CMT

Mass Transfer!
! Mass transfer in a single phase! ! Ficks law of diffusion! ! Interphase Mass Transfer ! Two lm theory! ! Empirical relationships! ! Analogies between Momentum - ! Heat and Mass Transfer! ! Simultaneous Heat and Mass ! Transfer!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 1/23!
Binary Diffusion!
!!
Time = 0!
Binary Diffusion!
Mixture of A and B!
Binary Diffusion!
Homogeneous Mixture of A and B!
After some time!

After Long Time!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Binary Diffusion! Z=0! uF! uF! Diffusion ux (Ficks law)! dx!A! (Kmol /m2,s)! dy! Total concentration, Ct ! constant:! dC! N! ! =! !!DAB! A! ! (10.1)! A dy! N! ! =! !!Ct!!DAB! ! A Large Z!
uF!
uF!
Diffusion ux is a relative ux !!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!
6/23!

Denition:! Molar-average velocity of the mixture! u!F!=! u!A!CA! +!u!B!C!B! ! C!t! (m/s)!
Fluxes in stationary coordinates! (Kmol /m2,s)! Component A:! '! N! !=! u!AC!A! A ! Component B:! '! N!B!=! u!BC!B! !
8/23!

The diffusion ux is a ux relative to the ! molar-average velocity of the mixture ! ! Component A:!
N!A! =! !! D! AB! dC!A! =! C! (! !A! !! u!F!)! A! u dy! dC!B! =!C! (! !B! !! u!F!)! B! u dy!

Addition of diffusion uxes:! N! ! +! N!B! =! 0! A Or more general!
n
!N
k=1
= 0
Component B:!
N!B! =! !! D! BA!
DAB! =! D!BA! =!D! ! D = Diffusion coefcient (m2/s)!


Diffusion Coefcients of gases and vapours ! in air at 298 K and atmospheric pressure! Substance! Hydrogen! Water! Methanol! Hexanol! D 105 (m2/s)!
Mass transfer in a single phase!

Diffusion Coefcients in Gas Phase!
4 !5 !! ! 1.! ! 4!3!!10! T! (! !/!M!A! !+!(! !/!M!B!)! .! 1 ) 1 = D! ! 1!! ! /3 1!3! 2! /! P! ! A! +!V!! )! (V! B (10.43)!
4.10! 2.56! 1.59! 0.59!

! A Function of Temperature1.5! ! A Function of Pressure-1! ! Independent of Composition! ! Dependent on the sizes of molecules!

Diffusion Coefcients in Liquids at 293 K! ( at innite dilution )! Solute! H2! CO2! Sucrose! CO2! solvent! Water! Water! Water! Ethanol! D 109 (m2/s)! 5.13! 1.50! 0.45! 3.40!
13/23!

Diffusion Coefcients in Liquid Phase! (dilute solutions)!
1 !! 6! 1!! ! 1!! ! /2 /2 1!! 73!!10! "!B! M!B! T! .1 (10.96)! 0.! ! !6 D!=! V! ! A!
! A Function of Temperature! ! A Function of (Solvent viscosity)-1! ! Independent of Pressure! ! Dependent of Composition! (Non-dilute solutions)!

Flux relative to stationary axes! dC! '! '! '! N! ! =!x!A!(!N! ! +! N!B!)! !! D! A! A A dy! Bulk ow! Diffusion! Two components, two uxes! How many equations?!
Another Equation of a Different kind ! is Required !!
16/23!

Equimolecular Counterdiffusion! '! '!
N!A! =! !! N!B! 1! 2! '! N!B! CB2!

Example of Equimolecular Counter-Diffusion!
! Distillation of a Mixture with Species ! of Equal Molar Heat of Vaporization! '! N!B! CB2! CB1! Liquid! Gas! A + B! CA1! CA2! '! N!A! y! '! #!A!M!A!N! =! !! #!B!M!B!N!B!
'! A!
CB1! CA1! N!A! y1!

