429
US-32 4 0.000608 21 0.000146 4 0.000114
ST-40 5 0.000948 21 0.000914 4 0.000227
FS-50 11 0.000739 21 0.003154 7 0.001087
a. Ramp signal;
E=90t+100 (W/m
2
) and T
c
=5.5t+10 (
o
C); for 0 < t < 10sec
b. Random signal; where the mean of E and T
c
are
800W/m
2
and 50
o
C, respectively, with variance=1.0
c. Repeating sequence;
E=450t+100 (W/m
2
) and T
c
=27.5t+15 (
o
C);
for the periodic time 0 < t < 2sec within 10sec of time
simulation
d. Uniform random number; [E
min
=100W/m
2
-
E
max
=1000W/m
2
] and [T
c
min=10
o
C - T
c
max=65
o
C]
=
N
i
MPP
i
MPP
N
i
i
MPP
i
op
V V V V J
2
1
2
) ( ) (
N is the number of parameter data set, i is
the i
th
sample of data, V
MPP
is the ideal
voltage at maximum power point, V
op
is
the estimated optimum voltage and
.
Typical results with random input signals Typical results with random input signals
Solarex MST-43MV (2j a-Si)
with RBF network
USSC Unisolar US-32 (3j a-Si)
with ANFIS network
Siemens ST-40 (CIS)
with TFFN network
First Solar FS-50 (thin film CdTe)
with RBF network
SIMULATION RESULTS (cont.)
Performance index during validation process Performance index during validation process
PV modules
ramp signal random signal repeating sequence signal uniform random signal
RBF ANFIS TFFN RBF ANFIS TFFN RBF ANFIS TFFN RBF ANFIS TFFN
MST-43MV 0.035 0.096 0.065 0.258 0.982 0.992 0.035 0.113 0.070 0.035 0.092 0.065
US-32 0.143 0.007 0.059 2.474 0.036 0.418 0.128 0.007 0.059 0.146 0.008 0.060
ST-40 0.221 0.146 0.143 1.912 1.003 1.023 0.236 0.171 0.158 0.217 0.137 0.146
FS-50 0.063 0.115 0.081 0.205 2.009 0.868 0.071 0.133 0.064 0.067 0.112 0.080
Evaluation performance of ANN Models Evaluation performance of ANN Models
ANN
models
Flexibility
Training process
Simplicity of network
structure
Accuracy of validation error
MST-
43MV
US-32 ST-40 FS-50
RBF high moderate high low moderate high
ANFIS high low low high high moderate
TFFN moderate high moderate moderate high high
Conclusion Conclusion
Different models of artificial neural network to deal with the V Different models of artificial neural network to deal with the V
MPP MPP
of non crystalline Si PV modules of non crystalline Si PV modules
The trained configurations are verified using ramp, random, The trained configurations are verified using ramp, random,
repeating sequence and uniform random signals of irradiance and repeating sequence and uniform random signals of irradiance and
cell temperature cell temperature
The simulation results confirm that RBF and ANFIS methods have The simulation results confirm that RBF and ANFIS methods have
the flexible training process; while the TFFN method has simpler the flexible training process; while the TFFN method has simpler
network structure than others network structure than others
For the accuracy of validation error, RBF and ANFIS models are For the accuracy of validation error, RBF and ANFIS models are
more suitable for 2j a more suitable for 2j a--Si and 3j a Si and 3j a--Si PV models, respectively. On Si PV models, respectively. On
the other hand, ANFIS and TFFN are effectively used in CIS the other hand, ANFIS and TFFN are effectively used in CIS
technology. For thin film technology. For thin film CdTe CdTe technology, the RBF and TFFN technology, the RBF and TFFN
methods are the best option methods are the best option

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ANN Methods in photovoltaic system

MPPT controller (uniform & non-uniform

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