Chemistry A Modern View: Exercise Book 1 Suggested Answers

Chemistry A Modern View
Exercise Book 1　Suggested answers
Contents
PART I INTRODUCING CHEMISTRY
Chapter 1 What is Chemistry? 2
Chapter 2 The fundamentals of chemistry 4
PART II PLANET EARTH

Chapter 3 The atmosphere 6
Chapter 4 Oceans 8
Chapter 5 Rocks and minerals 9
PART III THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD

Chapter 6 Atomic structure 10
Chapter 7 The Periodic Table 12
Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: Ionic bonding 14
Chapter 9 Chemical bonding: Covalent bonding 18
Chapter 10 Structures and properties 20
PART IV METALS
Chapter 11 Occurrence and extraction of metals 23
Chapter 12 Reactivity of metals 26
Chapter 13 Reacting masses 29
Chapter 14 Corrosion of metals and their protection 32
©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -1-

CHAPTER 1
What is Chemistry?
1. D
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. (a) Day and night alternate.

(b) There is full moon on the 15th day of every lunar month.
(c) In the Northern Hemisphere, it is hot during July and August but cold during December and
January.
(d) Grass is green.
(e) Water flows downhill.
(Other answers may be given.)
6. a. Volume of oxygen increases with increasing temperature.

b. Gas pressure also affects the volume of a gas. To study the effect of temperature on the volume
of a gas, we must keep other factors constant.
c. Repeat the experiment with other gases and see whether the pattern is still found.
7. a. (i) The light bulb is burnt out

(ii) The fuse is burnt out.
(iii) Someone else has switched off the light switch.
(iv) There is a breakdown of electricity supply in the area at that moment.
b. (i) Replace with a new light bulb.
(ii) Check the switch box − turn on the circuit breaker or replace with a new fuse.
(iii) Check (or turn on) the light switch.
(iv) Look out from the window − see whether there is also blackout in the nearby houses.
8. a. Observable change: perceived by eyes, hands, nose or ears;

Visible change: perceived by eyes only, thus it is only part of observable change
b. There is no visible change on mixing dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution − two
colourless solutions are mixed to give a colourless solution; but there is an observable change −
the resulting solution becomes warm. (Other examples may be given)

9. a. Theory
b. Scientific fact
c. Scientific fact
d. Law
CHAPTER 2
The fundamentals of chemistry
1. A
2. A
3. B
4. a. A, C
b. B, F
c. D, E
d. A, C
e. B, D, E, F
5. a. Mixture; Reason: water + salts

b. Mixture; Reason: nitrogen + oxygen + others
c. Element
d. Compound
e. Mixture; Reason: water + ethanol + others
f. Mixture; Reason: water + dyes
g. Compound
h. Mixture; Reason: water + sugar + carbon dioxide + others
6. a. E
b. A
c. F
d. C
e. D
f. B
7. a.
State Volume Shape
Gas Variable Variable
Liquid Fixed Variable
Solid Fixed Fixed
b. See textbook 1 p.30, fig 2.12

CHAPTER 3
The atmosphere

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. E
7. G
8. F
9. A
10. D
11. B
12. C
13. a. The atmosphere is a gaseous layer surrounding the Earth.

b. 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide
c. Fractional distillation
14. a. Air expands on heating and this would affect the accuracy of the readings. Thus volumes should
be taken at the same temperature (room temperature).
b. No, because there was a further reduction in volume of air after the second heating and cooling.
c. Yes, because the same reading was obtained after third heating and cooling.
d. 20 cm3
e. Nitrogen
f. 20%
g. It changed to copper(II) oxide which is black in colour.
copper + oxygen → copper(II) oxide
h. Heavier. Oxygen in air combined with copper to form copper(II) oxide thus made it heavier.