'!
CA2!
y2! y! D! '! N!A! =! (! ! 1! !! C! 2!)! C A! A! (! ! !! y! )! y 2! 1!

#!A!M!A! =! #!B!M!B!
N!A! =! !! N!B!
'!
'!

Example of Equimolecular Counter-Diffusion!
! Equimolecular Heterogeneous Reaction! N!B! CB1! CA1! '! N!A! y! A! CA2!
'!

Mass Transfer through a Stationary Component!
1! CB1! CA1! y1! N!A! =!
'!
CB2!
2! CB2! N!A! CA2! y! y2!

'!
N!B! = 0!
'!
Solid!(S)!
B+S!
Gas Phase!
N!A! =! !! N!B!
'!
'!
D! C! t! (! ! 1! !! C! 2!)! C A! A! y!2! !! y! C! 1! Bm! with! C! =! Bm!
C! 2! !! C! 1! B! B! ln(! ! 2! /!C! 1!)! C B! B!

20/23!

Example of Mass Transfer through a ! Stationary Component!
CB2! Pure! CB1! Liquid A! CA1! Gas! N! CA2!
'! A!

CB2! Solid +! C Liquid A! B1! Gas! Liquid! CA1! '! N!A! CA2! content!
! Evaporation of a liquid into an inert gas! (inert: non-condensable, insoluble)!N!'!B! = 0!

! Drying of a wet solid into an inert gas B! '! (inert: non-condensable, insoluble)! N!B! = 0!

Mass Transfer through a Stationary Component! u! Pure B (Air) A! B! N! = 0! N! Pure A! (Acetone)! T!
'! A! '! B!

Cc! CA! Liquid A +C! CA1! CB1!
'! N!A! CA2!
Gas A+ B! CB2!
y! 0! x! 1.0! dC! '! x!B!N!A! =! D! B! dy!

! Absorption into a non-volatile liquid C! from a binary gas mixture containing! an insoluble gas B, ! N!'!B!= 0,! N!'!c! = 0!

Summary! N A! '! N!t! (kmol/m2, s)! dC! '! '! '! N!A! =! x!A!(!N!A! +! N!B!)! !! D! A! dy! uF CA! Diffusion ! u!A!C!A! +! u!B!C!B! Bulk ow! Coefcient (m2/s)! C!t! Molar-average velocity ! of the mixture (m/s)!

N'A = u F C A ! D
A! uF! Pure B!
Diffusion!
dC A dy
dC A >0 dy
CA!
dC A <0 dy
y! '! N!A! =! bulk! +! diffusion!
'! N!A! =! bulk! !! diffusion! Direction depends on! magnitudes of uF, D! and gradients!
26/23!
Mass Transfer in a Single Phase ( Binary mixtures ) !

'! '! ! Equimolecular Counterdiffusion:! N!A! =! !! N!B! hD (m/s)! D! '! N!A! =! (! ! 1! !! C! 2!)! C A! A! (! ! !! y! )! y 2! 1!
Mass Transfer in a Single Phase ( Binary mixtures )!
! Mass Transfer through a Stationary ! '! Component:!N!B! = 0! D! C! '! t! N!A! =! (! ! 1! !! C! 2!)! C A! A! y! !!y!)!C! (! 2! 1! Bm!
! Low concentration of the diffusing component:! xA = CA/CT " 0! (The same solution as above)! ! General case of counterdiffusion:fN!'! =! !! N!'! ! A! B!
NA =
'
" 1 ! x A2 (1 ! f) % D Ct ln # & (y2 ! y1) (1 ! f) $ 1! xA1 (1! f ) '

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 27/23! F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 28/23!
Mass Transfer!
! Mass transfer in a single phase! ! Ficks law of diffusion! ! Interphase Mass Transfer ! Two lm theory! ! Empirical relationships! !! CAo1!
Interphase Mass Transfer!

Two-Film Theory! Pure solvent 1! Pure solvent 2! CAe2 (CAo1 )! CAi1 =HCAi2 ! N A! CAi1! CAe1 (CAo2 )! D1! L1! Phase 1!
29/23!
CAi2!
N A! CAo2!
! Analogies between Momentum - ! Heat and Mass Transfer! ! Simultaneous Heat and Mass ! Transfer!
D2! L2! Phase 2!


