Paper ID: 258 1

Abstract In this work, it is reported that STATCOM/BESS

(Battery Energy Storage System) topology can significantly
decrease voltage and power fluctuations of grid connected fixed
speed wind generators. One major problem in wind generator
output power smoothing is setting of the reference output power.
Constant output power reference is not a good choice because
there can be some cases where wind speed is very low and then
sufficient power cannot be obtained. In that case, energy storage
device can solve the problem but large energy capacity may be
needed. This paper proposes exponential moving average (EMA)
to generate the reference output power, and thus the energy
capacity of BESS unit can be small. The objective of the proposed
STATCOM/BESS topology is to smooth the wind farm output by
absorbing or providing real power. Moreover, its reactive power
output can also be controlled to keep the wind farm terminal
voltage constant. Control methodology of STATCOM/BESS
topology suitable for the two objectives stated above is developed
in this paper. Real wind speed data is used in the simulation
analyses, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategy. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed
STATCOM/BESS unit can smooth well the wind generator output
power and also maintain the terminal voltage at rated level.
Index Termsenergy storage system (ESS), exponential
moving average (EMA), STATCOM/BESS, voltage source
converter (VSC), wind generator.
I. INTRODUCTION
OLTAGE or current source inverter based flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS) devices such as static var
compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), solid state
transfer switch (SSTS) and unified power flow controller
(UPFC) have been used for flexible power flow control, secure
loading and damping of power system oscillation [1-3]. But
FACTS/ESS, i.e., FACTS with energy storage system (ESS)
have recently emerged as more promising devices for power
system applications [4]. This work focuses on STATCOM with
battery energy storage system (BESS), i.e., STATCOM/BESS
topology for wind power application.
Manuscript received December 1, 2006.
The authors are all with the Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Department, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-Cho, Kitami, Hokkaido,
090-8507, Japan (e-mail: muyeen@pullout.elec.kitami-it.ac.jp).
Some authors have reported valuable studies on STATCOM
connected with wind turbine generator system (WTGS) [5-8].
In [5], steady state reactive power control and islanding
performance of induction generator are discussed. Flicker
mitigation of wind generator by using STATCOM is discussed
in [6]. In [7], it is reported that STATCOM can recover
terminal voltage of wound rotor induction generator after a
fault clearance. In our previous work [8], steady state
characteristic and transient stability of fixed speed WTGS
connected to a grid were discussed with applying a three-level
VSC based STATCOM. The traditional STATCOM only
works in leading and lagging operating mode. Therefore, its
application is limited to reactive power support in power
system. As wind is an intermittent and stochastic in nature,
resulting wind generator output power fluctuation cannot be
smoothed by using STATCOM, because it has no active power
control ability. One solution is to incorporate BESS with
STATCOM (STATCOM/BESS), which has both real and
reactive power control ability as reported in [4,9-11].
STATCOM/BESS unit can also be applied to load leveling,
peak saving, sub-synchronous oscillations, transient and
dynamic stability enhancement, etc. The dc link capacitor value
can be reduced enormously in STATCOM/BESS topology
compared to STATCOM unit. Only a small capacitor is
sufficient enough to smooth the battery dc current [11]. This is
a notable feature of integrating energy storage system (ESS)
with STATCOM. In the previous works, [4,9-11],
STATCOM/BESS topology was not used for wind power
application. In the other study [12-13] about battery energy
storage system, it is not shown how to determine the reference
output power for smoothing randomly fluctuating wind power.
In this work, it is reported that STATCOM/BESS topology
can significantly decrease the voltage and output power
fluctuations of grid connected fixed speed wind generator. One
