Anatomy: The Blood

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The Blood

3/21/2011 7:02:00 AM

Centrifuged Blood- Separated into Plasma (55%) and Red blood cells (45%) Buffy coat in-between composed of white blood cells and platelets Blood Plasma Proteins (7%) o Abrumina (54%) Helps to keep osmotic balance o Globulin (38%) Immunity o Fibrongen 7% Clotting o All Others Water (91.5%) Other solutions o Electrolytes Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ o Nutrients o Hormones o Gases o Regulatory Substances o Waste products Formed elements Platelets White Blood Cells Check %s o Nutraphil 60% The phagocytize Granules digest bacteria First line of defense o Lymphacytes 20-25% Fairly small Immunity Antibodies, Natural Killer Cells o Monocytes 5-8% Clean up crew Largest of these

When they leave the cell they are called Macrophages o Exetophils 3% Stained bright red o Basophils Stained Dark Purple High in number=Allergies Red Blood Cells

If you lose a lot of blood you would see more reticulocytes Shapes of RBCs and Hemoglobin RBC shape o Filled with hemoglobin molecules (proteins) 4 proteins and 4 iron-containing heme Carries oxygens (4 Oxygens per molecule) A single red blood cell contains MANY hemoglobin There are a LOT of oxygens per red blood cell Formation and Destruction of RBCs o Circulation about every 120 days Formation of Red Blood Cells: Erthropoiesis Starts in red bone marrow with proerythroblast Cell near the end of development ejects nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte Develop into mature RBC within 1-2 days Negative feedback balances production with destruction Controlled condition is amount of oxygen delivery to tissues Hypoxia stimulates release of erythropoietin

Types of White Blood Cells Neutrophils o Most common o First line of defense o Show up at sight of injury or infection o Granular

Basophil o Full of Granules Eosinophil o Under parasitical infections Lymphocyte Monocyte

Emigration of WBCs Many WBCs leave the bloodstream Roll along endothelium Sick to and then squeeze between endothelial cells Precise signals vary for different types of WBCs

Platelets/Thrombocytes Myeloid steam cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals Short life span- 5-9 days

Stem cell transplants Bone marrow transplant o Recipients red bone marrow replaced entirely by healthy, noncancerous cells to establish normal blood cell counts o Takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBCs to fight off infections o Graft-versus-host-disease- transplanted red bone marrow may produce T cells that attack host tissues Cord-blood transplant o Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord shortly before birth o Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely o Less likely to cause graft-versus-host-disease

Hemostasis

Sequence of responses that stops bleeding 3 mechanisms reduce blood loss o Vascular spasm Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contracts o Platelet plug formation Platelets stick to part of damaged blood vessel, become activated and accumulate large numbers o Blood clotting (coagulation)

Blood Clotting Serum is blood plasma minus clotting proteins Clotting-series of chemical reactions culminating in formation of fibrin threads Clotting (coagulation) factors

3 Stages of Clotting Extrinsic or intrinsic pathways lead to formation LOOK UP Two Pathwayso One external on internal o All end up with an enzyme capable of making thrombin to create fibrinogen to create web

Blood Objectives

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Introduction: 1. List how blood, interstitial fluid and lymph are related. 2. Discuss the roles of blood and interstitial fluid in meeting the needs of the cells of the body.

The Heart

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Pericardium encases the Hearth Wall Layers (Superficial to Deep) o Fibrous layer o Parietal pericardium o Pericardial Cavity-Serous Fluid (to avoid friction) o Visceral Pericardium o Myocardium o Endocardium Valve Papillary muscle pulls the chordae tendineae so that the blood doesnt flow back

Anterior Intraventricular Artery Also Known as the Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) Heart Attack A artery gets plugged o Plaque, air, blood clot The Widow Maker

Fibrous skeleton is also an electric insulator Intercalated discs Connect cells, more surface area Gap Junctions-allows for connection to the next unit over Electrocardiogram ECG or EKG Composite record of action potentials produced by all the heart muscle fibers Systole- Contract Asystole- Relaxed PG 737 Chart- STUDY!

Timing is about 8 seconds Read about Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume before Wednesday!

Quiz Answers
Megakarocytes break into platelets Platelets-a week, Red blood cell 120 days 5 million per microliter RBC in blood 300 million Hemoglobin in a RBC

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RBC go to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow to die, macrophages dissemble them. 0Look up the RH antigen

Blood Vessels
Types of Capillaries 3 types o Continuous o Fenestrated o Sinusoids Net Filtration Pressure=(BHP+IFOP)-(BCOP+IFHP) 2 Pressures promote reabsorption Thymus

3/21/2011 7:02:00 AM