Two-Film Theory!

Mass Fluxes according to! Two-Film Theory! Single coefcients (real driving forces)! NA = hD1(CAo1 - CAi1) NA = hD2(CAi2 - CAo2) phase 1 phase 2 (10.150)! Overall coefcients (ctitious driving forces)! NA = K1(CAo1 - CAe1) phase 1 phase 2 (10.151)!
32/23!
CA1!
(CAe2 - CAo2)! CAo1! CAi1! CAe1! CAo2! CAi2! Real driving! forces! C! A1! =! HC! A! 2! !
Fictitious driving! forces!
(CAo1 - CAe1)! CAe2! CA2!
NA = K2(CAe2 - CAo2)
31/23!

Relationship between Single and overall ! coefcients! 1! K! 1! 1! K!2! 1! K! 1! =! 1! h! D1! ! 1! Hh! D!1! H! K! 2! +! H! h! D!2! +! 1! h! D!2! (10.153)!
Empirical relationships, j-factors!

Dimensionless groups! Mass transfer! Heat transfer! Sherwood! hD l! Nu = !h l! Sh = ! k! D! Schmidt! ! %! Pr!= ! %! Sc = ! =! D! ! $!D! D! H Stanton:! hD! Sh! Nu! h! Std = ! =! St!=! =! u! Re Sc! Re!Pr! $uCp!! ! j-factor:! 0.67! j! = St !Pr! jd = Std Sc 0.67! h!
33/23! F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 34/23!
=!
(10.154)!
=!
(10.155)!
Empirical relationships, j-factors!

Magnitudes of Pr and Sc! Gases! Pr! Sc! " 1! " 1! Liquids! " 10 - 100! " 100 - 1000! hD [ m/s ]!
0" 10" -1" 10" -2" 10" -3" 10" -4" 10" -5" 10" -6" 10" -7" 10" -8" 10"

Mass Transfer Coefcients! Gases! Gases in porous! media! Liquids! Liquids in porous! media!
35/23!
36/23!
Mass Transfer!
! Mass transfer in a single phase! ! Ficks law of diffusion! ! Interphase Mass Transfer ! Two lm theory! ! Empirical relationships! !!
Empirical relationships, jh-factor!

Heat Transfer! Turbulent ow in a pipe!
Nu = 0.023 Re! Pr! ! 0.8! 0.33!
(9.64)!
St =
Nu h = = 0.023Re#0.2 Pr #0.67 RePr "uCp

(9.63)!
! Analogies between Momentum - ! Heat and Mass Transfer! ! Simultaneous Heat and Mass ! Transfer!
Chilton and Colburn!
jh = St Pr 0.67 = 0.023Re"0.2 # $ (9.62)!
38/23!
Empirical relationships, jd-factor!

j - Factor for Mass Transfer!

Chilton-Colbourn analogy between ! Heat and Mass transfer! j! = !j! d! h!
j d = St d Sc 0.67 = h D C Bm 0.67 ( ) uC T !D
(10.226)!
h! T! C! Pr! h! ! = ! D C! $! C! m! Sc! p! B
(! )!
0.67!
(10.227)!
39/23!
40/23!
jd!
jd!
Re! Fig. 10.14 Mass transfer in wetted-wall columns!

Re! Fig. 10.15 Evaporation from plane surfaces!

Empirical Relationships, mass Transfer ! to Single Spheres!
Empirical Relationships, mass Transfer ! to Single Spheres!
h D d' Sh = D
'
0.3 < & <1.0!
! Frssling: ' = 2, & = 0.552! ! Rowe et al.: For Air and Water & varied ! from 0.68 to 0.79!
Sh!=!
h!D!d! D!
Sh ' = ! + "' Re'0.5 Sc 0.33
(10.234)!
Re!Sc! Fig. 10.16. Mass transfer to single spheres!