CHAPTER 4
Oceans
1. C

2. B
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. a. Sea water is led into a special enclosure which can be exposed to direct sunlight. Water
evaporates, leaving common salt behind.
b. Pure common salt can be obtained from sea water by filtration followed by crystallization.
9. a. Sand and mud. Filtration.

b. Use chlorine to sterilize the water.
c. It is cheaper to buy water from the Guangdong Province.
CHAPTER 5
Rocks and minerals
1. C
2. C

3. D
4. B
5. B
6. a. A : Calcium oxide (quicklime) B : Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater)

C : Calcium carbonate D : Calcium chloride
b. (i) When water is added to the white solid of calcium oxide, it turns into a white suspension of
calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), and gives out a lot of heat at the same time. After filtration,
a clear solution of calcium hydroxide (limewater) is formed.
calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide
(ii) The clear colourless solution turns milky when carbon dioxide is passing through it.
calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide → calcium carbonate + water
(limewater)
(iii) Effervescence occurs. The solid calcium carbonate dissolves to give a colourless solution.
calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
(iv) No observable change.
calcium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + water
7. (a) Ores
(b) Haematite
(c) After concentrating the haematite ore, the ore is heated with coke (carbon) to a high temperature
in a blast furnace.
iron(III) oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide
8. (a) Weathering of rocks is the slow process (usually over thousands of years) in which exposed
rocks are broken down into smaller pieces.
(b) See textbook 1, p. 94 − 95

CHAPTER 6
Atomic structure
1. D
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. (a) O, C, H, N, Ca
(b) Ca
14. (a) 1540°C.

(b) Bromine
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Helium
(e) 119 − 445°C
(f) (i) Iron

(ii) Helium
©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 - 10 -

(g) aluminium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, mercury, potassium, sodium, zinc
bromine, chlorine, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur
(h) Mercury, potassium, sodium, lead, zinc, magnesium, aluminium, copper, iron
(i) (I) chlorine, helium, nitrogen, oxygen
(II) bromine, mercury
(III) aluminium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulphur, zinc
15. 6 × 1013 g cm−3
16. (a) B, D, F, G
A, C
E, H(b)
(b)
(c) B, D, F, G
(d) B, C, G
(e) D
(f) A : bromine, the only liquid non-metal; C : mercury, the only liquid metal
17. (a) P and R

(b) Carbon
(c) P : carbon-13, R : carbon-12
13 11 12 13
(d) P: C6 Q: B R5: C S : N6 7
18. 24.3
19. (a) 40, mass number

(b) Potassium
20. (a) 82
(b) Lead
CHAPTER 7
The Periodic Table
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. D
5.
Element Electronic Atomic Period Group
arrangement number number number
A 2,6 8 2 VI
B 2,8,2 12 3 II
C 2,8,8,1 19 4 I
D 2,8 10 2 0
E 2,8,18,3 31 4 III
F 2,8,18,18,7 53 5 VII
6.
Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
2
3 A
Period
4 B
5 E
6 C D
7 F
7. (a) P : 3, Q : 5, R : 11, S : 14, T : 16, U : 20

(b) P : 2, 1; Q : 2, 3; R : 2, 8, 1; S : 2, 8, 4; T : 2, 8, 6; U : 2, 8, 8, 2
(c) P : I, Q : III, R : I, S : IV, T : VI, U : II
(d) P : metal, Q : semi-metal, R : metal, S: semi-metal, T : non-metal, U : meta
8. (a) 2
(b) They have the same number of outer shell electrons.
(c) Increase
(d) (i) Beryllium does not react with cold water.
(ii) Barium reacts vigorously with cold water to give hydrogen gas.

(e) Stored under oil.
10. (a) magnesium

(b) fluorine
(c) chlorine
(d) sodium
11. (a) magnesium, silicon, chlorine. Period 3.

(b) lithium, rubidium, caesium. Group I.
(c) iron, copper
(d) caesium
(e) fluorine
(f) silicon
(g) helium
(h) fluorine, chlorine, helium
(i) fluorine, chlorine
CHAPTER 8
Chemical bonding: Ionic bonding
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. sodium, calcium, platinum

magnesium sulphate, copper(II) chromate
iodine, oxygen, sugar, water
11. Orange colour migrates towards A.
12. No migration of colour.
13. Blue colour migrates towards B, yellow colour migrates towards A.
14.
Particle Atomic Mass no. Number of
number protons neutrons electrons