major problem of wind generator output power smoothing is
setting of the reference output power. Constant output power
reference is not a good choice because there can be some cases
where wind speed is very low and then sufficient power cannot
be obtained. In that case, ESS device can solve the problem but
large energy capacity may be needed. This paper proposes
exponential moving average (EMA) to generate the reference
Wind Generator Output Power Smoothing and
Terminal Voltage Regulation by Using
STATCOM/ESS
S. M. Muyeen, Student Member, IEEE, M. H. Ali, Member, IEEE, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, and
J. Tamura, Member, IEEE
V
1232 978-1-4244-2190-9/07/$25.00 2007 IEEE PowerTech 2007
Paper ID: 258 2
output power, and thus the energy capacity of BESS unit can be
small. The objective of the proposed STATCOM/BESS
topology is to smooth the wind farm output by absorbing or
providing real power. Moreover, its reactive power output can
also be controlled to keep the wind farm terminal voltage
constant. Simulation results clearly show that our proposed
STATCOM/BESS unit can smooth well the wind generator
output power and also maintain the terminal voltage at rated
level.
II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Though wind power is considered as a very prospective
energy source due to its clean and economical characteristics,
output power fluctuation due to randomly varying wind speed
is still a serious problem for wind turbine manufacturers and
power grid companies, especially in the case of fixed speed
wind generators. Induction generators are used, in general, as
fixed speed wind generator due to their superior characteristics
such as brushless and rugged construction, maintenance and
operational simplicity, and low cost. Therefore, many
researches have been performed for smoothing output power
generated from fixed speed wind generators. In [14], a flywheel
energy storage system is proposed to smooth the wind power
fluctuations. Some authors have proposed superconducting
magnetic energy storage (SMES) system for smoothing the
wind power fluctuations [15]. In [16], an energy capacitor
system (ECS), which consists of power electronic devices and
electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), is proposed to smooth
wind farm output. But a flywheel system has, in general, high
standby loss within the range of 5% of its power rating.
Moreover, the control scheme of flywheel system is
comparatively complex. Though SMES and ECS are very good
systems for the power smoothing due to their high response
speed and high efficiency, their practical installation in large
MW range applications is doubtful due to their large
installation and maintenance cost. On the other hand, BESS is a
proven technology in power system applications due to its low
cost, easy replacement technique, despite of some limitation
due to its chemical process. The service life of BESS has been
prolonged recently with the innovation of chemical industry.
When the BESS is integrated with STATCOM, it gives
excellent control ability of both real and reactive power.
Therefore, STATCOM/BESS topology is chosen in this study
for smoothing output power and terminal voltage of fixed speed
wind generator from the viewpoint of its cost and performance
effectiveness.
III. WIND TURBINE MODELING
Mathematical relation for the mechanical power extraction
from the wind can be expressed as follows [17]:
Where, P
w
is extracted power from the wind, is the air density
[kg/m
3
], R is blade radius [m], V
w
is the wind speed [m/s] and
C
p
is the power coefficient which is a function of both tip speed
ratio, , and blade pitch angle, | [deg]. In this work, the Cp
equation as shown below has been taken from [18].
Where, e
B
is rotational speed [rad/s]. The Cp- curves are
shown in Fig. 1 for different values of |.
In this study, the conventional pitch controller shown in Fig.
2 is used. The purpose of using pitch controller is to maintain
the output power of wind generator at rated level by controlling
the blade pitch angle of turbine blade when wind speed is over
the rated speed. The pitch servo is modeled with a first order
delay system with a time constant, T
d
, of 5.0 sec. Because the
pitch actuation system cannot, in general, respond instantly, a
rate limiter with the value of 10