2!/!3!
Interphase Mass Transfer! Mass Transfer Coefcients! hD [ m/s ]!

10"
0"
Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer!

Molecular and eddy transfer together! Momentum! Transfer! Heat! Transfer! Mass! Transfer!
45/23!
Gases! Gases in porous media! Liquids! Liquids in porous! media!
-1" 10" -2" 10" -3" 10" -4" 10" -5" 10" -6" 10" -7" 10" -8" 10"
! d! $u!x!)! (! ! R!y! =! !! (! +! E! ! ) $! dy! d! $C!p!(!)! (! ! k! q!y! =! !!(! +! E!H!)! $!C!p! dy! dC! N!A! =! !!(! !+! E!D!)! A! D dy!
Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer! Fluxes associated to the movement of mass M! us! (s! CAs!CBs! MC!p!(!s! At! Mass M! n molar units! Mu! s! =! !!R!0! At! =! !!q!0! (12.96)! (12.97)!
Valid Only for Turbulent Flow !

Limit of! boundary ! layer!
us! (s! CAs! Bs! C

Mass M! n molar units! )b! 'us! b(s!
y! x!
CAw! CBw!
(12.98)! 1! M! (! ! !! C!Aw!)!=! (! !N!A!)!y!=!0! C As! ! At! $!
CAw!CBw! Fig. 12.5. The Reynolds analogy!

48/23!
Reynolds Analogy, StH= StD="!

!Valid for highly turbulent ow or when Sc or Pr " 1 ( gases )! a) Heat - Momentum! St! != ! h! H
C! !$!u!! p s
s!
= ! R! ( 12.102 )! 2! $!u!! s
( 12.103 )! ( 12.105 )!
h! D b) Mass - Momentum! St! ! = !u! ! = ! R! D 2! $!u!! s

c) Mass - Heat !
h! ! = ! h! D C! $! p!
( Lewis analogy )Valid even when Sc or Pr # 1, if Sc " Pr! OBS! b) and c) without bulk ow !
Reynolds Analogy (with bulk ow)!

b) Mass - Momentum! St! ! = ! D
Modied Reynolds Analogy!

( The laminar sub-layer is included )! a) Heat - Momentum!
h! CBw! D! ! = ! R! 2! u!Ct!! $!u!! s! s

( 12.111 )!
R! ! !u!! s /$ 2! St! != ! h! = ! H C! $!u!! 1 + '!(Pr - 1)! ! p! s

b) Mass - Momentum ( without bulk ow )!
( 12.117 )!
c) Mass - Heat!
h! ! D
(! )!
C! w! B = ! h! C!! C! !$! t p
( 12.112 )!
R! ! !u2! /$ s!! h! ! D St! ! = !u! = ! D s! 1 + '!(Sc - 1)! !

Flat surface!
( 12.118 )!
( Lewis analogy ) Valid even when Sc or Pr # 1, if Sc " Pr!

'! = 2.1 R! ! ! e-0.1! x

52/23!
e-1/8! Flow in pipes! '! = 2.0 R! ! F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!
Analogies including the buffer layer!

( applicable to highly viscous liquids )! a) Heat - Momentum! R! = ! h! 1 + 5! $!u2! C! $!us! ! p! ! s!
Mass Transfer!
Diffusion / Unsteady State Mass Transfer! Mass Transfer to a Sphere and Mass Transfer with ! Chemical Reaction! ! Interphase Mass Transfer !! ! Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer! ! Boundary Layer Theory for Mass Transfer! ! Practical Studies of Mass Transfer, jD-factor Multicomponent diffusion! Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer! !!
{!
R! (Pr - 1) + ln! 5! + 1! Pr ! 2! 6! 6! $!u!! s ( 12.130 )!
[!
(!
)! }! ]!
b) Mass - Momentum ( without bulk ow )! R! = hD! 1 + 5! ! 2! s $!u!! u!! s
{!
R! (Sc - 1) + ln! 5! + 1! Sc ! 2! 6! 6! $!u! s!
[!
(!
)! }! ]!
( 12.131 )!
53/23!
54/23!
Mass Transfer!
Diffusion / Unsteady State Mass Transfer! Mass Transfer to a Sphere and Mass Transfer with ! Chemical Reaction! Interphase Mass Transfer!! Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer! Boundary Layer Theory for Mass Transfer! Practical Studies of Mass Transfer, jD-factor !! Multicomponent diffusion! Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer!
Unsteady-State Diffusion with Chemical Reaction!

