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VAN 2021 SOLID MECHANICS 2

UNISYMMETRIC BENDING
TRANSVERSE SHEAR
LECTURE Week 6 : 13
th
April 2010
6.5 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
A condition for flexure formula is a symmetric
cross-sectional area about an axis perpendicular to
neutral axis
However, the flexure formula can also be applied
either to a beam having x-sectional area of any
shape OR to a beam having a resultant moment
that acts in any direction
2
Moment Arbitrarily Applied
We can express the resultant normal stress at any point
on the cross section in general terms as
Flexure Formula using superposition
= +
M
y
, M
z
= resultant internal moment components
along principal y and z axes. Positive if
directed along +y and +z axes.
M
y
= M sin u and M
z
= M cos u , where u is
measured positive from +z axis toward +y
axis
-M
z
y
I
z
o = +
M
y
z
I
y
6.5 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
6.5 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Moment arbitrarily applied
4
+
o
x
due to M
y o
x
due to M
z
6.5 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Orientation of neutral axis
5
Angle o of neutral axis can be determined by
applying Eqn 6-17 with o = 0, since no normal
stress acts on neutral axis. Finally, we get
I
z
I
y
tan o = tan u
When I
z
= I
y
. u = o
Equation 6-19
6.5 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
6
IMPORTANT
Flexure formula applied only when bending
occurs about axes that represent the principal
axes of inertia for x-section
These axes have their origin at centroid and are
orientated along an axis of symmetry and
perpendicular to it
If moment applied about arbitrary axis, then
resolve moment into components along each of
the principal axes, and stress at a pt is
determined by superposition of stress caused by
each moment component.
Example 6.19
A T-beam is subjected to the bending moment of 15
kNm. Determine the maximum normal stress in the
beam and the orientation of the neutral axis.
Solution:
Both moment components are positive,
( )
( ) kNm 50 . 7 30 sin 15
kNm 99 . 12 30 cos 15
= =
= =
z
y
M
M
For section properties, we have
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
m 0890 . 0
2 . 0 03 . 0 04 . 0 1 . 0
2 . 0 03 . 0 115 . 0 04 . 0 1 . 0 05 . 0
=
+
+
= =

A
A z
z
Using the parallel-axis theorem, the
principal moments of inertia are thus
Solution:
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
4 6
2 3
2 3
4 6
3 3
m 10 92 . 13 089 . 0 115 . 0 03 . 0 2 . 0 03 . 0 2 . 0
12
1

05 . 0 089 . 0 04 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 04 . 0
12
1
m 10 53 . 20 2 . 0 03 . 0
12
1
04 . 0 1 . 0
12
1

=
(

+ +
(

+ =
= + =
y
z
I
I
2
Ad I I + =
The largest tensile stress at B and greatest compressive stress at
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
(Ans) MPa 3 . 90
10 92 . 13
089 . 0 99 . 12
10 53 . 20
02 . 0 5 . 7
MPa 8 . 74
10 92 . 13
041 . 0 99 . 12
10 53 . 20
1 . 0 5 . 7
6 6
6 6
=

+ =
= +

=
+ =


C
B
y
y
z
z
I
z M
I
y M
o
o
o
y must represent the axis for minimum principal
moment of inertia, and z must represent the axis for
maximum principal moment of inertia.
Solution:
( )
( )
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

6 . 68
60 tan
10 92 . 13
10 53 . 20
tan
6
6
o
o
EXAMPLE 6.20
Z-section shown is subjected to bending moment of M= 20
kNm. Using methods from Appendix A, the principal axes y
and z are oriented as shown such that they represent the
maximum and minimum principal moments of inertia, I
y
=
0.960(10
-3
) m
4
and I
z
= 7.54(10
-3
) m
4
respectively.
Determine normal stress at point P and orientation of neutral
axis.
10
First Step resolve
the moment to My
and Mz
EXAMPLE 6.20 (SOLN)
Internal moment components
To use Eqn 6-19, z axis needs to be principal axis
for the maximum moment of inertia, as most of the
area if located furthest away from this axis
11
M
y
= 20 kNm sin 57.1
o
= 16.79 kNm
M
z
= 20 kNm cos 57.1
o
= 10.86 kNm
EXAMPLE 6.20 (SOLN)
Bending stress
The y and z coordinates of P must be determined
first. Note that y, z coordinates of P are (0.2 m,
0.35 m). Using colored and shaded triangles from
construction shown below,
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y
P
= 0.35 sin 32.9
o
0.2 cos 32.9
o
= 0.3580 m
z
P
= 0.35 cos 32.9
o
0.2 sin 32.9
o
= 0.1852 m
EXAMPLE 6.20 (SOLN)
Bending stress
Applying Eqn 6-17, we have
13
M
z
y
I
z
o =- + = ... = 3.76 MPa
M
y
z
I
y
EXAMPLE 6.20 (SOLN)
Orientation of neutral axis
Angle =57.1
o
is shown, Thus,
14
I
z
I
y
tan o = tan u
o = 85.3
o
.

