DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE OZONE GENERATION AND HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRO-VORTEX WATER TREATMENT

by Boris Petrovic NOOSPHERE BRAZIL TESLA OZONE CENTER The living water
Aqua Vivens (Living Water water of life) is a term which is seldom fully understood in Western healing modalities today. It refers to the most important substance for life on this planet, but most people understand water to be the lifeless chemical composition H2O. This is wrong because water is a living energy. Few people give much thought to where used water goes and even fewer people give any conscious consideration to the fact that nowadays much of our drinking water is recycled. Research investigation into the microstructure and memory capability of water to store a very wide spectrum of vibrational imprinting lets us see photographically just how damaged chemically treated water is. The water they intend to recycle is dead and toxic, without life force. Maybe water authorities are not aware that water is a living energy and supply only dead water to their customers. The systems and methods of orthodox water management, the construction of artificial straight water courses and chemical treatments combine to lessen the energy in water. Compulsory fluoridation, chlorine, acid rain contamination, high levels of agricultural pesticides, nitrates, fertilisers, lead and trihalomethanes turn this dead water into a highly toxic cocktail. These effects have killed or turned off the life force in water. This happens because water is a living energy and when poisoned with chemicals, the life force leaves.

Viktor Shauberger and Water Vortex Technology

Viktor was born on 30th June 1885 in Austria into a family who had been foresters for over 400 years. Viktor was happy to continue his family tradition as a forest warden like my father, grandfather, great grandfather and his father before him. From this background, Viktor learnt to trust his observations and intuitive awareness, as had his father and grandfather. He learnt from them that water in shaded mountain areas produced plants and vegetation at their richest, and that fields irrigated by water transported to them at night yielded greater harvests than neighbouring meadows and fields. From his research in adult life Viktor was able to explain the significance of waters properties and he devised various methods for maintaining water at its optimum level of purity and vitality. This was because he understood water as a living energy.

Water vortex generation Viktor Shauberger began to perceive water as the lifeblood of the earth and surmised that it must be allowed to follow its own course to keep its energy. He saw that a natural water course is shaped by winding curves and shaded banks to protect itself from direct sunlight and that its low temperature and natural flow were the conditions necessary for water to preserve its supportive and carrying strength, or its energy. He concluded that continued world wide deforestation had a drastic effect upon the availability of good drinking water and today, we see the effects as frequent landslides and flooding. His main truth about water is that it is a living energy. The truth today is that almost all water consumed in our civilised world is not good for you because it has no life force and has been damaged by chemicals. Only water that has been naturally filtered by percolation deep into the earth, maybe 8 or 10,000 feet, heated under pressure to super steam at the mantle and re-imprinted by the clays, gravels and minerals that it passes by on its way to the surface at 4 C is fully mature and full of light. Viktor designed and patented many amazing subtle energy devices, including a vortex implosion energiser machine for restoring the life force to

water. This is what makes this work so important water can be resuscitated and brought back to full life using vortex circulation and resonance.

Ozonation in Water Treatment

Ozone was first used in water treatment in the late 1800s and ozone is more widely used in Europe and Asia then the United States. Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three oxygen atoms, the gas will readily degrade back to oxygen, and during this transition a free oxygen atom, or free radical is form. The free oxygen radical is highly reactive and short lived, under normal conditions it will only survive for milliseconds. Ozone is a colorless gas that has an odor similar to smell of the air after a major thunderstorm. Ozone has greater disinfection effectiveness against bacteria and viruses compared to chlorination. In addition, the oxidizing properties can also reduce the concentration of iron, manganese, sulfur and reduce or eliminate taste and odor problems. Ozone oxides the iron, manganese, and sulfur in the water to form insoluble metal oxides or elemental sulfur. These insoluble particles are then removed by post-filtration. Organic particles and chemicals will be eliminated through either coagulation or chemical oxidation. Ozone is unstable, and it will degrade over a time frame ranging from a few seconds to 30 minutes. The rate of degradation is a function of water chemistry, pH and water temperature.