!Rectangular Coordinates (One-Dimensional Case)! *!C! *!2!C! *!C! A! A! =! D! 2! !! uF! A! + RA! *!t! *!y! *!y! Accumulation! Production! Diffusion! Bulk Flow! !Spherical Coordinates (One-Dimensional Case)! *!C *!C! D! *! 2! *!C!A! A! =! 2! {!! r }!- uF! A! +! R!A! *!r! *!t! r! *!r! *!r! Accumulation! Production! Diffusion! Bulk Flow! with! R!A! = !!kC!n! A!
Unsteady-State Diffusion in a Semi-Innite Slab !
Unsteady-State Diffusion in a Semi-Innite Slab!

1" 0.9"
Solution! C!A! !! C!A!0! y! =! erfc! C!Ai! !! C!A!0! 2! Dt! time!

(10.108)!
Time = 0! CA! CA0! y!
CAe!
CA!
Time > 0! .!CAi! CA0! y!
C!A! !! C!A!0! C!Ai! !! C!A!0!
0.8" 0.7" 0.6" 0.5" 0.4" 0.3" 0.2" 0.1" 0" 0" 0.1"
0.2"
0.3"
0.4"
0.5"
y!
Unsteady-State Diffusion in a Semi-Innite Slab!

Molar ux at the interphase! *!C! N!'! (!t! !=! !! D! ! A! )! ) (
A!
Unsteady-State Diffusion and Chemical Reaction !

Homogen Reaction in a Finite Slab! Time = 0! Time > 0! CAe! CAi! CAi! CAe!
D! (! !Ai! !! C!A!0!)! C y!=!0! =! *!y! +!t!
(10.113)!
Average!
'! (N! )!v! = 2! A! a
L!
L!
D! C! - ! ! C +!t! (! Ai! Ao!)! e!

hD!
(10.115)!
CA0!
y!
CA0!
y!
59/23!
60/23!

! One-dimension,!First-order Reaction! R!A! = !!kC!A! *!C! *!2!C! A! A! =! D! 2! + RA! *!t! *!y! ! Initial condition!

Homogen Reaction in a Finite Slab!
0.1" 0.09" 0.08"
D = 10-9 m2/s!
CAi!
C! ! = ! Ao! A C!
! Boundary conditions!
-L/2 $ y $+L/2 ! y = -L/2! y = +L/2! y = 0!
t = 0! t > 0! t > 0! t > 0!

61/23!
CA!
0.07" 0.06" 0.05" 0.04" 0.03" 0.02" 0.01" 0" 0" 1" 2" 3" 4"
-3" 5" x 10"
k = 10-4 s-1! time!
C! ! = ! Ai! A C! C! ! = ! Ai! A C!
or!
*!CA! ! = 0! *!y!
y (m)!
62/23!
Steady-State Diffusion and Chemical Reaction !

Homogenous Reaction in a Finite Slab! *!C! *!2!C! A! A! =! D! 2! + RA! *!t! *!y! steady-state! First-order Reaction! R!A! = !!kC!A! *!2!C! A! D! 2! !! kC! =! 0! A! *!y!
(10.168)!
Steady-State Diffusion and Chemical Reaction !

Homogen Reaction in a Finite Slab! Effect of the reaction rate! D = 10-9 m2/s! 0.1" CAi!
0.09" 0.08" 0.07" 0.06" 0.05" 0.04" 0.03"
k = 10-5! k = 10-4!
CA!
Steady-State Solution! C! =! B!e! A! 1!