.

.

Neutral Axis
7. Transverse Shear
CHAPTER 7 OUTLINE
1. Shear in Straight Members
2. The Shear Formula
3. Shear Stresses in Beams
4. Shear Flow in Built-up Members
5. Shear Flow in Thin-Walled Members
6. *Shear Center
15
7. Transverse Shear
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Develop a method for finding
the shear stress in a beam
having a prismatic cross-
section and made from
homogeneous material that
behaves in a linear-elastic
manner
16
Discuss the concept of shear flow, with shear
stress for beams and thin-walled members
Discuss the shear center
7. Transverse Shear
What is the function of the `nails or the `glue in
a beam made up of plates as shown below?
17
7. Transverse Shear
7.1 SHEAR IN STRAIGHT MEMBERS
As shown below, if top and bottom surfaces of each
board are smooth and not bonded together, then
application of load P will cause the boards to slide
relative to one another.
However, if boards are bonded together,
longitudinal shear stresses will develop and distort
x-section in a complex manner
18
7. Transverse Shear
7.1 SHEAR IN STRAIGHT MEMBERS
Shear V is the result of a transverse shear-stress
distribution that acts over the beams x-section.
Due to complementary property of shear,
associated longitudinal shear stresses also act
along longitudinal planes of beam
19
7. Transverse Shear
7.1 SHEAR IN STRAIGHT MEMBERS
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Bending
Shear
7. Transverse Shear
7.2 THE SHEAR FORMULA
By first principles, flexure formula and V = dM/dx,
we obtain
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t =
VQ
It Equation 7-3
t = shear stress in member at the pt located a
distance y from the neutral axis. Assumed
to be constant and therefore averaged
across the width t
V = internal resultant shear force, determined from method of sections
and equations of equilibrium
I = moment of inertia of entire x-sectional area computed about the
neutral axis
Q =
A
y dA = yA, where A is the top (or bottom) portion of members x-
sectional area, defined from section where t is measured, and y is
distance of centroid of A, measured from neutral axis
7. Transverse Shear
7.3 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Rectangular x-section
Consider beam to have rectangular
x-section of width b and height h as
shown.
Distribution of shear stress
throughout x-section can be
determined by computing shear
stress at arbitrary height y from
neutral axis, and plotting the
function. Hence,
22
Q = y
2
b
( )
1
2
h
2
4
7. Transverse Shear
7.3 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Rectangular x-section
After deriving Q and applying the
shear formula, we have
23
t = y
2
( )
6V
bh
3
h
2
4
Equation 7-4
Eqn 7-4 indicates that
shear-stress distribution
over x-section is parabolic.
7. Transverse Shear
7.3 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Rectangular x-section
At y = 0, we have
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t
max
= 1.5
V
A
Equation 7-5
By comparison, t
max
is 50%
greater than the average
shear stress determined
from t
avg
= V/A.
7. Transverse Shear
7.3 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Wide-flange beam
The shear-stress distribution also varies
parabolically over beams depth
Note there is a jump in shear stress at the flange-
web junction since x-sectional thickness changes
at this pt
The web carries significantly
more shear force than the flanges
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7. Transverse Shear
7.3 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
IMPORTANT
Shear forces in beams cause non-linear shear-
strain distributions over the x-section, causing
it to warp
Due to complementary property of shear
stress, the shear stress developed in a beam
acts on both the x-section and on longitudinal
planes
The shear formula was derived by considering
horizontal force equilibrium of longitudinal shear
stress and bending-stress distributions acting on a
portion of a differential segment of the beam
26
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.3
Beam shown is made from two boards. Determine
the maximum shear stress in the glue necessary to
hold the boards together along the seams where
they are joined. Supports at B and C exert only
vertical reactions on the beam.
27
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.3 (SOLN)
Internal shear
Support reactions and shear diagram for beam are
shown below. Maximum shear in the beam is 19.5 kN.
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7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.3 (SOLN)
Section properties