/s is added.
IV. MODEL SYSTEM
Fig. 3 shows a model system used for the simulation analyses.
One synchronous generator (SG) and one induction generator
(1) ) , (
P
C
3
w
V
2
R 0.5
w
P | t =
(2A)
B
w
V
e
=
(2B)
0.17
5.6)e
2
0.022 (
2
1
p
C

| =
Fig. 1. CP- curves for different pitch angles
0 4 8 12 16 20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
C
p
MOD2 Wind Turbine
in degree |
|=0
|=6
|=12
|=18
|=24

Fig. 2. Pitch controller

1
1+ T
d
s
10
0
/s |
0
90
1.0
PIG
+

e
Kp=75
T
i
=0.3
PI Controller
Fig. 3. Model system
C
bus
V=1
50Hz ,100MVA BASE
P= 0.5
P=1.0
V=1.03
0.04+j0.2
0.04+j0.2
j0.1
j0.1
j0.2
V= 1.0
SG
IG
0
.
0
5
+
j
0
.
3

CB
11/66KV
0.69/66KV
C
Coupling
Transformer
STATCOM/BESS
K
66/2.0KV
j0.2
PWF
P
L
1233
Paper ID: 258 3
(IG) are connected to an infinite bus through transformers and
transmission lines respectively. A capacitor bank, C, has been
used for reactive power compensation of IG at steady state. The
value of capacitor C is chosen so that power factor of the wind
power station during the rated operation becomes unity [8]. The
AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) and GOV (Governor)
control system models shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively
are used in the synchronous generator model. Generator
parameters are shown in Table I. The system base power is
100MVA. The STATCOM/BESS is connected to point K as
shown in Fig. 3.
TABLE I
GENERATOR PARAMETERS
SG IG
MVA 100 MVA 50
Ra (pu) 0.003 r1 (pu) 0.01
Xa (pu) 0.13 x1 (pu) 0.1
Xd (pu) 1.2 Xmu (pu) 3.5
Xq (pu) 0.7 r21 (pu) 0.035
Xd
'
(pu) 0.3 x21 (pu) 0.030
Xq
'
(pu) 0.22 r22 (pu) 0.014
Xd
''
(pu) 0.22 x22 (pu) 0.098
Xq
''
(pu) 0.25 H (sec) 1.5
Tdo
'
(sec) 5.0
Tdo
''
(sec) 0.04
Tqo
''
(sec) 0.05
H (sec) 2.5
V. STATCOM/BESS TOPOLOGY
Two-level VSC based STATCOM is shown inside the doted
line in Fig. 6, which has only an ability to control the reactive
power output. Therefore, in this paper BESS is incorporated
with STATCOM, resulting in abilities of both real and reactive
power control. The schematic diagram of STATCOM/BESS
topology is shown in Fig. 6. In the traditional STATCOM the
DC-link capacitor is extremely large, whereas in
STATCOM/BESS topology small capacitor with only a few
hundred F range can be used to smooth the DC current [11].
The power rating of STATCOM/BESS has been determined
as 50MVA/50MW. In this study, DC voltage source is used for
BESS modeling [9]. BESS voltage has been determined as
3.2kV, which can be obtained by lumping 266 batteries of 12V
each into one string. The current rating of one battery string is
set to 4 KA, where each individual battery has 15A current
rating. One battery string has 12.5 MVA power rating.
Therefore, in this study, 4 battery string is connected in parallel
to obtain 50MW capacity of the BESS unit. Battery model is
simulated by using the laboratory system built in package
software PSCAD/EMTDC [19].
The well-known vector control scheme shown in Fig.7 is
used as the control strategy of STATCOM/BESS topology. In
this work, aggregated model of wind farm is considered, where
a large wind generator represents multiple wind generators.
First, the wind turbine captured power, P
WT
, is calculated from
(1). Then 180 sec (60 periods, each of 3 sec) exponential
moving average (EMA) of wind turbine captured power,
P
WT
EMA
, is calculated. The formula for an exponential moving
average is shown below [20].
EMA(C)=[(C-P)K]+P (3)
Where,
C= current value
P= previous periods EMA
K= weighting factor.
For a period-based EMA, "K" is equal to 2 / (1 + N), where N is
the specified number of periods. For example, a 10-period
EMA's weighting factor is calculated like this:
2/(1+10)=0.1818.
For the very first period EMA calculation, average value is
used [20]. The value of P
WT
EMA
is kept between 0 and 1.0. This
P
WT
EMA
is chosen as the reference of the line power, P
L
REF
,
shown in Fig.7. The STATCOM/BESS unit will supply/absorb
the necessary/surplus real power according to the real power
reference, P
b
*
, of STATCOM/BESS unit as shown in Fig. 7.
When wind speed is over the rated speed, the conventional
pitch controller will maintain the wind generator output at rated
level by changing the turbine blade pitch angle.
The VSC of STATCOM/BESS converts the dc voltage
across the storage device into a set of three-phase ac output
voltages. These voltages are in phase and coupled with the ac
system through the impedance of the coupling transformer. The
dq quantities and three-phase electrical quantities are related to
each other by reference frame transformation. The angle of the
V
dc
Cdc
Voltage Source Converter
Pb
a
b
c
S
3
S
2
S
1
S6 S
4
S5
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of STATCOM/BESS topology
+