Ozonation Process
The formation of oxygen into ozone occurs with the use of energy. This process is carried out by an electric discharge field as in the CD-type ozone generators (corona discharge simulation of the lightning), or by ultraviolet radiation as in UVtype ozone generators. In addition to these commercial methods, ozone may also be made through electrolytic and chemical reactions. In general, an ozonation system includes passing dry, clean air through a high voltage electric discharge,

i.e., corona discharge, which creates and ozone concentration of approximately 1% or 10,000 mg/L. In treating small quantities of waste, the UV ozonators are the most common, while large-scale systems use either corona discharge or other bulk ozone-producing methods. The raw water is then passed through a venturi throat which creates a vacuum and pulls the ozone gas into the water or the air is then bubbled up through the water being treated. Since the ozone will react with metals to create insoluble metal oxides, post filtration is required.

Primary Advantages to Ozone

1. Ozone is effect over a wide pH range and rapidly reacts with bacteria, viruses, and protozoans and has stronger germicidal properties then chlorination. Has a very strong oxidizing power with a short reaction time. 2. The treatment process does not add chemicals to the water. 3. Ozone can eliminate a wide variety of inorganic, organic and microbiological problems and taste and odor problems. The microbiological agents include bacteria, viruses, and protozons (such as: Giardia and Cryptosporidium).

Disadvantages to Ozone
1. There is a higher equipment and operational cost and it may be more difficult to find professional proficient in ozone treatment and system maintenance. 2. Ozonation provides no germicidal or disinfection residual to inhibit or prevent regrowth. 3. System may require pretreatment for hardness reduction or the additional of polyphosphate to prevent formation of carbonate scale. 4.Ozone is less soluble in water, compared to chlorine, and therefore special mixing techniques, like vortex energizing are needed.

Ozone Generation
Ozone generator is the most effective solution for water purification and food sterilization. Ozone generator products are being used with great success for breaking down contaminations in water, removing harmful pesticides, bacteria, and chemicals found on most fruits and vegetable as well as removing residual antibiotic and hormone in meats. Ozone often forms in nature under conditions where O2 will not react. Ozone used in industry is measured in g/Nm or weight percent. The regime of applied concentrations ranges from 1 to 5 weight percent in air and from 6 to 13 weight percent in oxygen.

Corona discharge method of generating Ozone

This is the most popular type of ozone generator for most industrial and personal uses. While variations of the "hot spark" coronal discharge method of ozone production exist, including medical grade and industrial grade ozone generators, these units usually work by means of a corona discharge tube. This kind of ozone generators are typically very cost-effective, and do not require an oxygen source other than the ambient air. However, they also produce nitrogen oxides as a by-product. Use of an air dryer can reduce or eliminate nitric acid formation by removing water vapor and increase ozone production. Use of an oxygen concentrator can further increase the ozone production and further reduce the risk of nitric acid formation due to removing not only the water vapor, but also the bulk of the nitrogen.

Ultraviolet (UV) light method of generating Ozone

UV ozone generators employ a light source that generates the same narrowband ultraviolet light that is responsible for the sustenance of the ozone layer in the stratosphere of the Earth. While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive, they usually produce ozone with a concentration of about 2% or lower. Another disadvantage of this method is that it requires the air to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time, and any air that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated. This makes UV generators impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct air sterilization, for example).

Cold plasma method of generating Ozone

In the cold plasma method, pure oxygen gas is exposed to a plasma created by dielectric barrier discharge. The diatomic oxygen is split into single atoms, which then recombine in triplets to form ozone. Cold plasma machines utilize pure oxygen as the input source, and produce a maximum concentration of about 5% ozone. They produce far greater quantities of ozone in a given space of time compared to ultraviolet production. However, because cold plasma ozone generators are very expensive, and still require occasional maintenance, they are found less frequently than the previous two types. The discharges manifest as filamentary transfer of electrons (micro discharges) in a gap between two electrodes. In order to evenly distribute the micro discharges, a dielectric insulator must be used to separate the metallic electrodes and to prevent arcing. Some cold plasma units also have the capability of producing short-lived allotropes of oxygen which include O4, O5, O6, O7, etc. These anions are even more reactive than ordinary O3.