The centroid and therefore the neutral axis will be
determined from the reference axis placed at bottom
of the x-sectional area. Working in units of meters,
we have
29
y = = ... = 0.120 m
E yA
E A
Thus, the moment of inertia, computed about the
neutral axis is,
I = ... = 27.0(10
-6
) m
4
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.3 (SOLN)
Section properties
The top board (flange) is being held onto the bottom
board (web) by the glue, which is applied over the
thickness t = 0.03m. Consequently A is defined as
the area of the top board, we have
30
Q = yA = [(0.180 m 0.015 m 0.120 m]
(0.03 m)(0.150 m)
Q = 0.2025(10
-3
) m
3
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.3 (SOLN)
Shear stress
Using above data, and applying shear formula
yields
31
t
max
= = ... = 4.88 MPa
VQ
It
Shear stress acting at top of
bottom board is shown here.
It is the glues resistance to this
lateral or horizontal shear stress
that is necessary to hold the
boards from slipping at support C.
7. Transverse Shear
7.4 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS
Occasionally, in engineering
practice, members are built-up from
several composite parts in order to
achieve a greater resistance to
loads, some examples are shown.
If loads cause members to bend,
fasteners may be needed to keep
component parts from sliding relative
to one another.
To design the fasteners, we need to
know the shear force resisted by
fastener along members length
32
7. Transverse Shear
7.4 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS
This loading, measured as a force per unit length,
is referred to as the shear flow q.
Magnitude of shear flow along any longitudinal
section of a beam can be obtained using similar
development method for finding the shear stress in
the beam
33
7. Transverse Shear
7.4 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS
Thus shear flow is
34
q = VQ/I
Equation 7-6
q = shear flow, measured as a force per unit length
along the beam
V = internal resultant shear force, determined from
method of sections and equations of equilibrium
I = moment of inertia of entire x-sectional area
computed about the neutral axis
Q =
A
y dA = yA, where A is the x-sectional area
of segment connected to beam at juncture where
shear flow is to be calculated, and y is distance
from neutral axis to centroid of A
7. Transverse Shear
7.4 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS
Note that the fasteners in (a) and (b) supports the
calculated value of q
And in (c) each fastener supports q/2
In (d) each fastener supports q/3
35
7. Transverse Shear
7.4 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS
IMPORTANT
Shear flow is a measure of force per unit
length along a longitudinal axis of a beam.
This value is found from the shear formula and
is used to determine the shear force developed
in fasteners and glue that holds the various
segments of a beam together
36
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.4
37
Beam below is constructed from 4 boards glued
together. It is subjected to a shear of V = 850 kN.
Determine the shear flow at B and C that must be
resisted by the glue.
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.4 (SOLN)
38
Section properties
Neutral axis (centroid) is located from bottom of the
beam. Working in units of meters, we have
y =
E y A
E y
= ... = 0.1968 m
Moment of inertia about
neutral axis is
I = ... = 87.52(10
-6
) m
4
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.4 (SOLN)
39
Section properties
Since the glue at B and B holds the top board to the
beam, we have
Likewise, glue at C and C holds
inner board to beam, so
Q
B
= y
B
A
B
= [0.305 m 0.1968 m](0.250 m)(0.01 m)
Q
B
= 0.270(10
-3
) m
3
Q
C
= y
C
A
C
= ... = 0.01025(10
-3
) m
3
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.4 (SOLN)
40
Shear flow
For B and B, we have
Similarly, for C and C,
q
B
= VQ
B
/I = [850 kN(0.270(10
-3
) m
3
]/87.52(10
-6
) m
4
q
B
= 2.62 MN/m
q
C
= VQ
C
/I = [850 kN(0.0125(10
-3
) m
3
]/87.52(10
-6
) m
4
q
C
= 0.0995 MN/m
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.4 (SOLN)
41
q
B
= 1.31 MN/m
q
C
= 0.0498 MN/m
Shear flow
Since two seams are used to secure each board,
the glue per meter length of beam at each seam
must be strong enough to resist one-half of each
calculated value of q. Thus
7. Transverse Shear
7.5 SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS
We can use shear-flow equation q = VQ/I to find the
shear-flow distribution throughout a members x-
sectional area.
We assume that the member has thin walls, i.e.,
wall thickness is small compared with height or
width of member
