HEAT SENSORE COOLING SYSTEM

Sakina Ali (5446) Devaki Dikshit (5456) Soumyadeep Ghoshal (5463) Anirudh Unni (5505) Nirmal Topiwala (5504) Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering
Fr. Agnel Ashram, Bandstand, Bandra (W), Mumbai 400050.

AbstractOften the need arises to design a system which turns on by it self automatically, also we require a system which cools it self by consuming less power. These requirements can be met using this circuit called heat sensor cooling system. Normally, there are times when atmospheric changes force the temperature variation in the surrounding of the system. e.g car radiators, computers, AC, high speed/load machines like DC motors etc. The detection of heat is done using sensor diode/ thermistor which provides suitable biasing to the transistor and IC to activate and deactivate the cooling system (here fan).

II.

DESIGN

The circuit has the following components: Resistances: 1k 10k 100k 220 100k R2 R6 R3 R1 R4 R5 VR1

Index Terms Amplifiers, Capacitors, Diode, Resistors, Transistor, Variable Resistor,, Zener diode.

Capacitors: 10F, 16V C1

I.

INTRODUCTION Miscellaneous: Zener Diode 10 V/ 400 mW Sensor Diode IN 4148 Diodes IN4001 Battery 12V IC 741 Transistor BD 140 Z1 D1 D2

This circuit describes the use of operational amplifier and a very common diode IN 4148 used in such a way that it can sense the variation in the temperature in the ambient or environment. If the temperature increases the predefined value set by the preset, than it starts fan for cooling unless the temperature is again well below the value. This low cost circuit is very useful for automatic cooling control in any application.

IC1 T1

Fan

12 V

fig1. Schematic of control circuit

A. IC 741 The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers. It is intended for a wide range of analog applications. The high gain and wide range of operating voltage provide superior performance in integrator, summing amplifier, and general feedback applications. The 741 is a high performance monolithic operational amplifier. It is intended for a void range of analog applications. It can be used in two different modes. 1. Inverting amplifier 2. Non-inverting amplifier 3. Voltage comparator

Excellent temperature stability Internal frequency compensation High Input voltage range Null of offset

B. IN 4001

8-DIP

8-SOP
fig2. Pin configuration for IC 741

Features:
Short circuit protection

fig3. dimensions of In 4001

The IN 4001 series is used as rectifier. The number refers to the number of junctions in the device. This diode forms a zero current crossing and The IN4001 diode protects the bias supply from transients.

Features
Low forward voltage drop. High surge current capability. Low cost construction. Diffused junction. Low reverse leakage.
fig5. Real photograph of IN 4148

FEATURES Small glass structure ensures high reliability Fast switching Low leakage

C. IN 4148 It has been established that the 1N4148 diode is able to operate as a temperature sensor in the range 0 C to 160 C. The steady state response and the dynamic response of the diode are used to support this statement. A digital thermometer was then designed using the 1N4148 diode as the sensor. The thermal time constant of the diode was found to be 390 ms.

High temperature soldering guaranteed: 250oC/10S/9.5mm lead length at 5 lbs tension

D. BD 140 PNP power transistor is a TO-126; SOT32 plastic package. NPN complements: BD135, BD137 and BD139. It is silicon epitaxial planer PNP transistor , designed for use as audio amplifiers and drivers utilizing complementary or quasi complementary circuits. The complementary NPN types are the BD135/BD137/BD139.

fig6. Simplified outline and symbol

fig4. Dimensions

FEATURES
High current (max. 1.5 A) Low voltage (max. 80 V).

of circuit drawing and PCB implementation.

APPLICATIONS
General purpose power applications, e.g. driver stages in hi-fi amplifiers and television circuits.

III.