(a) Na atom 11 23 11 12 11
(b) P atom 15 31 15 16 15
(c) U atom 92 238 92 146 92
(d) S2− ion 16 32 16 16 18
(e) Cs+ ion 55 133 55 78 54
(f) Os atom 76 192 76 116 76
(g) Ba2+ ion 56 138 56 82 54
−
(h) Br ion 35 79 35 44 36
15. (a) Ar, Cl−, and K+

(b) Cl−, Br−
16. (a) E
(b) A, D
(c) A, D
(d) B
(e) C
17. (a) 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4

(b) 82
(c) Lead
18. (a) Group VI

(b) Semi-metal
(c) To gain 2 electrons
(d) 2−
(e) Se2−
19. (a)

Formulae Name
MnSO4 • 5H2O Manganese(II) sulphate-5-water
(NH4)2CO3 ammonium carbonate
AgNO3 silver nitrate
Fe(OH)3 iron(III) hydroxide
KMnO4 potassium permanganate
Na2SO3 sodium sulphite
CuSO4 • 5H2O copper(II) sulphate-5-water
FeCl3 • 6H2O iron(III) chloride-6-water
FeCl2 • 4H2O iron(II) chloride-4-water
Mg(HCO3)2 magnesium hydrogencarbonate
PbO lead(II) oxide
Na2SiO3 sodium silicate
(b)
Name Formulae
Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7
Silver oxide Ag2O
Copper(I) oxide Cu2O
Mercury(II) chloride HgCl2
Lead(IV) oxide PbO2
Sodium nitrite NaNO2
Aluminium oxide Al2O3
Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Zinc sulphide ZnS
Sodium hydrogensulphate NaHSO4
Chromium(III) chloride-6-water CrCl3 .• 6H2O20
20. (a) 3+
(b) 2−
(c) X : 2, 8, 3 Y : 2, 6
(d) X : aluminium, Y : oxygen; Al2O3

21. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

CHAPTER 9
Chemical bonding: Covalent bonding
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. (ii) (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
7. (a) Cl, C, Ar, Na

(b) Cl2, C, S8, Ar, Na, N≡N
(c) Mg2+, Cl−, S2−
(d) H−I, C2H6, CuSO4
(e) H−I, N≡N
8. (a) molecules
(b) atoms
(c) molecules
(d) ions
(e) atoms
(f) molecules
(g) atoms
(h) ions
9. (a) (i); (v)

(ii); (iii), (iv)
(ii); (iii)
(iv); (v)
(b) A : chloride ion; B : sodium ion; C : oxygen atom; D : hydrogen atom; E : neon atom
10. (a) Cu, Hg

(b) NaCl, NH4Cl
(c) NaCl, NH4Cl, H2SO4
(d) N2, H2SO4, CO
(e) H2SO4, CO
(f) N2, NH4Cl, H2SO4, CO
11 (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g)
12. (a) 1, 4, 6, 7
(b) P
(c) (i) P2R
(ii) PS
(iii) QR2
(iv) QS4
(d) (i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
CHAPTER 10
Structures and properties
1. D
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. (a) Sodium chloride consists of a giant ionic lattice of Na+ and Cl− ions. Strong ionic bonds have to be
overcome for it to melt. It thus has a high melting point.
(b) Carbon dioxide is a covalent compound with a simple molecular structure. By overcoming the
weak intermolecular forces, the discrete molecules can be easily separated. This accounts for the
low melting point and boiling point. Silicon(IV) oxide, however, is a covalent compound with a
giant covalent structure. The atoms are held in a giant network by strong covalent bonds. To melt
the solid, very many strong covalent bonds have to be broken. This requires a lot of heat energy.
This accounts for the high melting point.
(c) There are only weak van der Waals' forces between N2 molecules. Thus nitrogen has low melting
point and boiling point. Within each N2 molecule, the two nitrogen atoms are joined by strong
triple covalent bond. Therefore it is very difficult to break the molecule into atoms.
10. (a) E. Electrical conductor when solid and liquid.