(!k!/!D!)y! !
0.02" 0.01" 0" 0" 1"
+!B! e! 2!
!! (!k!/!D!)y! !
k = 10-3!
2"
(10.173)!
y (m)!
3"
4"
-3" 5" x 10"
64/23!
Penetration Theory! penetration phase! time = 0! > second ! phase!
Penetration Theory! One-dimensional diffusion! penetration phase! second ! = D! 2! *!t! *!y! phase! Initial condition! (t = 0):! time > 0! '!'! ! C! ! = CAo! 0 $ y $ ,! A ! ! C!Ai! t! CAo! CAi!.! Boundary conditions! (t > 0):!
*!CA! !
*!2!C! ! A
CAo!
t! CAo! CAo! penetration time!
CAi!
.!
C!Ai!
'!'!
C! ! = CAi! A ! ! C! ! = CAo! A ! !
Solution:!
y = 0! y = ,! !
'! N! ! = ! D! (! ! i!- ! Ao!)! C C! A +!t! A

65/23! F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!
(10.113)!
66/23!
Penetration Theory!
6" x 10"
-4"
Penetration Theory! Exposure Time! Regular Surface Renewal!
D! +!t!
hD! [m/s]!
5" 4" 3" 2" 1" 0" 0" 0.01" 0.02" 0.03" 0.04" 0.05"
D = 10-9 m2/s!
'! (N! )!v! = 2! A! a
D! C! - ! ! C +!te!(! Ai! Ao!)! !

d!
(10.114)!
2! D! +!t! e!
h! = 2! D!
D! +!t! e!
u! t!e! =! d!/!u!
Random Surface Renewal! h!D! =! Ds! s = rate of production of fresh surface per unit ! total area of surface!
exposure time [ s ]! Mass transfer coefcient according to penetration theory!

Penetration Theory with Varying Interphase Composition! time > 0! penetration phase (2)! D! Df! Phase (1)! C!
'!'! Ao!
Penetration Theory with Varying Interphase Composition!
penetration phase (2)! *!C! !! D!(! A! )! 0! *!y! y!=! C!Ai! =! 1! '!'! C! Ai! H! CAo! D! Df! C!Ai!
'!'!
Phase (1)! C!A0! CAi!

'!'!
Time!
CAi!
C!
'!'! Ai!
N!A! =! !!
D!f! '!'! '!'! (!C! !! C! )! Ai! Ao! L!f!
Lf!
Lf!
Penetration Theory with Varying Interphase Composition! One-dimensional diffusion:! Initial condition:!
Penetration Theory with Laminar Film at the Interphase! penetration phase (2)! D! CAi! Phase (1)! '!'! C!Ao!
*!CA! ! *!2!C! ! A = D! 2! *!t! *!y! 0 $ y $ ,! ! t = 0!
! C! ! = !CAo! A
Boundary conditions:!
"! ! C! D L! *!CA! ! C! ! = ! Ao! + ! f! A H! D!H! *!y! f! C! ! = !CAo! ! A
(! )!
t!
y = 0!
y = 0! y = ,! !
t > 0! t > 0!
CAo! L! Previous solution with D = Df, L = L f , H = 1!
'! D! 2! N! ! = (! Ai! - ! Ao!)!D! e! t/!L! erfc! Dt! C! C! A L! L!
Solution:!
2! D! [(! 2! 2! '! N! ! = (! "! o! - ! C! o!)! f! e! Df!!H!)/(D!L!f!)]t! erfc! CA H A ! A L! f!
{!
[! ]! }!
(10.132)!
71/23!
2! 2! D!!H! t! 1/2! f D! 2! Lf! !
(!
)!
(10.133)!
72/23!
Film-Penetration Theory! One-dimensional diffusion!

'! N! ! = A 2!
Film-Penetration Theory!
!! ! ! (CAi! - C!Ao!)!
*!CA! ! *! C! ! A = D! 2! *!t! *!y!

Initial condition!
D! 1 + 2! e! n2!L!2!)/(Dt)! (10.139)! #" -(! ! +!t! n=1!