BESS
Fig. 4. AVR Model.
V
SG
+
-
+
4.0
-4.0
1+0.5S
25
E
fd0
V
SG0
E
fd
Fig. 5. GOV Model.
e
m
1+2.0S
e
m0
+
1.05
0.0
T
m0
-
+ 20
T
m
1234
Paper ID: 258 4
transformation is detected from the three phase voltages
(v
a
,v
b
,v
c
) at connection point of STATCOM/BESS (point K in
Fig. 3) by using phase locked loop (PLL). Suitable adjustment
of phase and magnitude of the VSC output voltages allows
effective control of power exchange between the STATCOM/
BESS and the ac system. In this paper, STATCOM/BESS is
controlled also to regulate the wind farm terminal voltage.
Therefore, the aim of the control is to maintain the magnitude
of voltage at the wind farm terminal (point K in Fig. 3) to be
constant, resulting also constant wind generator terminal
voltage. In the vector control scheme, the three-phase reference
signals are compared with the triangular carrier wave signal in
order to generate the switching signals for the IGBT switched
VSC. High switching frequencies can be used to improve the
efficiency of the converter without incurring significant
switching losses. In the simulation analyses, the switching
frequency is chosen 1000Hz. The snubber circuit resistance and
capacitance values of the IGBT devices shown in Fig. 6 are
5000 O and 0.05 F respectively. The DC link voltage is
3.2kV. The STATCOM/BESS is coupled to the 66KV line
through a single step down transformer (66KV/2.0kV) with
0.2p.u leakage reactance (base value 100MVA). The
parameters of the PI controllers used in Fig. 7 are shown in
Table II.
TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF PI CONTROLLERS
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
Real wind speed data shown in Fig. 8, which was obtained in
Hokkaido Island, Japan, is used in the simulation. The time step
and simulation time have been chosen 0.00005sec and 600sec
respectively. The simulations have been done by using
PSCAD/EMTDC [19]. Two cases are considered to show the
effectiveness of STATCOM/BESS topology for output power
and terminal voltage smoothing.
Case-1: Conventional Pitch Controller without STATCOM/
BESS Topology
In this case, the conventional pitch controller is used to control
the IG output power at rated level when the wind speed is above
the rated speed. Fig.9 and Fig.10 show the real power and
terminal voltage responses of induction generator with using
only the conventional pitch controller. It is seen that the
conventional pitch controller cannot smooth well the wind
generator output power and terminal voltage of induction
generator.
PI-1 PI-2 PI-3 PI-4
Kp 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1
Ti 0.02 0.002 0.02 0.002
Fig. 8. Real wind speed
- 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
- 1 8 0
W
i
n
d

S
p
e
e
d

[
m
/
s
]
T i m e [ s e c ]
Fig. 9. Real power of IG with only conventional pitch controller
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
0 . 0
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
I
G

R
e
a
l

P
o
w
e
r
[
p
u
]
T i m e [ s e c ]
IG R e a l P o w e r
C o n v e n t i o n a l P i t c h C o n t r o l l e r R e f e r e n c e P o w e r
Wind Farm
Connection
Point,K
PI-1
P
*
b
PI-2
2/3
VSC
PLL
ue
3/2
Pb
Ia,b,c
Va,b,c
I
*
d
V
*
a,b,c
V
*
q
+
+