42
7. Transverse Shear
7.5 SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS
Because flange wall is thin, shear stress will not
vary much over the thickness of section, and we
assume it to be constant. Hence,
43
q = t t
Equation 7-7
We will neglect the vertical
transverse component of shear
flow because it is approx. zero
throughout thickness of element
7. Transverse Shear
7.5 SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS
To determine distribution of shear flow along top
right flange of beam, shear flow is
44
Linear Variation
q = (b/2 x)
Vt d
2I
Shear flow
q = 0.0 at
free ends
7. Transverse Shear
7.5 SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS
Similarly, for the web of the beam, shear flow is
45
Parabolic
q = +0.5(d
2
/4 y
2
)
Vt
I
db
2
[ ]
7. Transverse Shear
7.5 SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS
Directional sense of q is such that
shear appears to flow through the x-
section, start inward at beams top
flange, combining and then
flowing downward through the web,
and then separating and flowing
outward at the bottom flange
46
7. Transverse Shear
7.5 SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS
IMPORTANT
For thin walls, Consider shear flow parallel to
walls.
For thin walls, Ignore shear flow Normal to walls.
Shear flow varies linearly along segments that are
perpendicular to direction of shear V
Shear flow varies parabolically along segments
that are inclined or parallel to direction of shear V
47
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.7
Thin-walled box beam shown is subjected to shear
of 10 kN. Determine the variation of shear flow
throughout the x-section.
48
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.7 (SOLN)
By symmetry, neutral axis passes through center of
x-section. Thus moment of inertia is
49
I = 1/12(6 cm)(8 cm)
3
1/12(4 cm)(6 cm)
3
= 184 cm
4
Only shear flows at pts B, C and D
needs to be determined. For pt B,
area A 0 since it can be thought of
located entirely at pt B. Alternatively,
A can also represent the entire x-
sectional area, in which case
Q
B
= yA = 0 since y = 0.
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.7 (SOLN)
50
For pt C, area A is shown dark-
shaded. Here mean dimensions are
used since pt C is on centerline of
each segment. We have
Because Q
B
= 0, then q
B
= 0
Q
C
= yA = (3.5 cm)(5 cm)(1 cm) = 17.5 cm
3
q
C
= VQ
C
/I = ... = 95.1 N/mm
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.7 (SOLN)
51
Shear flow at D is computed using the
three dark-shaded rectangles shown.
We have
Q
D
= yA = ... = 30 cm
3
q
C
= VQ
D
/I = ... = 163 N/mm
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.7 (SOLN)
52
Using these results, and symmetry of x-section,
shear-flow distribution is plotted as shown.
Distribution is linear along horizontal segments
(perpendicular to V) and parabolic along vertical
segments (parallel to V)
7. Transverse Shear
*7.6 SHEAR CENTER
53
When P is applied at the shear center, beam will
bend without twisting
e = (F
f
d)/P
7. Transverse Shear
*7.6 SHEAR CENTER
IMPORTANT
Shear center is the pt through which a force can be
applied which will cause a beam to bend and yet
not twist
Shear center will always lie on an axis of symmetry
of the x-section
Location of the shear center is only a function of
the geometry of the x-section and does not depend
upon the applied loading
54
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.8
Determine the location of the shear center for the
thin-walled channel section having the dimensions
as shown.
55
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.8 (SOLN)
Shear-flow resultants
Vertical downward shear V applied to section
causes shear to flow through the flanges and web
as shown. This causes force resultants F
f
and V in
the flanges and web.
56
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.8 (SOLN)
Shear-flow resultants
X-sectional area than divided into 3 component
rectangles: a web and 2 flanges. Assume each
component to be thin, then moment of inertia about
the neutral axis is
57
I = (1/12)th
3
+ 2[bt(0.5h)
2
] = (0.5th
2
)[(h/6) + b]
Thus, q at the arbitrary
position x is
q = =
VQ
I
V(b x)
h[(h/6) + b]
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.8 (SOLN)
Shear-flow resultants
Hence,
58
The same result can be determined by first
finding (q
max
)
f
, then determining triangular area
0.5b(q
max
)
f
= F
f
F
f
=
0
q dx = =
Vb
2
2h[(h/6) + b]
b
7. Transverse Shear
EXAMPLE 7.8 (SOLN)
Shear center
E M =0 about pt A :
59
Ve = F
f
h
b
2
[(h/3) + 2b]
e =

As stated previously, e depends

only on the geometry of the x-
section.