(b) B, D. Non-conductors of electricity when solid, conductors when liquid. (Note: Not all ionic
compounds are soluble in water. In this case, D is insoluble in water.)
(c) They are not solids at room conditions. (Ionic compounds are all solids at room conditions.)
(d) A, C
(e) F
(f) B, D, E, F
(g) A, C

11.
Elements in the Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium
compound
and chlorine and hydrogen and fluorine
Formula of the MgCl2 PH3 KF
compound
Type of ionic covalent ionic
bonding
Type of giant ionic structure simple molecular giant ionic structure
structure
structure
Electrical when non-conductor non-conductor non-conductor
conductivity solid
when good conductor non-conductor good conductor
liquid
12. (a) P and S do not react

(b) PR; ionic bond
(c) QR4; covalent bonds within molecule; van der Waals' forces between molecules
(d) Q and S do not react
13. (a) D
(b) E
(c) D
(d) E
(e) A
(f) A
(g) B
14. (a) D
(b) C
(c) A
(d) B
(e) B
(f) C D

15. (a) KCl; SnCl4
(b) Giant ionic structure; it is a high-melting solid formed from metal and non-metal.
(c) Simple molecular structure; low m.p.
(d) No; no ions present.

CHAPTER 11
Occurrence and extraction of metals
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. D
16. D
17. B
18. D

19. B
20. A
21. D
22. (1) Overhead power cables: very good conductor of electricity, low density, ductile
(2) Saucepans: very good conductor of heat, non-poisonous, malleable, corrosion resistant
(3) Soft drink cans: non-poisonous, light, corrosion resistant, malleable
(4) Window frames: corrosion resistant, strong
(Other answers may be given)
23. (a) Strong, malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant, non-poisonous.

(b) (i) No. When used to transmit wave or digital signals, optical fibres can replace copper wires.
However, optical fibres are non-conductors of electricity. They therefore cannot replace
copper wires to transfer electric current.
(ii) Aluminium could be used as a cheap substitute for copper in making electrical wires.
However, electrical conductivity of aluminium is not as good as copper.
(c) The government may be reluctant to make more 'copper' coins. Besides, people may keep
copper coins instead of spending them.
24. (a)
(b) The black mixture first heated to red hot, and finally changed into a reddish-brown solid.

(c) 2CuO(s) + C(s) → 2Cu(s) + CO2(g)
(d) Oxygen in air would react with hot copper to form copper(II) oxide again.
25. A metal will be recycled only if it is economical to do so. Gold is very expensive. On the other hand, the
cost of extracting iron from iron ore is low. In comparison, the cost of recycling iron from scrap iron may
be even higher in some cases.
26. (a) The factors to be considered in each case are:

(i) no wind-borne pollution B has advantages (ii) and (iii) only.
(ii) development area payment C has advantage (iii) only.
(iii) deep water port. D has advantages (ii) and (iii) only.
A has all the 3 advantages. E has none of the advantages.
(b) A is the best site.
(c) The aluminium refinery should be situated near electric power stations.
(d) A metal company will recycle used metal only if it is economical to do so. The company has to
work out the total cost of collecting the scrap, transporting it, sorting the metal out, melting it
down, getting rid of impurities, and cost of storage etc.
27. (a) (There is no specific answer for question 27.)
28. (a) 50 years

(b) (i) Reusing copper articles.
(ii) Recycling used copper.
(iii) Replacing copper by other materials.
(c) There are probably metal ores deep in the Earth's crust that we do not yet know about. With
advanced modern technology (e.g. satellite surveying), it is possible to detect and mine such
ores.
(d) Aluminium
CHAPTER 12
Reactivity of metals
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. B
11. B, D, C, A
12. (a) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)

(b) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(s) + 6H2O(l)
(c) 2Cu(NO3)2(s) → 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(d) 2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
(e) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(f) 3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) → 3Cu(s) + N2(g) + 3H2O(l)
(g) 4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)
(h) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
(i) Mg3N2(s) + 3H2O(l) → 3MgO(s) + 2NH3(g)
(j) 2Al(s) + 3Fe2+(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3Fe(s)
13. (a) Chromium(III) oxide + aluminium → chromium + aluminium oxide

(b) Chromium is lower than aluminium in the reactivity series.
(c) Dip a piece of iron in a solution of chromium(III) salt.