V
*
t
Vt
+

PWF
PL
REF
+

Id
PI-3 PI-4
+

Iq
I
*
q
0.04
1+0.002s
1+0.001s
0.04
1+0.002s
1+0.001s
V
*
d
Pb
Carrier Wave
Fig. 7. Control block diagram of STATCOM/BESS topology
1235
Paper ID: 258 5
Case-2: Conventional Pitch Controller with STATCOM/BESS
Topology
In this case, the effectiveness of the control strategy of
STATCOM/BESS is demonstrated. Fig.11 shows the IG output
power and reference line power responses in the case
STATCOM/ BESS is connected to point K in Fig. 3. In Fig.12,
responses of the line power, P
L
, and the real power of
STATCOM/BESS unit are shown together. It is clear that
STATCOM/BESS can smooth the line power well according to
the reference line power. The wind turbine blade pitch angle
response is shown in Fig. 13. The conventional pitch controller
works only when wind speed is over the rated speed. In Fig. 14,
the terminal voltage response of induction generator is
presented when STATCOM/BESS is used. The STATCOM/
BESS can provide necessary reactive power to maintain the
constant voltage at wind generator terminal as shown in Fig.
15.
Fig. 10. Terminal voltage of IG with only conventional pitch controller
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
0 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
W i t h O n l y C o n v e n t i o n a l P i t c h C o n t r o l l e r
I
G

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
p
u
]
T i m e [ s e c ]
Fig. 11. Real power of IG and reference line power with STATCOM/BESS
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
0 . 0
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
I
G

R
e
a
l

&

R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

L
i
n
e

P
o
w
e
r
[
p
u
]
T i m e [ s e c ]
IG R e a l P o w e r
R e f e r e n c e L i n e P o w e r , P
L IN E
R E F
Fig. 13. Blade pitch angle of wind turbine
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
T
u
r
b
i
n
e

B
l
a
d
e

P
i
t
c
h

A
n
g
l
e
[
d
e
g
]
T i m e [ s e c ]
Fig. 14. Terminal voltage of IG with STATCOM/BESS
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
0 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
I
G

T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
p
u
]
T i m e [ s e c ]
W i t h S T A T C O M / B E S S
Fig. 12. Real power of Line and STATCOM/BESS
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
- 0 . 2
- 0 . 1
0 . 0
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
L
i
n
e

&

S
T
A
T
C
O
M
/
B
E
S
S

P
o
w
e
r
[
p
u
]
T i m e [ s e c ]
L i n e P o w e r
S T A T C O M / B E S S R e a l P o w e r

Fig. 16. Frequency spectrum of line power

Fig. 15. Reactive power of STATCOM/BESS
1236
Paper ID: 258 6
Finally, the smoothing effect of wind farm line power with
and without considering STATCOM/BESS can also be
understood clearly from the frequency spectrum of the line
power as shown in Fig.16.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this study, the control scheme of STATCOM/BESS
topology for wind power application is presented. As wind is
fluctuating in nature, the output power and terminal voltage of
wind generator also fluctuate randomly. The proposed control
system can smooth the wind generator output power. Moreover,
it can also maintain constant voltage magnitude at wind farm
terminal. It is known that a battery has some drawback such as
shorter life cycle and low discharge rate due to chemical
reaction rates. But it has also some advantages such as low cost,
easy replacement, and enormously reduced dc-link capacitor
value when used as ESS. Therefore the STATCOM/BESS
topology may be cost and performance comparative with the
other energy storage systems such as superconducting
magnetic energy storage system (SMES), energy capacitor
system (ECS) or flywheel storage system. Finally, the
simulation results clearly show the suitability of the proposed
control system of STATCOM/BESS topology for wind power
application. In the future study, we will adopt multi-level
inverter model for STATCOM/BESS topology and analyze
also the transient stability of wind turbine generator system,
where multi-mass drive train model will be considered.
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Wind Generator Output Power Smoothing by Using Pitch Controller,
The 2006 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
(ICEMS 2006), Session No. DS2F3-04, Ref. No. 00076, Nagasaki, Japan,
Nov 20-23, 2006.
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