WORKING

The figure shows the connection diagram of 741 voltage comparator mode. The sensor diode is connected across the inverting and non-inverting terminals of the op-amp. The R1 limits the current and the voltage to the reference voltage for the comparison. The preset/pot of 100k is used for the adjusting the sensitivity of the diode sensor. The resistor R4 is used as a negative feedback between the output and the input such that it limits the output within range. When sensor diode D1 senses heat, it produces change in voltage which is amplified by IC which acts as a comparator and switches on transistor T1 which controls the fan of 12V supply. The temperature at which fan switches on can be adjusted via VR1 100k. The power supply of the circuit is 12V DC

fig7. PCB design

In order to make the PCB the following steps were then followed: Steps for making developer: First, 3 trays were taken and 11/2 glass of water was poured in each tray. In the 1st tray two table spoons of Piolith powder containing A and B label bags were mixed with water. This is A+B Developer. The 2nd tray was filled with plain water. In the 3rd tray, two table spoons of AGIFIX liquid was mixed with water. The resulting solution is called the Film Fixer. Steps for making the film: The lights were then switched off and the lithe sheet was cut in proper shape. The transparency sheet with the layout of the PCB was placed along with the lithe film in the Film Maker. Proper care was taken to ensure that the film maker was closed properly. The RED button was then pressed for 10 seconds. After which the lithe sheet was dipped in A+B developer and was slowly moved in the solution till the film was developed. Once the film was developed, it was dipped in the 2nd tray with plain water and then in the 3rd tray with film fixer.

IV.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. Verification on bread board After the circuit was designed, the various parts of the circuit were taken on a breadboard and implemented to check the various practical parameter changes required in the circuit. Some of the changes in the circuit that were required were noted and the circuit was redesigned with those changes. B. PCB designing and Etching the circuit board When the circuit was designed, it was converted into electronic form by using PCB wizard, for the purpose

determined to get proper potential divider biasing of the transistor T1 for the alarm to properly function. After developing the PCB, and dipping it in the dye, when we washed it with water, the dye was not coming out from the area around the tracks. Therefore, the PCB had to be redeveloped. While soldering the leads, the solder material would not hold properly. So we polished the leads with blade to get rid of rust on them. We used flux while soldering. The LDRs on the PCB were not providing sufficient resistance (4megaohm) in darkness condition and thus had to be replaced to get desired resistance (8megaohm).
fig8. Negative of PCB

VI.
Steps for making the PCB: The PCB was cut in proper shape by using cutting machine and cleaned with a scrubber. It was then dipped in photo resist liquid, in the absence of light. Next, the PCB was put in the oven at 45oC to 50oC for 3 min. It was later placed in the Ultra Violet Exploder. Since the PCB is single sided, it was placed between a paper & the lithe sheet. The PCB was placed in the developer for 1.15 min, then washed and dipped in the dye and washed again. After which the PCB was dipped in the Photo Etching Machine for 6 min. After etching the PCB it was rubbed with a scrubber. The drilling and tinning process were then carried out. The PCB was then ready to assemble the components. C. Soldering All the components were properly soldered with the help of a soldering iron and wire. A fine tip soldering iron was used for neater and better solder joint.

INSTALLATION

The circuit can be easily assembled on a generalpurpose PCB. Enclose it in a good-quality plastic case with provisions for LDR and LED. Use a reflective holder for white LED to get a spotlight effect for reading. Place LDRs away from the white LED, preferably on the backside of the case, to avoid unnecessary illumination. The speaker should be small so as to make the gadget compact

VII.

RESULT

The volume of the alarm increased with increase in light intensity whereas the night lamp gave light which grew brighter with reduction in external light and switched off with increase in external light. Hence, the automatic night lamp and morning alarm circuit was successfully constructed.

VIII. V.
TROUBLESHOOTING

CONCLUSION

Assembly on the bread board did not involve much troubleshooting. The resistance R5 in the circuit had to be varied and experimentally

The circuit can be used by students to study in the night using the night lamp without the use of tube lights which may disturb other people. It also provides an alarm for the students to wake up on time in the morning. It can be used similarly by

professionals on a daily basis. Since the circuit has a backup battery supply, circuit is functional even in the case of power cuts. Also, the battery can be recharged when ac mains supply is available.

IX.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to thank Prof. Ranjushree Pal and Mr. Rumao for their support and guidance throughout this project which ensured its success. The author would also wish to thank Mrs. Shravani and Sayed Sir for their assistance in PCB making.

X.

REFERENCES

[1]http://www.reuk.co.uk/Light-DependentResistor.htm [2] http://www.circuitstoday.com [3] iopscience.iop.org [4] http ://www.fairchild.com/datasheets [5] http://www.sse-diode.com