C!Ai!
'!'!
(!
n=! ! ,
)!
penetration ! phase!
penetration phase! CAi!
C! ! = CAo! A ! !
Boundary conditions!
0 $ y $ L! !
t = 0!
CAo!
CAi! second ! phase! CAo!
C!Ai! second ! phase!
'!'!
C! ! = CAi! A ! ! C! ! = CAo! A ! !
y = 0! y = L! !
t > 0! t > 0!
73/23!
'! N! = (CAi! - C! o!)! D! ! A A! ! ! ! +!t! 2! L! < ,! +! $ ! ! Dt!
'! N! ! = (CAi! - ! Ao!)! C! D! A !! ! L! 2! L! $ ! ! 0<! + Dt!
74/23!
The Boundary Layer for Mass Transfer !

Mass transfer for streamline ow over a plane surface ! us! us! CAs! x0!
l!
The Boundary Layer for Mass Transfer !

Mass transfer for streamline ow ! over a plane surface!
)! CA0! NA!
ux! CAs! )D! ux! CA!
y! x!
.! " Sc!- 1/3! !

assumption . < 1! ( Sc > 1 )!
with! liquids! gases!
)! .! = ! D! )!
good! small errors!
*! *!C! ! A u! (CAs! - C! ) dy =D! ! A! ! x! ! ! *!x! 0! *!y! C! ! - C! 0! 3! y! 1! y! 3! ! A A =! (! )!!! (! )! C! s! - C! 0! 2! )!D! 2! )!D! ! A A
-!
(! )!
y=0!
(Shx)m! = 0.65 Sc!1/3! R! ! ! ! e1/2! x

Assumption: )D! <! )! !

Practical Studies of Mass Transfer, jD-factor!

Turbulent ow in a pipe:! Nu = 0.023 Re! Pr! ! 0.8! 0.33! (9.64)!
-0.67! Nu! = St!= ! h! = 0.023 Re!-0.2! Pr! ! ! Re Pr! C! !$!u! p
Mass Transfer Coefcients according the Theories!
! Two - lm theory! ! Penetration theory! ! Film - penetration theory!
h!D! 0!D! h!D! 0!D! h!D! 0!D!

1!/!2!
(10.223)!
St! r! = j! != 0.023 Re!-0.2! " " P 0.67! ! H ! ! h! C! j! ! = St! Sc! = ! D! Bm! ! D! 0.67! D u CT! $!D! !!
Chilton and Colburn: jD = jH = " !
(10.224)! (10.226)!
n!
(! )!
0.67!
1/2 $ n $ 1!
! Analogies and empirical relationship!

Analogies are valid for turbulent ow!
h! T! C! Pr! j! = j! /! h! ! = ! D D! ! H! C!$! C! m! Sc! p! B
(! )!
0.67!
(10.227)!
77/23!
! Boundary layer theory!
h!D! 0!D!
2!/!3!
78/23!
Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer !

! Condensation! ! Evaporation! ! Drying! ! Chemical reaction with ! large heat effects! (Absorption, Adsorption)!

Effect of Temperature Gradients on Mass ! transfer ! ! They are the direct cause of molecular ! motion! ! They may cause bulk motion ! of the uid! ! They inuence phase equilibria ! and reaction rates! Effect of Mass transfer on Heat Transfer ! ! Mass transfer uxes transfer energy ! and affect temperature gradients!
79/23!
80/23!

T! x! q! Evaporation! y! q! Gas phase! Drying!

Condensation in presence of a non-! condensable gas! Tube! wall! T! C! Tw! Ts! Ti! Vapour A! CAo! +! CAi!Non-condensable! '! N!A! B! q!
N'A
Liquid! T! x! y! T! x! Solid! T! x! Liquid!
N'A
y! q!
N'A
y! Condensation!
Condensate! (! q =! h!(!1s!!!1!i! )! +! h!D!M!A! C!Ao! !!CAi!)! #!


Wet-bulb Temperature!