(i) If displacement reaction occurs (as indicated by shiny deposit of chromium), it indicates
iron is higher than chromium in the reactivity series.
(ii) If there is no apparent change, it is probable that iron is lower than chromium in the series
 confirm this by dipping chromium metal in a solution of iron(II) salt and check if
displacement reaction occurs.
14. (a) C
(b) E
(c) D
(d) B
(e) A
(f) E
15. (a) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)

(b) 2Br−(aq) + Cl2(aq) → 2Cl−(aq) + Br2(aq)
16. (a) Al(s) + 3AgNO3(aq) → Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Ag(s)

(b) Al(s) + 3Ag+ (aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3Ag(s)
17. (a) A
(b) C
(c) D
(d) E
(e) B
(f) C
(g) D
18. (a) C>A>D>B>E

(b) It would be too dangerous to attempt such an explosive reaction.
(c) C; it reacts with air readily; dull yellowish grey.
(d) E
(e) B, E
(f) Yes, B is above E in the reactivity series; no reaction.
(g) A (calcium); B (copper); C (potassium or sodium); D (aluminium, zinc or iron); E (mercury or
silver)
19. (a) Potassium or sodium.
(b) Silver or mercury.
(c) E. E reacts with cold water, while A does not.

(d) B
(e) C, E, A, B, D
(f) The more reactive metals tend to be first obtained at a later period. This is because they form
more stable compounds from which the metals are less easily extracted.
CHAPTER 13
Reacting masses

1. D
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. (a) 24 g
(b) 39.6 g
(c) 702 g
(d) 163.5 g
(e) 858 g
10.
Substance or ion Molar mass No. of moles Mass (g)
(g mol−1)
(mol)
(a) Ar 39.9 2 79.8
(b) N2 28 0.5 14
FeS 87.9 10 879
(c)
(d) CO32− 60 0.25 15
(e) CuO 79.5 2.00 159
(f) Unknown 46 0.25 11.5
11.

Formula Molar mass Mass (g) Number of
(g mol−1) moles formula units
(mol)
(a) O 16.0 8.00 0.500 3.01 × 1023
(b) O2 32.0 16.0 0.500 3.01 × 1023
(c) N2 14.0 1.40 0.100 6.02 × 1023
NO2 28.0 1.40 0.0500 3.01 × 1022
(d)
(e) NO2 46.0 2.30 0.0500 3.01 × 1022
(f) SO42− 96.1 961 10.0 6.02 × 1024
(g) unknown 44.0 22.0 0.500 3.01 × 1023
12. (a) 0.100 mol

(b) 0.200 mol
(c) 0.100 mol
(d) 0.800 mol
(e) 4.82 3 1023
13. (a) 18.0 g mol−1; yes

(b) 2.99 × 10−23 g
(c) 2.99 × 10−5 g; no
14. (a) 0.20 mol

(b) 5.00 mol
(c) 8.00 mol
(d) (i) 0.0200 mol
(ii) 0.0600 mol
15. (a) Na: 14.28% S: 9.97% O: 69.54% H: 6.21%

(b) 36.0 g
(c) (i) 4.0 g
(ii) 59.5 g
(iii) 31 g
(d) 56

16. A. (3), (6), (7), (9)
B. (4), (10)
C. (1), (6), (8), (9) (Note: SiO2 is not a molecular formula, as there are no SiO2 molecules. Refer to
textbook 1 p.195.)
D. (2), (5)
17. (a) 1.00 g

(b) 4.80 g
(c) C2H5
18. (a) C: 1.44 g, H: 0.36 g, O: 1.92 g

(b) CH3O
19. MO
20. 8y
21. 64 g mol−1

CHAPTER 14
Corrosion of metals and their protection
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. A metal higher in the metal reactivity series corrodes faster (except when there is a protective layer
formed, e.g. Al, Zn)
9. (a) Oxygen (air), water

(b) (i) No or little oxygen
(ii) No oxygen, no water
(iii) Little water (very dry climate)
(c) Sea water; it contains a high concentration of salts (e.g. sodium chloride), thus more conducting.
10. (a) To provide a clean iron surface.