US PATENT 568177 Nikola Tesla Apparatus for producing Ozone Nikola Tesla was the greatest inventor the world has ever seen. His fertile brain produced the original designs for all of the electrical apparatus now used to transmit AC power, for motors, generators, lighting, radio, radar, etc. The information about Tesla's genius has finally been spreading in the last two decades, after decades of suppression. Less well known is Tesla's involvement with ozone. Nikola Tesla stated that oxygen is the only gas that will pick up and carry electrical energy. In doing so, it becomes tremendously active and seeks to combine with all other substances. The list of substances that are inert to ozone is a very short list, and includes glass, Teflon, Kynar, Viton, Lexan and silicone. Therefore any ozone generator and auxiliary equipment must be composed of these substances only. There are several different techniques used to produce medical grade ozone, where freedom from contamination is critical. One type of generator uses an ultraviolet lamp as its source. It produces a very small amount of ozone with a narrow frequency bandwidth of ultraviolet light. This method is suited to air purification, because in that bandwidth, UV only

reacts with oxygen, but it is too weak for medical purposes. Also, the UV lamp degrades over time and eventually burns out. The second method of ozone production is corona discharge, where a tube with a hot or cold cathode is surrounded by a metal anode. Sometimes it is called cold corona or silent discharge. The best ones are called dual dielectric, because they have a layer of glass separating each component from the gas stream. This prevents contamination of the ozone, but due to the current draw to the metal, they are prone to electrical arcing and burnout. In addition, corona discharge generators make a lot of heat and must have large cooling fans to prevent them from overheating. You can always tell a corona discharge generator by the large cooling fan. Lack of durability has always beset corona discharge ozone generators, and was a major reason for doctors mostly abandoning ozone therapy in the US during the Forties, in the face of increasing pressure from the FDA and the AMA. The manufacturers of these generators show that they know of their limitations by offering only three-year warranties. Fortunately, there is a third method of producing clean, medical grade ozone. That method is called cold plasma. It uses glass rods filled with noble gases, excited by high voltage. The voltage jumps between the rods, forming an electrostatic plasma field which turns the oxygen into ozone. Since there is no appreciable current, there is no arcing or burnout. Thus the generator will last a very long time, limited only by the quality of the transformer. The original cold plasma generators were invented by Nikola Tesla in the 1920s and they still work 80 years later. Many companies claim to have cold plasma generators, but examination always shows they use a metal anode, which makes them corona discharge, dependent on current, and prone to failure. COLD PLASMA OZONE GENERATION In 1896, Tesla was issued a patent for a corona discharge ozone generator using charged metal plates to act on ambient air. He formed the Tesla Ozone Co. in 1900 and went into production of these units. His customers were naturopaths and allopaths who welcomed this powerful therapy into their practices. Breathing of ozone bubbled through olive oil and other oils was widely practiced at this time, and the Sears catalog of 1904 offered a unit for this purpose using eucalyptus, pine and spearmint oils. Tesla produced a gel made by bubbling ozone through olive oil until it solidified, and sold it to doctors. One hundred years later, we are doing the same thing, with Nature's Gift ozonated olive oil. After a while, Tesla began to get complaints from some doctors that his ozone generators were burnt out. Tesla was upset by this, so he put on his thinking cap to invent a method of generating ozone that would be immune to failure. He realized that it was current flow to a hot spot on the metal anode that caused the short and the subsequent burnout, and reasoned that the way to achieve long life was to eliminate the current by eliminating the metal. That left him with