Heat ux:! Wet-bulb Temperature! Mass ux:! q! =! h!(! !!!(!i!)! (
'! N! ! =! h!D!(! !i!!!C!)! C w
c! ( ! us! C! (!
qc! (! q!
'! N! ! w
Mass ux:! C =! h!D!(! !i!!!C!)! us! C! (!
mC! ! P Steady-State:!
Heat ux:! q! =! h!(!(!!!(!i!)!
#2wN!w! ! '! (!i m! '! CP! C i! N!w! C!
d! i! (! '! =! Aq! !! A!#!M!w!N! ! w dt! Energy Balance:! Balanced! Energy! uxes!
d! i =0 dt
h!(! ! !!(!w!)! =! h!D!M!w!(! !0!!!C!)!#! C (

83/23!

Approximate Wet-Bulb Temperature! By introducing:! C!0! =! P!!0! w RT! C! =! P! ! w RT!

Convection:! q! =! h!(! !!!(!i!)! ( More general balance! Mass ux:!
'! N! ! =! h!D!(! !i!!!C!)! C w
H=
Pw M w ( ) P ! Pw M A
H = Humidity (kg liq/kg dry air)! (!H! !!H!w!)! =!!! (! ! !! !w!)! ( ( h!D! $! !#! A Wet-bulb! Temperature!
'! (! mC! !d! i! =! Ahq! !! Ad #!M!w!N! ! + Q! ! P w dt!
h!
Energy Balance:! Steady-State:!
Production!
(! ! C h!Ah! (! !!(!w!)! =! h!D!Ad M!w!(! !0!!!C!)!#! + Q!


Adiabatic saturation Temperature! Gas! Hs, (s! Liquid! (s! Make-up! (s!

Adiabatic saturation Temperature! (, H! Gas temperature! Gas! humidity! H s! (, H! Gas temperature! H s! Gas! humidity! (s! Liquid temperature! Time! Liquid temperature! Time! Fig. 13.3. Saturation of ! air with water!
Gas! H, (! (s! Liquid!
(s! Cpa + HCpw!
s! (!H! !! H!s!)!=!!! (! !!!(!s!)! ( #!

Fig. 13.2. Saturation of air ! with organic solvents!

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Mass Transfer!

After some time!

After Long Time!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

DAB! =! D!BA! =!D! ! D = Diffusion coefcient (m2/s)!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass transfer in a single phase!

4.10! 2.56! 1.59! 0.59!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass transfer in a single phase!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Another Equation of a Different kind ! is Required !!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

CB1! CA1! N!A! y1!

y2! y! D! '! N!A! =! (! ! 1! !! C! 2!)! C A! A! (! ! !! y! )! y 2! 1!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

2! CB2! N!A! CA2! y! y2!

D! C! t! (! ! 1! !! C! 2!)! C A! A! y!2! !! y! C! 1! Bm! with! C! =! Bm!

C! 2! !! C! 1! B! B! ln(! ! 2! /!C! 1!)! C B! B!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

! Evaporation of a liquid into an inert gas! (inert: non-condensable, insoluble)!N!'!B! = 0!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

y! 0! x! 1.0! dC! '! x!B!N!A! =! D! B! dy!

Mass transfer in a single phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase ( Binary mixtures ) !

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase ( Binary mixtures )!

" 1 ! x A2 (1 ! f) % D Ct ln # & (y2 ! y1) (1 ! f) $ 1! xA1 (1! f ) '

Interphase Mass Transfer!

D2! L2! Phase 2!

Interphase Mass Transfer!

Interphase Mass Transfer!

Fictitious driving! forces!

(CAo1 - CAe1)! CAe2! CA2!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Interphase Mass Transfer!

Empirical relationships, j-factors!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Empirical relationships, j-factors!

Interphase Mass Transfer!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Empirical relationships, jh-factor!

Nu = 0.023 Re! Pr! ! 0.8! 0.33!

Nu h = = 0.023Re#0.2 Pr #0.67 RePr "uCp

Chilton and Colburn!

jh = St Pr 0.67 = 0.023Re"0.2 # $ (9.62)!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!