(b) A deeper blue colour indicates more Fe2+(aq) ions produced and a faster rate of rusting.
(c) Rusting in A the fastest (salt present, solution more conducting); B and C quite the same (no salt
present).
11. (a) Anodizing

(b) Oiling
(c) Chromium-plating
(d) Oiling
(e) Painting

(f) Use of stainless steel
(g) Use of gold electrical contacts
(h) Chromium-plating
(i) Chromium-plating
12. (a) Protective Al2O3 layer formed on surface by itself.

(b) Exposed iron still protected from rusting; zinc, being more reactive, loses electrons to iron,
preventing formation of Fe2+(aq) ions (sacrificial protection).
(c) Exposed iron is not protected and rusts even faster than no tin was plated. Iron, being more
reactive, loses electrons to tin, thus encouraging formation of Fe2+(aq) ions and speeding up
rusting.
(d) No, Zn2+ ions are poisonous.
(e) Stainless steel is too expensive for making large objects.
13. (a) D
(b) C
(c) C
(d) F
14. (a) (i) Water and air.

(ii) Water, air, sodium chloride and mud.
(iii) Yes.
(iv) Paint coatings exclude most of air and water from the iron surface.
(b) Car exhaust gases are very hot, consisting mainly of water vapour, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide. Thus high temperature and presence of acid solutions make the exhaust pipe rust more
rapidly.
(c) (i) Ceramic or plastic
(ii) Aluminium
15. (a) Slower. Fresh water contains much less salts than sea water. Salt solution speeds up rusting.
Zinc, magnesium.
(b) Zinc, magnesium.
(c) Zinc or magnesium, being more reactive than iron, protects the iron from rusting by sacrificial
protection.
(d) Connect the steel legs to the negative terminal of a d.c. source.
(e) No. Stainless steel is expensive and is usually only used for making small objects.

16. (a) Option 1: Another new bridge will need to be built after 12 years.
∴ Minimum total cost
= ($ 8 000 000 + $ 800 000) × 2
= $ 17 600 000
Option 2: Six times of painting will be required.
∴ Total cost
= $ 8 000 000 + $ 800 000 x 6
= $ 12 800 000
Option 3: Total cost = $ 11 500 000 + $ 800 000
= $ 12 300 000
(b) Option 3, which is the cheapest one.

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PART II PLANET EARTH

PART III THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD

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5. (a) Day and night alternate.

6. a. Volume of oxygen increases with increasing temperature.

7. a. (i) The light bulb is burnt out

8. a. Observable change: perceived by eyes, hands, nose or ears;

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5. a. Mixture; Reason: water + salts

b. See textbook 1 p.30, fig 2.12

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13. a. The atmosphere is a gaseous layer surrounding the Earth.

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9. a. Sand and mud. Filtration.

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6. a. A : Calcium oxide (quicklime) B : Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater)

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14. (a) 1540°C.

(f) (i) Iron

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15. 6 × 1013 g cm−3

17. (a) P and R

19. (a) 40, mass number

7. (a) P : 3, Q : 5, R : 11, S : 14, T : 16, U : 20

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10. (a) magnesium

11. (a) magnesium, silicon, chlorine. Period 3.

10. sodium, calcium, platinum

11. Orange colour migrates towards A.

12. No migration of colour.

13. Blue colour migrates towards B, yellow colour migrates towards A.

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15. (a) Ar, Cl−, and K+

17. (a) 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4

18. (a) Group VI

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6. (ii) (a) (b)

7. (a) Cl, C, Ar, Na

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10. (a) Cu, Hg

10. (a) E. Electrical conductor when solid and liquid.

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12. (a) P and S do not react

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23. (a) Strong, malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant, non-poisonous.

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26. (a) The factors to be considered in each case are:

27. (a) (There is no specific answer for question 27.)

28. (a) 50 years

12. (a) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)

13. (a) Chromium(III) oxide + aluminium → chromium + aluminium oxide

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15. (a) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)

16. (a) Al(s) + 3AgNO3(aq) → Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Ag(s)

Exercise Book 1　Suggested answers