an electrostatic approach, which he was fully conversant with, featuring high voltage jumping a gap, with almost no current draw. To carry the electrostatic charge, he used inert gases in glass rods. This produced a cold plasma field which energized oxygen into ozone, and resulted in a generator that proved impervious to burnout. The unit used ambient air, and produced a small amount of ozone as it was waved over a recumbent patient, who breathed it in. Tesla farmed out production of these generators to a Canadian company. There are still some of these units from the 1920s which have been kept in use and are still working as air purifiers today, 80 years later. Tesla felt that this invention was of such importance to human health that he did not patent it; instead he donated it freely to all of mankind. Unfortunately, this meant that eventually the idea was lost, because there was no recorded patent to look up. THE PLASMAFIRE GLASS TUBE The Tesla ozone generator from the 1920s, operated on air, using pure oxygen as the source, producing the highest quality medical ozone generator available. Since then, over 3000 of these all-glass Plasmafire tubes have been sold, and none has ever failed. The advantage of this system is its inherent longevity and the absolute purity of the O2/O3 output stream. There are no metallics of any kind, therefore there is no possibility of contamination, or of the tubes shorting out. The tubes can run continuously without fan cooling, even when run 24 hours per day, which we do as we make ozonated olive oil. Many competitors claim to have all glass generators, but we are the only manufacturer of medical ozone generators with true cold plasma tubes. This technology tolerates an accidental entry of water into the tube without burning out. If this happens, simply run oxygen through the tube until it dries out. The cold plasma technique has its own idiosyncrasies, one of which is its maximum concentration (about 70 ug/cc). It is interesting to note that the strongest response by the immune system (the production of interleukin-2 and gamma interferon) occurs with ozone concentrations of 30 - 55 ug/cc (The Use of Ozone in Medicine - Rilling and Viebahn, 1987). Tesla's instinct about cold plasma being the best method of ozone production for medical use has now been verified in modern times.

What is a dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD)?

Dielectric-barrier discharges (DBDs) comprise a specific class of high-voltage, ac, gaseous discharges that typically operate in the near-atmospheric pressure range. Their defining feature is the presence of dielectric layers that make it impossible for charges generated in the gas to reach the conducting electrode surfaces. With each half-cycle of the driving oscillation, the voltage applied across the gas exceeds that required for breakdown, and the formation of narrow discharge filaments initiates the conduction of electrons toward the more positive electrode. As charge accumulates on the dielectric layer(s) at the end(s) of each filament, the voltage drop across the filament is reduced until it falls below the discharge-sustaining level, whereupon the discharge is extinguished. The low charge mobility on the dielectric not only contributes to this self-arresting of filaments but also limits the lateral region over which the gap voltage is diminished, thereby allowing parallel filaments to form in close proximity to one another. Thus, the entire gas-filled space between parallel electrodes can become, on average, uniformly covered by transient discharge filaments, each roughly 0.1 mm in diameter and lasting only about 10 ns.

Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Water Ozonisator

Ozone generation and dissolution in water

A coaxial Dielectric-Barrier-Discharge (DBD) as an ozonized water reactor system operates in the air at an atmospheric pressure. In the reactor one of the dielectric layers is flowing water. Ozone and ozonized water are generated in the same volume of the discharge. The ozone production and its dissolution in the water simultaneously occurs leading to increases of the reactor efficiency. Water flows up through a vertical hollow cylindrical electrode and flows down making thin dielectric film over the electrode. Filamentary 50 Hz DBD has been performed using up to 20 kV applied voltage. Filamentary discharge is generated in air within 4 mm gap between the dielectric and the water layer. The inner electrode is 400 mm length and 20 mm in diameter. A measured power, under such condition, using a method of Lissajous figures is found to be 7-9 W for the flow rates in the range of 200-500 ml/min. The obtained ozone

concentrations correspond to the values typically suggested for the treatment of potable and wastewater. The efficiency can be further increased by addition of small amount of the oxygen in the DBD device.

High voltage Ozone electrodes DBD matrix setup

Ozone electrodes

Ozone generating electrodes